Abnormal Psychology 8Th Edition By Susan Nolen – Test Bank

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Abnormal Psychology 8Th Edition By Susan Nolen – Test Bank

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Chapter 2   Theories and Treatment of Abnormality

 

1) Which of the following best defines a theory?

1. A) A theory is a set of ideas that relate only to observed behaviors.
2. B) A theory is a treatment, usually based on a phenomenon, which addresses those factors that cause the phenomenon.
3. C) A theory is a set of ideas that bridges the gap between normal and abnormal behaviors.
4. D) A theory is a set of ideas that provides a framework for asking questions about a phenomenon and for gathering and interpreting information about that phenomenon.

 

Answer:D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Scientific Method

Learning Objective:  Describe the scientific method.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

2) A ________ is a treatment, usually based on a theory of a phenomenon, that addresses those factors the theory says cause the phenomenon.

1. A) practice
2. B) modus operandi
3. C) therapy
4. D) hypothesis

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Treatment

Learning Objective:  Explain how treatment is planned.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

 

 

3) A psychologist who applies a sociocultural approach to anxiety disorders would:

1. A) consider genetics as a likely explanation for anxiety.
2. B) consider the way cultural values or the social environment affect anxiety.
3. C) look for the causes of anxiety in people’s beliefs, thought processes, life experiences, and relationships.
4. D) explain anxiety by taking into account a person’s unconscious desires.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Anxiety Disorders; Sociocultural Approach

Learning Objective:  Assess the theories of the sociocultural perspective and identify treatments.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

 

4) Which of the following is not true about using benzodiazapines for the treatment of anxiety?

1. A) They lose their usefulness after three to five months.
2. B) They are highly addictive.
3. C) They carry risk of fatal overdose.
4. D) There has been a significant increase in their use in recent years.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Anxiety Disorders; Biological Approach

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

5) In addition to treating anxiety, benzodiazapines are commonly used to help people

1. A) feel relief from depression.
2. B) sleep.
3. C) remain awake.
4. D) improve sexual functioning.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Anxiety Disorders; Biological Approach

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

 

 

6) Maria and her parents recently moved to a new state because her mother received a job transfer. Maria has had difficulty adjusting to her new school, and has been suffering from loss of appetite, irritability, and lack of interest in her usual activities. Assuming that Maria’s behavior meets the criteria for abnormal behavior, which of the following approaches would best explain Maria’s behavior?

1. A) Psychological approach
2. B) Nature approach
3. C) Personal approach
4. D) Biological approach

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Psychological Perspective

Learning Objective:  Compare and contrast the perspectives of abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

7) Which of the following best describes the nature-nurture question of abnormality?

1. A) The nature-nurture question relies heavily on biological perspectives to address abnormal behaviors.
2. B) The nature-nurture question views abnormal behaviors exclusively from a sociological perspective.
3. C) The nature-nurture question integrates biological, psychological, and social approaches to abnormal behaviors.
4. D) The nature-nurture question supports the idea that psychological problems have must have a single cause

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Nature vs. Nurture

Learning Objective:  Compare and contrast the perspectives of abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

 

 

8) Which of the following statements is true about the diathesis-stress model of the development of disorders?

1. A) A biological, psychological, or social vulnerability combines with a biological, psychological, or social trigger, causing a disorder to manifest.
2. B) An individual experiences a minimal amount of psychological and social stress that creates an atmosphere for the emergence of a disorder.
3. C) Biological factors and psychological factors interact and create social stressors that influence a disorder.
4. D) Psychological and social vulnerability are loosely associated with a specific disorder and biological factors are the main contributors to the disorder.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Diathesis-Stress Model

Learning Objective:  Explain the biopsychosocial perspective.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

9) Which of the following statements is true regarding the different approaches to abnormality and the continuum model?

1. A) People who favor a sociocultural approach generally embrace the continuum model because they view psychological disorders as vastly different from normal functioning.
2. B) People who take a biological approach have traditionally accepted the continuum model of abnormality.
3. C) People who adopt a psychological approach have moved away from the continuum model of psychopathology in recent years.
4. D) Proponents of the sociocultural approach tend to view abnormal behaviors as understandable consequences of social stresses in people’s lives.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Approaches to Abnormal Psychology

Learning Objective:  Compare and contrast the perspectives of abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

 

 

10) The biological approach to abnormality focuses on all of the following causes of abnormality EXCEPT:

1. A) brain dysfunction.
2. B) genetic abnormalities.
3. C) biochemical imbalance.
4. D) poor physiological responses.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Biological Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

11) Which of the following statements is true about the various structures of the brain?

1. A) The pons control arousal and attention to stimuli.
2. B) The medulla is important for attentiveness and the timing of sleep.
3. C) The cerebellum helps control breathing and reflexes.
4. D) The superior colliculus and inferior colliculus relay sensory information and control movement.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Biological Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

12) The outer layer of the cerebrum is called the

1. A) hippocampus.
2. B) cerebral cortex.
3. C) thalamus.
4. D) cerebellum.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Biological Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

 

 

13) The cerebral cortex is responsible for:

1. A) regulating sexual drive.
2. B) advanced thinking processes.
3. C) relaying messages to the brain.
4. D) impulse control.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Biological Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

14) Abnormality in eating, drinking, and sexual behavior is most likely a result of the dysfunction of the:

1. A) right frontal lobe.
2. B) cerebrum.
3. C) hypothalamus.
4. D) midbrain.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Biological Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

15) Which of the following statements is true of subcortical structures in the brain?

1. A) They contain the thalamus, which directs incoming information from sense receptors to the cerebrum.
2. B) They contain the hypothalamus, which is a large structure just above the thalamus that regulates instinctive behaviors.
3. C) They contain the hippocampus, a part of the limbic system, which plays a central role in emotions such as fear.
4. D) They contain the amygdala, a structure of the limbic system, which plays a role in memory.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Biological Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

 

 

16) Cindy’s mood has become increasingly unstable since her traffic accident, in which she obtained a serious brain injury. She often experiences bouts of aggression and fits of rage in reaction to the slightest provocation. At other times, she is overly passive and fails to recognize direct threats. In which area of Cindy’s brain has the damage most likely occurred?

1. A) The temporal lobe
2. B) The limbic system
3. C) The cerebellum
4. D) The medulla

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Biological Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

17) Biochemicals that carry impulses from one neuron to another in the brain and in other parts of the nervous system are called

1. A) hormones.
2. B) neurotransmitters.
3. C) electrical transmissions.
4. D) synaptic responses.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Biological Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

18) Neurotransmitters are released into the ________, the gap between synaptic terminals and adjacent neurons, and then bind to special ________, molecules on the membrane of adjacent neurons.

1. A) receptor; dendrites
2. B) synapse; receptors
3. C) synapse; axons
4. D) receptor; cell bodies

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Biological Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

19) When the initial neuron releasing a neurotransmitter into the synapse reabsorbs some of the neurotransmitter and thereby decreases the amount of neurotransmitter left in the synapse, the process is called

1. A) reuptake.
2. B) degradation.
3. C) blocking.
4. D) carrying.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Biological Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

20) In the context of neurotransmitter functioning, degradation refers to the:

1. A) release of neurons into the synaptic gap.
2. B) reabsorption of the neurotransmitter into the initial neuron.
3. C) attachment of the neurotransmitter to a receptor.
4. D) release of an enzyme by the receiving neuron that breaks down the neurotransmitter into other biochemicals.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Biological Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

21) Which of the following neurotransmitters plays an important role in regulating emotional well-being and aggressive impulses?

1. A) Dopamine
2. B) Norepinephrine
3. C) Acetylcholine
4. D) Serotonin

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Biological Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

22) Dopamine plays an important role in:

1. A) regulating sexual drive and emotional responses.
2. B) regulating the functioning of muscle systems.
3. C) regulating pain and moods.
4. D) inhibiting aggression.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Biological Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

23) When ingested, which of the following substances slows the reuptake process of norepinephrine?

1. A) Cocaine and heroin
2. B) Heroin and marijuana
3. C) Marijuana and amphetamines
4. D) Amphetamines and cocaine

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Biological Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

24) In the context of emotional responses, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) plays an important role in ________ symptoms.

1. A) anxiety
2. B) depressive
3. C) angry
4. D) aggressive

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Biological Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

 

 

25) A ________ is a chemical that carries messages throughout the body, potentially affecting a person’s moods, levels of energy, and reactions to stress.

1. A) hormone
2. B) degradation inhibitor
3. C) neuron
4. D) synapse

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Biological Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

26) The “master” gland is also known as the

1. A) pancreatic gland.
2. B) organ of Corti.
3. C) adrenal gland.
4. D) pituitary gland.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Biological Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

27) The pituitary gland is responsible for:

1. A) stabilizing mood and emotions.
2. B) controlling brain function and relaying messages.
3. C) regulating energy levels and managing aggression.
4. D) producing a variety of hormones and controlling the secretion of other endocrine glands.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Biological Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

 

 

28) When corticotropin-release factor (CRF) travels from the hypothalamus to the pituitary, the pituitary releases the body’s adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH). The bloodstream carries ACTH to the adrenal gland and various other organs. This example illustrates the complex relationship between:

1. A) the pituitary gland and hormones.
2. B) hormones and the endocrine system.
3. C) the endocrine system and the pituitary gland.
4. D) the central nervous system and the endocrine system.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Biological Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

29) Mark has difficulty managing his stress. His physician suspects that he has a dysregulated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis). It is likely that Mark may later be diagnosed with a(n):

1. A) personality disorder.
2. B) depressive disorder.
3. C) adjustment disorder.
4. D) impulse control disorder.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Biological Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

 

 

30) Which of the following is correct regarding chromosomes?

1. A) At conception, the fertilized embryo has 48 chromosomes, 24 from the female egg and 24 from the male sperm.
2. B) The mother of an embryo always contributes a Y chromosome and the father always contributes an X chromosome.
3. C) Down syndrome results when chromosome 21 is present in triplicate instead of as the usual pair.
4. D) Chromosomes have no relationship to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Biological Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

31) Sandy was born with a flat face, a small nose, protruding lips and tongue, and slanting eyes. These features were a result of chromosome 21 being present in triplicate. Sandy was most likely born with

1. A) Klinefelter syndrome.
2. B) Down syndrome.
3. C) Tay-Sachs disease.
4. D) Fragile X syndrome.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Biological Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

32) Which of the following is NOT true about behavior genetics?

1. A) Behavior genetics is the study of the genetics of personality and abnormality.
2. B) Research in behavior genetics focuses primarily on twin studies
3. C) According to behavior genetics, most disorders result from polygenic processes.
4. D) Behavior geneticists investigate the heritability of behaviors and behavioral tendencies.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Biological Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

33) A polygenic process:

1. A) refers to the multiple genetic abnormalities that interact in one individual to create a disorder.
2. B) results from the interaction between hormones and neurotransmitters.
3. C) creates the coded instructions for cells to perform certain functions.
4. D) controls the basic genetic transmission that occurs during conception.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Biological Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

34) Identical twins have ________ of their genes in common.

1. A) 25 percent
2. B) 50 percent
3. C) 75 percent
4. D) 100 percent

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Biological Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

35) Which of the following is NOT true about the interaction between genes and the environment?

1. A) Genetic factors can influence the kinds of environments we choose.
2. B) The environment can act as a catalyst for a genetic tendency.
3. C) Environmental conditions can affect the expression of genes.
4. D) Personalities and interests are not reinforced by the environments we choose.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Biological Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

 

 

36) ________ is the study of heritable changes in the expression of genes without changes in the gene sequence.

1. A) Molecular biology
2. B) Genetic engineering
3. C) Epigenetics
4. D) Molecular cloning

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Biological Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

37) The research on epigenetic processes carried out by Michael Meany found that:

1. A) the behavior of mother rats toward their offspring influences the development of the pups’ reactions to stress in adulthood.
2. B) the extent to which a mother rat grooms the pup in the first week of life is indirectly related to the release of certain hormones in the pup.
3. C) pups that are licked and groomed more tend to grow into adult rats that are more fearful and show less developed responses to stress.
4. D) the biological offspring of mothers who typically lick and groom less, when raised by mothers who lick and groom more, have less effective stress responses

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Biological Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

 

 

 

38) Which of the following statements is true about the different drug therapies?

1. A) Phenothiazines, also known as atypical antipsychotics, are used to reduce hallucinations and delusions, and do not carry dangerous side effects.
2. B) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most frequently used antidepressants and target both serotonin and norepinephrine.
3. C) Tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors are the newer classes of antidepressants.
4. D) SSRIs produce side effects such as nausea, diarrhea, headaches, daytime sedation, sexual dysfunction, and agitation.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Drug Therapy

Learning Objective:  Name and describe drugs used in the treatment of abnormal behavior, and discuss the problems and controversies surrounding their use.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

39) Lithium is:

1. A) a rare metallic element found only in natural springs.
2. B) a safer treatment than anticonvulsants because it has fewer and milder side effects.
3. C) commonly used in the treatment of bipolar disorder.
4. D) very effective in reducing tardive dyskinesia.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Drug Therapy

Learning Objective:  Name and describe drugs used in the treatment of abnormal behavior, and discuss the problems and controversies surrounding their use.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

 

 

40) A major class of anxiety-reducing drugs, ________, appears to reduce the symptoms of anxiety without interfering substantially with an individual’s ability to function in daily life. Their most frequent use of these drugs is as sleeping pills.

1. A) barbiturates
2. B) benzodiazepines
3. C) azapirones
4. D) beta-blockers

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Drug Therapy

Learning Objective:  Name and describe drugs used in the treatment of abnormal behavior, and discuss the problems and controversies surrounding their use.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

41) Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was originally introduced to treat which mental disorder?

1. A) Obsessive-compulsive disorder
2. B) Panic disorder without agoraphobia
3. C) Generalized anxiety disorder
4. D) Schizophrenia

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Biological Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

42) Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) is most commonly used to treat which category of mental disorder?

1. A) Anxiety
2. B) Trauma
3. C) Personality
4. D) Mood

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Biological Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

 

 

43) Although the mechanisms of ECT are not completely known, the may involve

1. A) changes to the hormone system.
2. B) changes to the structure of the brain.
3. C) changes to patterns of sleep.
4. D) changes to the body’s level of serotonin.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Biological Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

44) Which of the following statements is true of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

1. A) A current of 70 to 150 volts is passed through the brain for five seconds.
2. B) Patients are fully conscious when the brain seizure is induced.
3. C) Patients typically have a convulsion, which usually lasts three minutes or more.
4. D) The side effects of ECT involve confusion and memory loss.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Biological Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

45) When treating a patient with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), approximately how many sessions are necessary?

1. A) 4 to 6 sessions
2. B) 5 to 8 session
3. C) 6 to 15 sessions
4. D) 6 to 12 sessions

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Biological Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

 

 

46) A procedure known as ________ exposes patients to frequent, high-intensity magnetic pulses that are focused on particular brain structures, whereas in the ________ procedure, electrodes are surgically implanted in specific areas of the brain.

1. A) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; deep brain stimulation
2. B) deep brain stimulation; vagus nerve stimulation
3. C) vagus nerve stimulation; repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
4. D) deep brain stimulation; repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Biological Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

47) The procedure introduced by neurologist Antonio de Egas Moniz in 1935, in which the frontal lobes of the brain are severed from the lower centers of the brain in people with psychosis is called:

1. A) partial lobectomy.
2. B) prefrontal lobotomy.
3. C) vagus nerve stimulation.
4. D) craniotomy.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Psychosurgery

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

48) Which of the following statements is NOT true?

1. A) Research has shown that brain stimulation works only in treating depression.
2. B) Research supports the idea that brain stimulation can treat a wide range of disorders.
3. C) Newer approaches to brain stimulation treatment result in only mild side effects.
4. D) Brain stimulation is particularly important when drug treatments have not worked.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Biological Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

 

 

49) Brain stimulation has been shown to affect symptoms across a ________ range of disorders.

1. A) limited
2. B) specific
3. C) decreasing
4. D) wide

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Biological Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

50) Today, psychosurgery:

1. A) is outlawed in the United States.
2. B) is only used for severe disorders that do not respond to other treatments.
3. C) is no longer controversial, as it formerly was.
4. D) is found to generally lack precision.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Psychosurgery

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

51) Which of the following is a criticism leveled against the biological approach to abnormality?

1. A) It often ignores the fact that environmental and psychological processes can affect biological functioning.
2. B) It argues that people prefer to deal with the issues in their lives that are contributing to their psychological problems rather than turn to drugs.
3. C) It seems to increase the blame or responsibility that might be put upon the sufferer of a disorder.
4. D) It forces people who suffer from disorders to deny that they have a disease and therefore remedy their disease through cognitive restructuring.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Biological Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

 

 

52) Which of the following statements is true?

1. A) Biological therapies have lost significance after the cognitive revolution.
2. B) The effectiveness of biological therapies has declined due to ineffective medications.
3. C) Mental disorders should never be equated to medical disease because we lose sight of the humanity of the patient.
4. D) Biological therapies have been shown to be remarkably effective.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Biological Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

53) Behavioral theorists:

1. A) accept the idea that unconscious conflicts drive human behavior.
2. B) include biological factors as major contributors to abnormal behavior.
3. C) view maladaptive thinking patterns as the primary motivators for abnormal behavior.
4. D) focus on the influence of reinforcement and punishment in producing abnormal behavior.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Behavioral Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

54) What are the core principles of the behavioral approach?

1. A) Classical reinforcement and operant conditioning
2. B) Operant punishment and vicarious reinforcement
3. C) Classical conditioning and operant conditioning
4. D) Operant conditioning and latent learning

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Behavioral Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

 

 

55) The Russian physiologist whose discovery of conditioned responses made a tremendous impact on psychology was

1. A) B. F. Skinner.
2. B) John Watson.
3. C) Edward Thorndike.
4. D) Ivan Pavlov.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

 

56) In Pavlov’s experiment, the conditioned stimulus was:

1. A) the event that elicited the unlearned response.
2. B) the previously neutral stimulus.
3. C) the reinforcement that elicited the learned response.
4. D) the same as the unconditioned stimulus.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

 

57) Alexis is a sick child who makes frequent visits to the hospital to get her shots. One day she and her mother drive past the hospital and Alexis begins to cry. She repeatedly says, “Mommy, I don’t want to see the doctor.” In this example, the conditioned stimulus would be

1. A) the parking lot.
2. B) the shot.
3. C) the nurse.
4. D) the hospital.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

 

 

58) A bee stung Leah while she was playing in the yard a few weeks ago. She now becomes panicky each time she goes out to play. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is

1. A) being stung.
2. B) playing outside.
3. C) seeing the bee.
4. D) feeling panicky.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Classical Conditioning

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

59) The law of effect suggests that:

1. A) the strength of a reward has no bearing on behaviors.
2. B) punishment has no impact on undesired behaviors.
3. C) behaviors followed by a reward are strengthened.
4. D) punishments are more effective than rewards.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Operant Conditioning

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

60) Shaping behaviors by providing rewards for desired responses and punishments for undesired responses is known as

1. A) classical conditioning.
2. B) operant conditioning.
3. C) respondent conditioning.
4. D) avoidant conditioning.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Operant Conditioning

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

 

 

61) Which of the following is NOT an example of a behavior learned through operant conditioning?

1. A) An adolescent washes his father’s car hoping to get a curfew extension.
2. B) A person jumps back at the sight of a snake.
3. C) A prison inmate receives tokens for good behavior.
4. D) An animal stays still to avoid an electric shock.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Operant Conditioning

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

62) Tracy always seemed to “forget” to do her weekly chores, despite many reminders by her mom and dad. Her parents decided to pay her $2 for each chore she completed by Sunday night each week. On which type of operant conditioning schedule did Tracy’s parents put her?

1. A) Continuous reinforcement schedule
2. B) Partial reinforcement schedule
3. C) Continuous punishment schedule
4. D) Partial punishment schedule

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Operant Conditioning

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

63) When a learned behavior is eliminated, the process is called

1. A) removal.
2. B) extinction.
3. C) disappearance.
4. D) avoidance.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Operant Conditioning

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

 

 

64) In the context of the schedules of reinforcement in operant conditioning, if a behavior is ________ reinforced, it is more difficult to extinguish.

1. A) negatively
2. B) intermittently
3. C) continuously
4. D) positively

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Operant Conditioning

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

65) Jessica had a car accident while crossing an icy bridge. She now maps out her routes to avoid traveling over bridges. This avoidance helps to reduce her anxiety. In this example, Jessica has developed a(n)

1. A) unconditioned response.
2. B) conditioned avoidance response.
3. C) continuous reinforcement schedule.
4. D) unconditioned avoidance response.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Operant Conditioning

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

66) Social learning theory posits that:

1. A) people learn behaviors by watching other people.
2. B) people learn as a direct result of rewards and punishments.
3. C) people learn primarily by observing random people.
4. D) people learn when two stimuli are paired together.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Social Learning Theory

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

 

 

67) Joe’s favorite food is spaghetti. His mom always makes it for him on Friday night, but she does not like the way he slurps the spaghetti into his mouth. One Friday night, she attempts to change Joe’s eating pattern. At dinner, she picks up her spoon and fork and begins to roll the spaghetti. David, Joe’s brother, used his fork and spoon as well. Susan, Joe’s sister, also used her fork and spoon to roll her spaghetti. At first, Joe slurps the spaghetti into his mouth, but after a few minutes, he begins to use his fork and spoon as well.

 

In this example, Joe is learning behavior through

1. A) shaping.
2. B) modeling.
3. C) reinforcing.
4. D) acquiring.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Social Learning Theory

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

68) Jerry, who can’t sit still for a minute, sees his classmate, Mike, getting a sticker for sitting quietly in his seat. Jerry decides to stop fidgeting and begins to sit still in the hope of getting a sticker for his sticker collection. Which behavioral theory is in effect here?

1. A) Classical conditioning
2. B) Observational learning
3. C) Systematic desensitization
4. D) Causal attribution

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Social Learning Theory

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

 

 

69) Which of the following exemplifies modeling?

1. A) A brother learns to draw by watching his sister.
2. B) A brother avoids learning to draw because he feels his sister is much better at it than he could be.
3. C) A son learns table manners by listening to his father’s instructions.
4. D) A daughter learns table manners by listening to her father’s instructions.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Modeling

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

70) Whereas modeling involves only observing the behaviors of important people, observational learning adds an awareness of

1. A) observation of the behavior of less important people.
2. B) reinforced learning from social media.
3. C) punished behavior.
4. D) the consequences of observed behaviors.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Modeling

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

71) When Kathryn was visiting her grandmother one summer, a snake crawled onto the front porch and bit her. Since then, Kathryn has been dreadfully afraid of snakes. Which technique would a behavioral therapist most likely use in this situation to help Kathryn get rid of her phobia?

1. A) Modeling
2. B) Systematic desensitization
3. C) Operant conditioning
4. D) Reinforcement

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Behavioral Perspective

Learning Objective:  Assess the theories of the behavioral perspective and identify treatments.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

72) Which of the following statements is true about systematic desensitization therapy?

1. A) It requires the client to first develop a hierarchy of feared stimuli and then learn appropriate responses to each of these stimuli, starting with the most feared stimulus.
2. B) It is an immediate and direct method for extinguishing anxiety responses to stimuli and maladaptive behavior.
3. C) It generally produces better results when the client is asked to experience the stimuli directly, that is, using the in vivo exposure method.
4. D) It is often combined with operant conditioning to develop a conditioned avoidance response.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Behavioral Perspective

Learning Objective:  Assess the theories of the behavioral perspective and identify treatments.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

73) All of the following are limitations of behavioral theories EXCEPT that:

1. A) it is unclear how behavioral principles could account for some disorders, such as schizophrenia.
2. B) the studies done to test these theories are rigorously controlled and exact.
3. C) the complexity of human behaviors and the environmental experiences cannot be captured in laboratory studies.
4. D) behavioral theories do not recognize free will in people’s behavior.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Behavioral Perspective

Learning Objective:  Assess the theories of the behavioral perspective and identify treatments.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

74) Cognitive theories focus on

1. A) measurable behaviors.
2. B) thoughts and beliefs.
3. C) unconscious conflicts.
4. D) relationships.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Cognitive Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the cognitive approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

75) Martha was distraught when she discovered her husband had been involved with another woman and had a child with the other woman. She constantly tries to understand why her husband cheated on her, thinking thoughts such as “I’m so stupid for not realizing what was going on,” and, “I should have been more attentive to his needs.” Which type of cognition is Martha most likely exhibiting?

1. A) Degradation
2. B) Causal attribution
3. C) Global assumption
4. D) Catharsis

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Cognitive Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the cognitive approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

76) The broad beliefs we have about ourselves, our relationships, and the world, can be either positive and helpful to us, or negative and destructive. These broad beliefs are called

1. A) global assumptions.
2. B) specific assumptions.
3. C) absolute assumptions.
4. D) collective assumptions.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Cognitive Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the cognitive approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

77) Jamie is constantly saying, “I have no control over my emotions, and cannot help feeling certain feelings.” This exemplifies

1. A) a causal attribution.
2. B) a dysfunctional global assumption.
3. C) systematic desensitization.
4. D) cognitive-behavioral therapy.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Cognitive Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the cognitive approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

78) People who tend to hold dysfunctional assumptions often react to situations with all of the following EXCEPT:

1. A) irrational thoughts.
2. B) rational behaviors.
3. C) negative emotions.
4. D) irrational behaviors.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Cognitive Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the cognitive approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

79) Which of the following is NOT a goal of cognitive therapy?

1. A) Assist clients in identifying their irrational and maladaptive thoughts.
2. B) Teach clients to consider alternative ways of thinking.
3. C) Discourage clients from challenging their irrational or maladaptive thoughts.
4. D) Encourage clients to face their worst fears and recognize ways of coping.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Learning Objective:  Analyze the cognitive approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

80) Cognitive techniques are often combined with behavioral techniques, in what is known as

1. A) cognitive-behavioral therapy.
2. B) systematic desensitization therapy.
3. C) behavior modification.
4. D) client-centered therapy.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Learning Objective:  Analyze the cognitive approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

 

 

81) Which of the following is the greatest limitation of the cognitive theories?

1. A) Cognitive theories may seem comfortable or familiar to laypeople.
2. B) Cognitive theories seem attractive because they focus on an individual’s thinking processes.
3. C) Cognitive theories are least likely to explain unwanted emotions, thoughts, and behaviors.
4. D) Cognitive theories have had difficulty proving that maladaptive cognitions precede and cause disorders rather than being the symptoms or consequences of the disorders.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Learning Objective:  Assess the theories of the cognitive perspective and identify treatments.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

82) The psychodynamic perspective views abnormality as being influenced by:

1. A) unconscious processes.
2. B) an external locus of control.
3. C) learning and reinforcement.
4. D) collective experience.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Psychodynamic Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

83) The psychoanalytic approach to personality and treatment of psychopathology was developed by

1. A) Horney.
2. B) Breuer.
3. C) Charcot.
4. D) Freud.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Freud

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

 

 

 

84) Repression is defined as:

1. A) inconsistent memories.
2. B) false memories.
3. C) motivated forgetting.
4. D) personal forgetfulness.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Psychodynamic Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

85) Freud believed that ________ is a basic drive that motivates human behavior.

1. A) the libido
2. B) the subconscious
3. C) catharsis
4. D) repression

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Freud

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

86) According to Sigmund Freud, the three systems of the human psyche that regulate the libido are the:

1. A) personal unconscious, collective unconscious, and archetypes.
2. B) id, ego, and superego.
3. C) ego, unconscious, and subconscious.
4. D) aggressive drive, id, and the superego.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Freud

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

 

 

87) According to Freud, the id operates by the:

1. A) reality principle.
2. B) morality principle.
3. C) conscience principle.
4. D) pleasure principle.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Freud

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

88) According to Freud, which structure seeks to gratify our wishes and needs in ways that are within the rules of society for their appropriate expression?

1. A) Id
2. B) Ego
3. C) Superego
4. D) Libido

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Freud

Learning Objective:  Analyze the cognitive approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

89) Frank attends an evening class at the local community college. His stomach begins to growl when he gets hungry. He wants to leave class early and get dinner, but realizes that leaving would be wrong because it would disrupt the class. Frank’s realization is an example of his ________ at work.

1. A) id
2. B) instinct
3. C) superego
4. D) ego

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Freud

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

 

 

90) The superego is responsible for:

1. A) regulating aggressive responses.
2. B) monitoring poor impulse controls.
3. C) storing rules and regulations of moral behaviors.
4. D) observing objects in the environment.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Freud

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

91) Most of the interactions among the id, ego, and superego occur in the

1. A) collective unconscious.
2. B) preconscious.
3. C) unconscious.
4. D) conscious.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Freud

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

92) According to Freud, what is the primary aim of the pleasure principle?

1. A) To reduce psychic tension.
2. B) To gain as much pleasure as possible.
3. C) To experience intense sexual pleasure.
4. D) To overcome pain by intensifying pleasure.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Freud

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

 

 

93) The pleasure principle is understood by Freud to be ________.

1. A) a reflex.
2. B) a psychological defense
3. C) a wish fulfillment
4. D) a drive

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Freud

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

94) According to Freudian theory, defense mechanisms:

1. A) are used by the superego as a reward for moral conduct.
2. B) are used by the ego to disguise or transform unconscious wishes.
3. C) generally lead to the creation of psychological disorders.
4. D) protect the preconscious.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Psychodynamic Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

95) Terrence’s father abandoned him and his mother when he was six years old. When asked about his father, he says that his father died. Although his father has tried to contact him, Terrence insists that his father is dead. Which of the following elements of Freudian theory would best explain Terrence’s behavior?

1. A) Electra complex
2. B) Oedipus complex
3. C) Defense mechanism
4. D) Penis envy

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Psychodynamic Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

 

 

96) Sarah’s mother, Stephanie, was not at home much when Sarah was very young, so Sarah’s 12-year-old brother took care of her most of the time. Now that Sarah is approaching adulthood, she chain-smokes and drinks alcohol excessively. She has a difficult time forming close relationships since she is very jealous and never believes anyone really loves her. Sarah most likely had difficulty in which psychosexual stage of development according to Freudian theory?

1. A) Oral
2. B) Anal
3. C) Latent
4. D) Phallic

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Freud

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

97) Lena is extremely opinionated and over-controlling. She is often stingy with her money and is obsessed with neatness and order. According to Freudian theory, Lena is most likely fixated at which psychosexual stage of development?

1. A) Oral
2. B) Anal
3. C) Phallic
4. D) Genital

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Freud

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

98) The correct sequential order for Freud’s psychosexual stages is:

1. A) oral, anal, latency, genital, and phallic.
2. B) anal, oral, latency, phallic, and genital.
3. C) oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.
4. D) anal, oral, phallic, genital, and latency.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Freud

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

99) According to Freud, girls suffer anxiety when they recognize that they do not have a penis. This frustration causes them to form a connection with their father, in the hope that the relationship will provide a replacement for the missing penis. According to Freudian theory, this is known as

1. A) the Oedipus complex.
2. B) castration anxiety.
3. C) the Electra complex.
4. D) a defense mechanism.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Freud

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

100) According to Freudian theory, boys who experience extreme castration anxiety resolve the conflict by identifying with their fathers, and putting aside their desires for their mothers. This conflict develops during the ________ stage, and the process is called the ________.

1. A) anal; Oedipus complex
2. B) phallic; Electra complex
3. C) anal; Electra complex
4. D) phallic; Oedipus complex

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Freud

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

 

 

101) In Freudian theory, which term describes the situation of a child not progressing from one psychosexual stage to the next?

1. A) Defense
2. B) Resistance
3. C) Fixation at an earlier stage
4. D) Oedipal fixation

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Freud

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

102) According to Freudian theory, issues and challenges of one psychosexual stage must be ________ before proceeding to the next.

1. A) treated in therapy
2. B) resolved
3. C) interpreted
4. D) defended

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Freud

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

103) Jeremy and Stacy are siblings who attend the same elementary school. They rarely speak to each other during their free time at school. Jeremy usually hangs out with his male friends, while Stacy and her female friends stick together. Both siblings show minimal interest in the opposite sex. Jeremy and Stacy are most likely in which stage of psychosexual development?

1. A) Anal
2. B) Phallic
3. C) Latency
4. D) Genital

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Freud

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

104) Lance is a shy 13-year-old boy who often goes to his older sister for dating advice. He has recently developed an interest in members of the opposite sex. Lance is most likely in which stage of psychosexual development?

1. A) Anal
2. B) Phallic
3. C) Latency
4. D) Genital

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Freud

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

105) The object relations perspective suggests that:

1. A) early interpersonal relationships influence an individual’s self-concept and personality development.
2. B) self-awareness is impacted by the psychosexual urges present during each stage of development.
3. C) thoughts, behavior, and emotions are connected to one’s unconscious state of mind.
4. D) environmental stressors coupled with poor parental relationships create mental disorders for less stable individuals.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Psychodynamic View

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

106) Which of the following characterizes “object” in object relations theory?

1. A) An internalized and unconscious mental image of ourselves and significant others from our early lives.
2. B) The Oedipal father.
3. C) The “things” we encounter in reality.
4. D) The aims of psychotherapy

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Psychodynamic View

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

107) The unconscious internalized representations, or images, of ourselves and significant others are called

1. A) superego prohibitions.
2. B) ego psychological processes.
3. C) objects.
4. D) drives.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Psychodynamic View

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

108) Carl Jung referred to the wisdom accumulated by a society over hundreds of years of human existence that is stored in the memories of individuals as the

1. A) collective unconscious.
2. B) preconscious.
3. C) subconscious.
4. D) ego conscious.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Psychodynamic View

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

109) Whenever Dora visits her therapist, the therapist allows her to talk about any subject without interruptions. This technique is called

1. A) resistance.
2. B) free association.
3. C) denial.
4. D) transference.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Psychodynamic View

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

 

 

110) When a client is unwilling to or cannot reveal certain material to the clinician, this problem is often referred to as

1. A) transference.
2. B) countertransference.
3. C) resistance.
4. D) catharsis.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Psychodynamic View

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

111) Lucy rejects her therapist’s interpretation of her conflict. Her reasoning is that the therapist really has no idea what she is actually going through. According to Lucy, her therapist has only book knowledge and has no idea what goes on in the real world. Lucy is most likely exhibiting ________ the therapeutic process.

1. A) resistance toward
2. B) transference in
3. C) repression in
4. D) suppression of

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Psychodynamic View

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

112) Patricia begins to talk to her therapist as if he is her father. She also reacts with extreme fear as she did to her father when she was a child. This is an example of

1. A) countertransference.
2. B) transference.
3. C) an anxiety attack.
4. D) projection.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Psychodynamic View

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

113) In classical psychodynamic therapy, clients ________ painful memories and difficult issues to gain a new understanding and provide self-definitions that are acceptable to them.

1. A) work through
2. B) project
3. C) reject
4. D) repress

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Psychodynamic View

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

114) Which of the following statements is true about the difference between classical psychoanalysis and more modern psychodynamic therapy?

1. A) Both psychoanalysis and modern psychodynamic therapy may go on for a period of many years, but psychoanalysis can be as short-term as 12 weeks.
2. B) Psychoanalysis typically involves three or four sessions per week over a period of many years, whereas psychodynamic therapy can be as short-term as 12 weeks.
3. C) The psychoanalyst, compared with the modern psychodynamic therapist, may focus more on current situations in the client’s life.
4. D) The focus of psychoanalysis is on resistance while modern psychodynamic therapy focuses on the interpretation of transference.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Psychodynamic View

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

 

 

115) ________ emerged out of modern psychodynamic theories of psychopathology and shifted focus from the unconscious conflicts of the individual to the client’s pattern of relationships with important people in his or her life.

1. A) Interpersonal therapy
2. B) Ego psychology
3. C) Psychoanalysis
4. D) Object relations perspective

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Psychodynamic View

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

116) Which of the following statements is true about psychodynamic theories?

1. A) It is possible to scientifically test their fundamental assumptions.
2. B) Psychodynamic therapies are unaffordable for many people owing to their long-term, intensive nature.
3. C) Most people prefer the unstructured nature of traditional psychodynamic therapy.
4. D) Psychodynamic theories explain normal and abnormal behavior with separate, distinct processes.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Psychodynamic View

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

117) Which of the following theories of abnormality is based on the assumption that humans have an innate capacity for goodness and for living a full life?

1. A) Humanistic
2. B) Psychodynamic
3. C) Cognitive
4. D) Behavioral

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Humanistic Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the humanistic approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

118) Carl Rogers believed that without undue pressure from others, individuals naturally move toward personal growth, self-acceptance, and ________, the fulfillment of their potential for love, creativity, and meaning.

1. A) self-transcendence
2. B) self-other realization
3. C) self-efficacy
4. D) self-actualization

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Humanistic Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the humanistic approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

119) The stated goal of humanistic therapy is to:

1. A) provide healing to the client.
2. B) help clients uncover repressed painful memories or unconscious conflicts.
3. C) help clients discover their greatest potential through self-exploration.
4. D) challenge maladaptive ways of thinking and interpreting events.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Humanistic Perspective

Learning Objective:  Assess the theories of the humanistic perspective and identify treatments.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

120) ________ was developed by Carl Rogers.

1. A) Client-centered therapy
2. B) Family systems therapy
3. C) Rational-emotive behavioral therapy
4. D) Thought field therapy

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Humanistic Perspective

Learning Objective:  Assess the theories of the humanistic perspective and identify treatments.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

 

 

 

121) Which of the following is NOT considered an essential component of client-centered therapy (CCT)?

1. A) Genuineness of communication
2. B) Conditional positive regard
3. C) Empathic understanding
4. D) Unconditional positive regard

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Humanistic Perspective

Learning Objective:  Assess the theories of the humanistic perspective and identify treatments.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

122) In Roger’s client-centered therapy, ________ is a method of response in which the therapist attempts to understand what the client is experiencing by restating those experiences.

1. A) interpretation
2. B) reflection
3. C) interjection
4. D) projection

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Humanistic Perspective

Learning Objective:  Assess the theories of the humanistic perspective and identify treatments.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

123) Which of the following statements is true of the humanistic theories?

1. A) Some therapists believe that client-centered therapy may be appropriate for people who are moderately distressed but not for those who are seriously distressed.
2. B) Self-help groups and peer counseling programs have found humanistic theories to be less effective than the cognitive approach.
3. C) Several researchers have been able to replicate the findings of humanistic therapies through scientific testing.
4. D) The emphasis given to pathology and external forces in humanistic therapies makes the approach very pessimistic.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Humanistic Perspective

Learning Objective:  Assess the theories of the humanistic perspective and identify treatments.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

124) Lucy is concerned because her family members pay little or no attention to each other. They seem to go their own way, and have little interest in even having a meal together. According to family systems theory, Lucy’s family is a(n) ________ family.

1. A) inflexible
2. B) enmeshed
3. C) disengaged
4. D) dysfunctional

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Family Therapy

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

125) In a(n) ________, parents avoid dealing with conflicts with each other by always keeping their children involved in their conversations and activities.

1. A) disengaged family
2. B) enmeshed family
3. C) pathological triangular relationship
4. D) inflexible family

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Family Therapy

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

126) Research suggests that many young girls who develop eating disorders are members of ________ families.

1. A) disengaged
2. B) enmeshed
3. C) inflexible
4. D) invested

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Family Therapy

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

127) Family systems therapy challenges a family’s:

1. A) belief system about the stigma of psychopathology.
2. B) cultural definition of family cohesiveness.
3. C) belief that an individual family member is the source of the problem.
4. D) ideas that only workable families have an authority figure.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Family Therapy

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

128) ________ therapy targets family communication and problem-solving, beliefs of parents and adolescents that impede communication, and systemic barriers to problem-solving.

1. A) Systematic desensitization
2. B) Behavioral family systems
3. C) Client-centered
4. D) Interpersonal

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Family Therapy

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

129) Family systems therapies may be particularly appropriate in the treatment of

1. A) geriatric clients.
2. B) children.
3. C) adults.
4. D) parents.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Family Therapy

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

 

 

130) Research on family systems approaches and therapies is difficult because:

1. A) the research involves observing people in the context of their relationships, which is difficult to capture in the laboratory.
2. B) these approaches often do not receive adequate funding for research as they are not recognized as a formal therapeutic approach.
3. C) these approaches are relatively new and very few professionals have expertise in this area.
4. D) families are always in a state of flux and findings may lack validity and reliability.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Family Therapy

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

131) Third-wave approaches to the therapy:

1. A) are often referred to as the last resort when other therapies fail to work.
2. B) are entirely based on practices derived from Western philosophy.
3. C) view unconscious conflicts as the core of many types of psychopathology.
4. D) combine behavioral and cognitive therapy with the mindfulness practices of Zen Buddhism.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Psychodynamic Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

132) ________ therapy focuses on difficulties in managing negative emotions and in controlling impulsive behaviors.

1. A) Dialectical behavior
2. B) Acceptance and commitment
3. C) Client-centered
4. D) Interpersonal

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Third Wave Approaches

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

 

 

133) Which of the following disorders did Marsha Linehan originally develop dialectical and behavioral therapy to treat?

1. A) Depression
2. B) Posttraumatic stress disorder
3. C) Anorexia
4. D) Borderline personality disorder

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Third Wave Approaches

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

134) Dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) includes cognitive and behavioral techniques and ________ exercises to help regulate emotion and control impulses.

1. A) mindfulness
2. B) psychodynamic psychotherapy
3. C) object relations
4. D) self psychological

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Third Wave Approaches

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

135) Which of the following statements describes David Barlow’s Unified Protocol (UP)?

1. A) UP has been shown to treat depression more successfully than cognitive behavioral therapy.
2. B) UP is the treatment of choice for trauma.
3. C) UP integrates techniques used in other approaches to the treatment of depression and anxiety.
4. D) UP, used in conjunction with SSRIs, is the most effective treatment for anxiety.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Third Wave Approaches

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

 

 

136) Unified Protocol targets processes of psychopathology common across ________ disorders.

1. A) multiple
2. B) personality
3. C) sexual
4. D) somatic

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Third Wave Approaches

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

137) A key assumption behind acceptance and commitment therapy is that ________, that is, ignoring painful thoughts, memories, and feelings, is/are at the heart of many mental health problems.

1. A) repressed emotions
2. B) denial
3. C) experiential avoidance
4. D) poor emotional regulation

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Third Wave Approaches

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

138) According to the sociocultural approach, which of the following factors increases an individual’s susceptibility to mental health problems?

1. A) Inability to attend college to obtain a higher degree due to financial problems
2. B) Living in a country that has been ravaged by war or struck by natural disaster
3. C) Social norms and policies that are liberal in their approach to minority groups
4. D) Growing up in neighborhoods where there is strong cohesion among neighbors

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Sociocultural Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the sociocultural approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

 

 

 

139) Which of the following statements is indicative of culturally sensitive approaches that therapists may use when treating clients?

1. A) Persuading clients from cultures that value respect for authority to generate ideas about what is causing their symptoms
2. B) Strengthening the socioeconomic and class differences that exist in the client-therapist relationship
3. C) Forcing clients from cultures that value emotional restraint to express themselves and disclose all their personal concerns
4. D) Recognizing that certain cultures focus on the collective and that the identity of the individual is not seen apart from the group

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Multicultural Approach

Learning Objective:  Analyze the sociocultural approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

 

140) Which of the following statements is true about cross-cultural treatment?

1. A) Ethnic matching is an important predictor of how long clients remain in therapy.
2. B) A therapist must be from the same culture as the client to fully understand the client.
3. C) Matching the race or ethnicity of the therapist and the client does not necessarily lead to a better outcome.
4. D) It has been proven that therapists from the same ethnic or racial group as the client share the same value system.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Multicultural Approach

Learning Objective:  Analyze the sociocultural approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

 

 

 

141) In the context of cross-cultural treatment, which of the following statements is true?

1. A) Evidence suggests that women, but not men, do better in therapy with a therapist of the same gender.
2. B) Both women and men tend to report that they prefer a therapist of the same gender.
3. C) Certain treatments are more effective among certain cultural/ethnic groups than others.
4. D) People from ethnic minority groups in the United States are less likely than European Americans to drop out of psychosocial therapy.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Multicultural Approach

Learning Objective:  Analyze the sociocultural approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

 

142) Native American healing processes:

1. A) encourage clients to experience the self as separate from the community.
2. B) focus on the physiology, psychology, and religious practices of the individual.
3. C) emphasize the detachment of the individual from the cultural network.
4. D) involve immersing the individual in quiet solitude and meditation.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Multicultural Approach

Learning Objective:  Assess the theories of the sociocultural perspective and identify treatments.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

 

 

 

143) Which of the following is an example of cultural competence?

1. A) A Native American clinical psychologist employs rituals from her cultural background in the treatment of a Latina.
2. B) An African-American psychiatrist uses SSRIs in the treatment of a White patient.
3. C) A White social worker demonstrates to all her patients how to succeed in corporate environments.
4. D) A Hispanic clinical psychologist uses both established treatments and skills that include cultural specific themes.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Multicultural Approach

Learning Objective:  Assess the theories of the sociocultural perspective and identify treatments.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

 

144) Research suggests that ________ is not a predictor of therapy outcome, but may affect client’s preferences and ________

1. A) ethnic matching of therapist and client; attendance
2. B) racial difference of therapist and client; number of years in treatment
3. C) ethnic matching of therapist and client; fee payments
4. D) racial difference; attendance

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Multicultural Approach

Learning Objective:  Assess the theories of the sociocultural perspective and identify treatments.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

 

 

 

145) Hispanics in the southwestern United States and in Mexico suffering from psychological problems may consult folk healers, known as:

1. A) curanderos.
2. B) nganga.
3. C) quimbanda.
4. D) shamans.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Multicultural Approach

Learning Objective:  Assess the theories of the sociocultural perspective and identify treatments.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

 

146) Which of the following is a valid criticism leveled against the sociocultural approaches of abnormality?

1. A) They argue that it is not enough to look only at what is going on within individuals or their immediate surroundings.
2. B) They blame the victim and place responsibility for psychopathology within the individual.
3. C) They relieve society of its responsibility to change the social conditions that put individuals at risk for psychopathology.
4. D) They provide only a vague understanding about the exact ways in which social and cultural forces lead to psychological disturbance in individuals.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Multicultural Approach

Learning Objective:  Assess the theories of the sociocultural perspective and identify treatments.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

 

 

 

147) Which of the following statements is true of prevention programs?

1. A) Primary prevention strategies focus on detecting a disorder in its earliest stages.
2. B) Secondary prevention focuses on people who already have a disorder and focus on the prevention of relapse.
3. C) Tertiary prevention strategies for preventing drug abuse might include changing neighborhood characteristics that contribute to drug use.
4. D) Secondary prevention often involves screening for early signs of a disorder and then administering an intervention to prevent the development of a full-blown disorder.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Prevention Programs

Learning Objective:  Describe prevention programs.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

148) Which among the following is NOT a common component of successful therapies?

1. A) Encouraging clients to confront painful emotions and become less sensitive to them
2. B) Providing clients with explanations or interpretations of why they are suffering
3. C) Establishing a positive client-therapist relationship
4. D) Supplementing existing treatment with drug therapy

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Treatment

Learning Objective:  Discuss treatment outcomes.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

 

 

149) What are neurotransmitters and how do they function? Using examples, describe the role neurotransmitters play in mental health.

 

Answer:  Students’ answers may vary. Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses:

▪ Neurotransmitters—biochemicals that act as messengers carrying impulses

▪ Synaptic gap—gap between the synaptic terminals and the adjacent neurons

▪ Receptors—molecules on the membrane of adjacent neurons

▪ Processes of reuptake and degradation of neurotransmitters—malfunctioning of either process results in high or low levels of neurotransmitter in the synapse

▪ Serotonin—plays an important role in emotional well-being and in dysfunctional behaviors

▪ Dopamine—influences our experience of reinforcements or rewards and the functioning of muscle systems

▪ Norepinephrine—cocaine and amphetamine slows its reuptake

▪ Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)—inhibits the action of other neurotransmitters

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Biological Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

150) Identity the serious side effects of benzodiazapines.

 

Answer:  Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses:

▪ Possibility of serious addiction.

▪ Up to 80 percent of those who take them for six weeks develop withdrawal symptoms.

▪ Withdrawal symptoms include: irritability, accelerated heart rate, and profuse sweating.

▪ Addiction may lead to fatal overdose.

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Biological Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

151) How is ECT understood to work?

 

Answer:  Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses:

▪ Although not completely understood, ECT appears to alter the part of the brain associated with mood disorders

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Biological Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

152) Describe the effect of brain stimulation on the nervous system.

 

Answer:  Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses:

▪ Electrical stimulation of neurons of the brain can result in long-term changes in neurotransmission across synapses.

▪ Only minor side effects are reported.

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Brain Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

153) Identify and describe the limitations of biological therapy.

 

Answer:  Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses:

▪ They do not work for everyone. (Indeed some people with psychological disorders do not respond to any drugs or other biological treatment currently available).

▪ For some disorders, sucn as phobias, psychotherapy works better than drug therapies in alleviating symptoms.

▪ Most biological treatments have significant side effects. In some case the side effects are worse than the disorder itself. Indeed some side effects have proven to be dangerous or even deadly.

▪ Sometimes people will take drugs rather than deal with the issues in their lives that are causing or contributing to psychological problems.

▪ Some critics of biological treatments argue that they ignore environmental and psychological processes in biological processing.

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Biological Perspective

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

 

 

154) Describe the learning process of classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Provide examples for these theories based on your experiences.

 

Answer:  Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses:

▪ Classical conditioning—unconditioned response, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response

▪ Operant conditioning—rewards, punishments, reinforcement schedules

▪ Examples should clearly demonstrate the processes

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Classical Conditioning; Operant Conditioning

Learning Objective:  Analyze the biological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

155) Describe the cognitive approach to psychopathology. What are the three main goals in cognitive therapy? What are the limitations of cognitive theories?

 

Answer:  Students’ answers may vary. Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses:

▪ Cognitions—thoughts or beliefs that shape our behaviors and the emotions we experience

▪ Causal attributions—the reasons we attribute to why events happen that can impact our behaviors

▪ Global assumptions—the positive or negative broad beliefs we have about ourselves, our relationships, and the world

▪ Dysfunctional global assumptions—the reason behind maladaptive behaviors as proposed by Beck and Ellis

▪ Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)—combination of behavioral and cognitive therapies

▪ Goals—help clients identify irrational thoughts, consider alternative ways of thinking, face fears, learn to cope

▪ Limitations—difficulty proving that maladaptive cognitions precede and cause disorders, rather than being the symptoms or consequences of the disorders

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Cognitive Perspective; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Learning Objective:  Analyze the cognitive approach to abnormal psychology.; Assess the theories of the cognitive perspective and identify treatments.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

 

 

156) Describe Freud’s psychosexual stages of development.

 

Answer:  Students’ answers may vary. Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses:

▪ Oral stage—first 18 months, stimulation of the mouth area; features of oral character

▪ Anal stage—18 months to 3 years, focus of gratification is the anus; features of anal personality

▪ Phallic stage—3 to 6 years, Oedipus/Electra complex, penis envy, absence of castration anxiety in girls leads to lack of motivation to develop a super ego; problems associated with unsuccessful resolution of phallic stage

▪ Latency stage—libidinal drives are quelled, more same-sex interaction

▪ Genital stage—12 and older years, sexual interests turn to heterosexual relationships

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Freud

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

157) Compare the pleasure principle with the reality principle.

 

Answer:  Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses:

▪ The pleasure principle is a drive to maximize pleasure and minimize pain with the overall outcome of reducing psychic tension.

▪ The pleasure principle emerges from the id.

▪ The reality principle emerges from the encounter of the id (and the drive for pleasure) and the constraints imposed on it by the outside world, or reality.

▪ With the reality principle, a child first learns that it cannot always satisfy its wishes and impulses.

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Freud

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

 

 

158) Describe how Freud understood the development of personality.

 

Answer:  Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses:

▪ Freud believed that personality and psychopathology are determined by interactions among the id, ego, and superego.

▪ He believed that these mostly occur in the unconscious, out of our awareness.

▪ Unconscious conflicts among the id, ego, and superego cause stresses that the unconscious uses defense mechanisms to regulate via disguise or transformation.

▪ A person’s characteristic defense mechanisms shape her or his behavior and personality.

▪ When defense mechanisms are used maladaptively, abnormal or pathological behaviors may result.

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Freud

Learning Objective:  Apply the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

159) How do internalized objects affect our relationships? What is an example?

 

Answer:  Student answers will vary. Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses:

▪ Objects are representations or images of significant people in our lives that are internalized unconsciously when we are young.

▪ These representations of ourselves and significant others, such as early caregivers, act as a kind of unconscious template for our relationships with self and others.

▪ A child with a cold and distant mother internalizes these qualities and associates them with her. Subsequent relationships will be affected by the consequences of this early relationship, especially subsequent love relationships.

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Psychodynamic View

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

 

 

160) What disorders and maladaptive behaviors is DBT been used to treat?

 

Answer:  Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses:

▪ Borderline personality disorder

▪ Self-injury and suicide

▪ Mood disorders

▪ Problems of impulse control

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Third Wave Approaches

Learning Objective:  Apply the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

161) What distinguishes Unified Protocol (UP) from disorder-specific approaches to treating psychopathology?

 

Answer:  Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses:

▪ Treatment for specific disorders emerges from research and clinical experience associated that single disorder.

▪ UP treatment targets psychopathological processes common to multiple disorders (rather than a specific disorder in which those processes occur).

▪ By targeting processes rather than specific disorders, the clinical techniques of UP appear to have wider application.

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Third Wave Approaches

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

162) What is “cultural competence,” as defined in the textbook.

 

Answer:  Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses:

▪ Cultural competence refers to the therapist’s understanding and respect for cultural factors in treatment.

▪ Cultural competence is acquired through training and experience

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Multicultural Approach

Learning Objective:  Assess the theories of the sociocultural perspective and identify treatments.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

 

 

 

163) What must therapists bear in mind to ensure that treatment does not clash with the values and norms of their client’s culture? Must a therapist come from the same culture as the client to fully understand the client?

 

Answer:  Students’ answers may vary. Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses:

▪ Most psychotherapies are focused on the individual, but many cultures focus on the collective or group rather than the individual.

▪ Most psychotherapies value the expression of emotions and the disclosure of personal concerns, but some cultures value emotional restraint.

▪ Many psychotherapies expect clients to take the initiative in communicating their concerns and desires, but some cultural norms dictate deference to people in authority.

▪ Socioeconomic class and cultural differences between the client and therapist can create tensions.

▪ Ethnic matching is not an important predictor of the effectiveness of therapy; cultural sensitivity can probably be acquired through training and experience.

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Multicultural Approach; Sociocultural Perspective

Learning Objective:  Assess the theories of the sociocultural perspective and identify treatments.; Analyze the sociocultural approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

 

164) Describe the difference between modeling and observational learning.

 

Answer:  Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses:

▪ Like modeling, observational learning involves observing others, but it emphasizes observing the consequences of another’s behavior, as opposed to simply the behavior of an important person.

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Social Learning Theory

Learning Objective:  Analyze the psychological approach to abnormal psychology.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

Abnormal Psychology, 8e (Nolen-Hoeksema)

Chapter 4   The Research Endeavor

 

1) In which closed community was Janice Egeland’s study of psychological disorders conducted?

1. A) Old Order Amish community of Pennsylvania
2. B) Old Colony Mennonites of South America
3. C) Native American community in New Mexico
4. D) Gypsy communities of Syria

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Cross-cultural Research

Learning Objective:  Describe research settings and samples in psychological research.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

 

2) In the study of psychopathology, researchers must often rely on ________, which are people’s own accounts of their internal states and experiences.

1. A) case studies
2. B) self-reports
3. C) naturalistic observations
4. D) personal essays

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Scientific Method

Learning Objective:  Describe the scientific method.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

3) Which of the following statements is true of the study of psychopathology?

1. A) Self-reports are often accurate and reliable sources of information.
2. B) Observer assessments ensure the absence of any type of bias.
3. C) The multiple causes of abnormality can be easily captured in a single study.
4. D) It is often difficult to obtain the participation of populations of interest.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Scientific Method

Learning Objective:  Describe the scientific method.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

 

 

4) A multimethod approach in research means that:

1. A) a researcher generates multiple hypotheses.
2. B) the research method utilizes several theoretical frameworks.
3. C) a variety of methods are used to study the same issue.
4. D) several researchers are responsible for developing the research.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Scientific Method

Learning Objective:  Describe the scientific method.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

5) The process of following a basic series of steps that are designed to obtain and evaluate information relevant to a research problem in a systematic way is known as the ________ method.

1. A) subjective
2. B) scientific
3. C) organizational
4. D) schematic

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Scientific Method

Learning Objective:  Describe the scientific method.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

6) A ________ is a testable statement of what we predict will happen in our study.

1. A) criterion
2. B) variable
3. C) diagnosis
4. D) hypothesis

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Hypotheses

Learning Objective:  Describe the scientific method.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

 

 

7) Which of the following is the correct sequential order of the steps followed in the scientific method?

1. A) Define a problem; generate a hypothesis; collect and analyze the data; develop a method to test the hypothesis; draw conclusions.
2. B) Generate a hypothesis; collect and analyze the data; define the problem; draw conclusions.
3. C) Define a problem; generate a hypothesis; develop a method to test the hypothesis; collect and analyze the data; draw conclusions.
4. D) Generate a hypothesis; develop a method to test the hypothesis; draw conclusions; collect and analyze the data.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Scientific Method

Learning Objective:  Describe the scientific method.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

8) A hypothesis which states that there is no relationship between the phenomena being studied relative to the population is called a ________ hypothesis.

1. A) null
2. B) zero
3. C) nondirectional
4. D) latent

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Hypotheses

Learning Objective:  Describe the scientific method.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

9) The primary hypothesis:

1. A) is often supported, while the null hypothesis is often rejected.
2. B) must be constantly reevaluated and modified during the course of the study.
3. C) may eventually be dropped or modified if the null hypothesis continuously gets more support than the alternative hypothesis.
4. D) may be dropped if the null hypothesis uses a single methodology.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Hypotheses

Learning Objective:  Describe the scientific method.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

10) A factor or characteristic that can vary within an individual or between individuals is known as a(n)

1. A) variable.
2. B) hypothesis.
3. C) null hypothesis.
4. D) operational definition.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Variables

Learning Objective:  Describe the scientific method.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

11) A(n) ________ variable is a factor researchers try to predict or the outcome they are interested in studying.

1. A) dependent
2. B) mediating
3. C) extraneous
4. D) independent

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Variables

Learning Objective:  Describe the scientific method.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

12) The variable that we believe will affect the dependent variable is known as the ________ variable.

1. A) confounding
2. B) discrete
3. C) independent
4. D) extraneous

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Variables

Learning Objective:  Describe the scientific method.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

 

 

13) As part of a research study, Margaret wants to determine if religious environments will influence the consumption of alcohol among freshmen. She has several hundred freshmen complete her survey. Once the data have been collected, she analyzes the scores. Which of the following is the independent variable in this study?

1. A) Consumption of alcohol
2. B) Religious environments
3. C) College freshmen
4. D) Surveys

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Variables

Learning Objective:  Describe the scientific method.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

14) As part of a research study, Margaret wants to determine if religious environments will influence the consumption of alcohol among freshmen. She has several hundred freshmen complete her survey. Once the data have been collected, she analyzes the scores. Which of the following is the dependent variable in this study?

1. A) Consumption of alcohol
2. B) Religious environments
3. C) College freshmen
4. D) Surveys

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Variables

Learning Objective:  Describe the scientific method.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

 

 

15) Dr. Williams wants to know if room temperature influences students’ performance on exams. She randomly determines which classes will receive the experimental conditions and then increases the temperature in those classrooms. Which of the following is the independent variable in this experiment?

1. A) Performance on exams
2. B) College students
3. C) Room temperature
4. D) Expectations of increased performance

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Variables

Learning Objective:  Describe the scientific method.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

16) Which of the following is the independent variable in a study that investigates the impact of religious environments on discipline problems in children?

1. A) The children in the study
2. B) Religious environments
3. C) Parenting styles
4. D) Discipline problems

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Variables

Learning Objective:  Describe the scientific method.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

 

 

17) Professor Sanders wants to study how constant distractions during an exam affect student performance. She randomly assigns her students to different classrooms where the experimental group will receive a predetermined number of distractions while taking an exam. In this study, the independent variable is the ________ and the dependent variable is the ________.

1. A) classrooms where the exams were taken; number of distractions
2. B) number of distractions; performance scores on the exam
3. C) classrooms where the exams were taken; students taking the exam
4. D) performance scores on the exam; number of distractions

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Variables

Learning Objective:  Describe the scientific method.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

18) A hypothesis states, “Adolescents in divorced families experience more depressive episodes than those in intact families.” In this hypothesis, the independent and dependent variables are ________, respectively.

1. A) adolescents and depressive episodes
2. B) depressive episodes and family situation
3. C) family situation and depressive episodes
4. D) adolescents and family situation

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Variables

Learning Objective:  Describe the scientific method.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

19) The operationalization of variables in a study refers to the way the variables:

1. A) have no definitive meaning.
2. B) are immeasurable.
3. C) are measured or manipulated.
4. D) cannot be controlled.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Variables

Learning Objective:  Describe the scientific method.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

20) Researchers who favor a continuum model of psychopathology:

1. A) argue that the results of studies of people with moderate depression cannot be generalized to individuals with diagnosed depressive disorders.
2. B) argue that people who fall short of a diagnosable disorder are inherently different from those who have a disorder.
3. C) believe that the results of studies of people with moderate depression will be different from those of studies on people with diagnosed depressive disorders.
4. D) believe that people who have symptoms of a disorder but do not meet the criteria for diagnosis provide valuable insights into people who suffer from diagnosable disorders.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Variables

Learning Objective:  Describe the scientific method.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

21) Which of the following is a committee that reviews the procedures of studies done with humans to ensure that the benefits of the study substantially outweigh any risks to the participants and that the risks to the participants have been minimized?

1. A) A participant review board
2. B) A human participants committee
3. C) An ethical research association
4. D) A procedural review committee

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Ethics

Learning Objective:  Discuss ethical concerns regarding the use of animals and humans as participants in experimental research.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  3.1 Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practice.

 

 

 

22) Which of the following statements is true of the ethical issues involved in research?

1. A) Researchers should offer substantial monetary incentives to participants so that they cannot refuse to participate.
2. B) Researchers should explain the deception to their participants after the research is completed in cases where deception is necessary to the experiment.
3. C) Researchers should report data gathered from individual participants rather than data aggregated across participants.
4. D) Researchers may impose some sort of a negative consequence on participants if they choose to withdraw their participation once the study has begun.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Ethics

Learning Objective:  Discuss ethical concerns regarding the use of animals and humans as participants in experimental research.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  3.1 Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practice.

 

23) Which of the following statements is true of the ethical issues involved in research?

1. A) Once a study has begun, participants are not allowed to withdraw their participation.
2. B) Individuals not capable of understanding the risks of a study (e.g., children) must have a parent, guardian, or other responsible adult make the decision about their participation in the study.
3. C) Written consent of participation is mandatory under all circumstances, even if participants are put at risk if it is discovered that they talked with researchers.
4. D) Researchers are allowed to deceive participants about research aspects that might affect their willingness to participate, but only when such techniques are absolutely essential and justified.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Ethics

Learning Objective:  Discuss ethical concerns regarding the use of animals and humans as participants in experimental research.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  3.1 Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practice.

 

 

 

24) Explaining the purpose of a research study and answering participants’ questions at the end of the study is known as:

1. A) admission.
2. B) declaration.
3. C) debriefing.
4. D) acknowledgement.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Ethics

Learning Objective:  Discuss ethical concerns regarding the use of animals and humans as participants in experimental research.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  3.1 Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practice.

 

25) A detailed history of an individual who has suffered a psychological disorder is called a(n)

1. A) research report.
2. B) case study.
3. C) executive summary.
4. D) biography.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Case Studies

Learning Objective:  Describe types of research studies.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

26) Case studies help researchers:

1. A) focus on unconscious motivations and conflicts.
2. B) measure overt behaviors.
3. C) make general inferences about the sources of psychopathology.
4. D) eliminate biological factors from the potential causes of psychopathology.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Case Studies

Learning Objective:  Describe types of research studies.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

 

 

27) Which of the following statements is true about case studies?

1. A) Case studies are not used in the study of rare problems, as people often have biased recollections of their experiences.
2. B) Case studies are the most apt method for capturing the uniqueness of an individual’s perspective and experiences.
3. C) Case studies have high generalizability, that is, their findings can be applied to other individuals and groups.
4. D) Case studies have a high degree of objectivity on the part of the people telling their stories and on the part of the therapists and researchers listening to the stories.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Case Studies

Learning Objective:  Describe types of research studies.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

28) When the conclusions drawn from a study are widely applicable to other individuals or groups, this is known as

1. A) rationalization.
2. B) operationalization.
3. C) conceptualization.
4. D) generalizability.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Case Studies

Learning Objective:  Describe types of research studies.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

29) Correlational studies:

1. A) are forms of cause-and-effect research.
2. B) do not involve the manipulation of variables.
3. C) involve single-subject designs.
4. D) do not involve continuous variables.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Correlational Research

Learning Objective:  Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets of variables.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

30) A researcher is interested in the relationship between depression and the loss of a loved one. The individuals of interest are bereaved adults and nonbereaved adults. The variables in this study receive no manipulation, and depression is measured in both sets of adults. This is an example of:

1. A) naturalistic observation.
2. B) a group comparison study.
3. C) an experimental study.
4. D) a case study.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Correlational Research

Learning Objective:  Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets of variables.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

31) The type of correlational study that observes people on two or more occasions over time is a

1. A) cross-sectional study.
2. B) temporal study.
3. C) case study.
4. D) longitudinal study.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Longitudinal Research

Learning Objective:  Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets of variables.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

 

 

32) Dr. Samuel wants to study the relationship between test anxiety and age. His participants are third-, fourth-, and fifth-graders who will be studied over a three-year period. He does not wish to establish a cause-effect relationship between variables. This is an example of a(n):

1. A) cross-sectional study.
2. B) experimental study.
3. C) longitudinal study.
4. D) case study.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Longitudinal Research

Learning Objective:  Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets of variables.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

33) Which of the following is a limitation of case studies?

1. A) Case studies are used to study only rare problems for which there aren’t enough people with specific problems to investigate.
2. B) Case studies capture the uniqueness of an individual’s experience.
3. C) Case studies may lack objectivity.
4. D) Case studies may be boring in their focus on a single subject.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Case Study

Learning Objective:  Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets of variables.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

34) A case study is conducted of the suicide of a celebrity. A limitation of this study is that

1. A) it cannot be generalized to understand why other people commit suicide.
2. B) it only explains the effect of fame on suicidality.
3. C) it only helps us to understand the likelihood of suicide among the celebrity’s family.
4. D) it does not account for the effect of genes on suicidal depression.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Case Study

Learning Objective:  Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets of variables.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

35) Cross-sectional studies observe:

1. A) different groups at only one point in time.
2. B) similar groups over different periods of time.
3. C) the same group over different periods of time.
4. D) different groups over different periods of time.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Correlational Research

Learning Objective:  Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets of variables.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

36) Brad wants to study the relationship between anxiety and registration events in first-semester freshman. If Brad wanted to use a correlational method, he would most likely use a(n)

1. A) group comparison study.
2. B) experimental design.
3. C) sequential type study.
4. D) cross-sectional study.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Correlational Research

Learning Objective:  Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets of variables.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

37) The correlation coefficient is:

1. A) a qualitative method of measuring the outcomes of a study.
2. B) a statistic used to represent the relation between variables.
3. C) a reference to the themes generated across descriptive research.
4. D) indicative of the number of participants randomly assigned to each group in a study.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Correlation

Learning Objective:  Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets of variables.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

38) A ________ between stress and depression would mean that people who report more stressors have higher levels of depression, and a ________ would mean that people who report more stressors actually have lower levels of depression.

1. A) positive correlation; positive correlation
2. B) negative correlation; negative correlation
3. C) negative correlation; positive correlation
4. D) positive correlation; negative correlation

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Correlation

Learning Objective:  Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets of variables.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

39) A researcher conducting a correlational study found that the more cooperative children were with their parents, the more they cooperated with their teachers. This is an example of a(n) ________ correlation.

1. A) unknown
2. B) negative
3. C) zero
4. D) positive

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Correlation

Learning Objective:  Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets of variables.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

 

 

40) Dr. Peters investigated the relationship between academic performance of middle school students and the length of recess in the school. The study revealed that the longer the periods of recess for students, the better were their performances. This study is indicative of a:

1. A) zero correlation.
2. B) positive correlation.
3. C) negative correlation.
4. D) cross-correlation.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Correlation

Learning Objective:  Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets of variables.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

41) Luther realized that the more he engaged in outdoor activities, the less time he spent playing video games. This is an example of a ________ correlation.

1. A) zero
2. B) positive
3. C) negative
4. D) one-to-one

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Correlation

Learning Objective:  Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets of variables.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

42) Which of the following represents a perfect correlation?

1. A) −.01 or +.01
2. B) −1.0 or +1.0
3. C) −10.0 or +10.0
4. D) −100 or +100

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Correlation

Learning Objective:  Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets of variables.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

43) If two variables have a correlation (r) of + .95, it means that:

1. A) there is a weak positive correlation between the variables.
2. B) the study resulted in a near perfect negative correlation.
3. C) the variables show no correlation.
4. D) there is a strong positive correlation between the variables.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Correlation

Learning Objective:  Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets of variables.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

44) Judith has been complaining of pain in her lower back. Her friends suggested that Judith change the heel height of her shoes. Judith began wearing a lower heel, but still continued to experience pain in her lower back. In this case, the relationship between Judith’s back pain and the heel height is representative of a ________ correlation.

1. A) zero
2. B) positive
3. C) negative
4. D) one-to-one

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Correlation

Learning Objective:  Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets of variables.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

45) Statistical significance represents:

1. A) the quantification of the dependent variable in an experiment.
2. B) the probability that the results of a research study occurred by chance.
3. C) the correlation coefficient that supports the hypothesis of a study.
4. D) the relationship between the independent and dependent variable in an experiment.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Correlation

Learning Objective:  Clarify the meaning of statistical significance.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

46) Dr. Dell designed a group comparison study and he tested this using an independent samples t-test. His findings produced a t-statistic with p = .20. Which of the following is an accurate interpretation of his findings?

1. A) His sample was probably skewed and bias was evident.
2. B) The results indicate a non-statistically significant difference in the group means.
3. C) The results indicate that his groups were statistically significantly different.
4. D) There is not enough information to draw accurate conclusions about his study results.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Correlation

Learning Objective:  Clarify the meaning of statistical significance.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

47) James found a strong relationship between stress and depression in his correlational study. However, he suspects that another variable was responsible for the results. This is an example of the ________ problem.

1. A) continuous variable
2. B) intervening variable
3. C) third variable
4. D) pseudo-variable

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Correlation

Learning Objective:  Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets of variables.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

 

 

48) Marta created a correlational study to consider the possible relationship between anxiety and life-stressors. She hypothesized that more life-stressors lead to greater anxiety. What do we call life-stressors and anxiety in this correlational study?

1. A) Intervening variables
2. B) Third variables
3. C) Pseudo-variables
4. D) Continuous variables

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Correlation

Learning Objective:  Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets of variables.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

49) Robert is gathering data for his graduate research project. He targets psychology students as his participants. He randomly selects several psychology classes of which to administer his questionnaire. Which of the following is true about Robert’s participants?

1. A) The students in the psychology classes represent the population and all the psychology students on campus also represent the population.
2. B) The students in the psychology classes represent the population and psychology students in general represent the sample.
3. C) The students in the psychology classes represent the sample and psychology students on campus also represent the sample.
4. D) The students in the psychology classes represent the sample and psychology students in general represent the population.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Research Samples

Learning Objective:  Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets of variables.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

 

 

50) A representative sample in research means that:

1. A) the participants were hand-picked by the research according to race.
2. B) the participants in the sample are highly typical of the population of interest.
3. C) the participants were invited to participate in the study by a representative of the research group.
4. D) some participants have a greater chance of being selected than others.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Research Samples

Learning Objective:  Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets of variables.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

51) A sample that is not representative is said to be

1. A) generalizable.
2. B) truly random.
3. C) random.
4. D) biased.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Research Samples

Learning Objective:  Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets of variables.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

52) External validity refers to the extent to which the:

1. A) results of a study can be generalized to real-life phenomena.
2. B) results of a study can be replicated.
3. C) independent variable is responsible for a change in the dependent variable.
4. D) study measures what it intends to measure

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Validity

Learning Objective:  Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets of variables.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

 

 

53) One of the advantages of conducting a longitudinal study instead of a cross-sectional study is that:

1. A) it shows that the independent variable precedes and predicts changes in the dependent variable over time.
2. B) it produces results that are almost always generalizable to the larger population.
3. C) it is often inexpensive and the least time consuming of all research designs.
4. D) it rarely suffers from the third variable problem and can accurately separate causes from consequences.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Longitudinal Research

Learning Objective:  Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets of variables.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

54) The study of the frequency and distribution of a disorder, or a group of disorders in a population is known as

1. A) quantitative correlation.
2. B) biostatistics.
3. C) epidemiology.
4. D) disease diffusion mapping.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Epidemiological research

Learning Objective:  Describe types of research studies.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

55) An instructor asks you to report the proportion of the population that has a specific disorder during a specific point in time. The instructor has asked you for the ________ of the disorder.

1. A) incidence
2. B) course
3. C) prevalence
4. D) duration

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Epidemiological research

Learning Objective:  Describe types of research studies.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

56) In epidemiological research, ________ refer(s) to the number of new cases of the disorder that develop during a specific period of time.

1. A) risk factors
2. B) prevalence
3. C) course
4. D) incidence

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Epidemiological research

Learning Objective:  Describe types of research studies.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

57) Conditions or variables that are associated with higher susceptibility to a disorder are called:

1. A) potentialities.
2. B) risk factors.
3. C) prone positions.
4. D) eligibilities.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Epidemiological research

Learning Objective:  Describe types of research studies.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

 

 

58) Which of the following represents the appropriate sequence of steps followed by researchers to determine the prevalence, incidence, and risk factors for a disorder?

1. A) Identify the population of interest; estimate how many people in different categories of risk factors have the disorder; identify a random sample; interview participants.
2. B) Identify the population of interest; identify a random sample; interview participants; estimate how many people in different categories of risk factors have the disorder.
3. C) Estimate how many people in different categories of risk factors have a disorder; identify the population of interest; identify a random sample; interview participants.
4. D) Estimate how many people in different categories of risk factors have a disorder; identify a random sample; interview participants.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Epidemiological research

Learning Objective:  Describe types of research studies.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

59) Epidemiological studies:

1. A) can establish that a risk factor causes a disorder.
2. B) overcome almost all of the limitations of correlational studies.
3. C) are generally unaffected by the problem of the third variable.
4. D) provide valuable information on the prevalence, incidence, and risk factors for disorders.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Epidemiological research

Learning Objective:  Describe types of research studies.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

60) In human laboratory studies, the research is designed to:

1. A) create conditions that capture some of the key characteristics of real-world events.
2. B) alter conditions that will cause a psychological disorder to manifest.
3. C) control conditions so that the impact of stress is lessened.
4. D) reduce the exposure to control for third variable problems.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Experimental Research

Learning Objective:  Understand how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

61) Internal validity in experimental research means that:

1. A) the dependent variable was responsible for the manipulation.
2. B) the dependent variable received the manipulation.
3. C) the dependent variable was responsible for the changes that occurred to the independent variable.
4. D) the changes in the dependent variable can be attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Validity

Learning Objective:  Understand how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

62) In an experimental study, the group that shares all the same experiences as the group of interest but does not receive the key manipulation is the

1. A) experimental group.
2. B) randomly selected group.
3. C) control group.
4. D) treatment group.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Experimental and Control Groups

Learning Objective:  Understand how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

 

 

63) If participants in the experimental group and control group differ significantly, this may directly threaten the ________ validity of the study.

1. A) construct
2. B) internal
3. C) face
4. D) extraneous

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Experimental and Control Groups

Learning Objective:  Understand how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

64) Dr. Tuten randomly assigned students of abnormal psychology to participate in a study of memory encoding specificity. This means that:

1. A) each student was hand-picked.
2. B) the sample was not truly representative of the identified population.
3. C) each student had an equal chance of being selected.
4. D) all the students participated in the study to eliminate biased selection.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Random Assignment

Learning Objective:  Understand how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

65) Internal validity of an experimental study is threatened by:

1. A) the qualifications of the researcher.
2. B) the random assignment of participants.
3. C) the experimental conditions of the study.
4. D) the presence of demand characteristics.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Validity

Learning Objective:  Understand how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

66) Steven was participating in an experimental study where the experimenter interacted with the participants. After several conversations, the experimenter started unintentionally providing subtle hints about the way Steven should behave during the experiment. By doing so, the experimenter ran the risk of creating

1. A) demand characteristics.
2. B) filler measures.
3. C) high internal validity.
4. D) high reliability.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Validity

Learning Objective:  Understand how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

67) To avoid demand characteristics, participants may be given tests, often called ________, that have nothing to do with the purpose of the study in order to obscure the real purpose of the study.

1. A) fabrications
2. B) double-blind stories
3. C) filler measures
4. D) analogues

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Validity

Learning Objective:  Understand how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

 

 

68) A ________ design study is when neither the researchers nor the participants know who is in the experimental group and who is in the control group.

1. A) quasi-experimental
2. B) double-blind
3. C) placebo control
4. D) single-blind

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Validity

Learning Objective:  Understand how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

69) Darin participated as a subject in a double-blind experimental study. In this study:

1. A) the experimenter and Darin knew who received the treatment.
2. B) only Darin knew who received the treatment.
3. C) neither Darin nor the experimenter knew who received the treatment.
4. D) only the experimenter knew who received the treatment.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Validity

Learning Objective:  Understand how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

70) What is the primary advantage of human laboratory studies?

1. A) Reliability
2. B) Validity
3. C) Participants
4. D) Control

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Experimental Research

Learning Objective:  Discuss ethical concerns regarding the use of animals and humans as participants in experimental research.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

 

 

71) In human laboratory studies, ________ is considered a primary limitation.

1. A) reliability
2. B) operationalization
3. C) replication
4. D) generalizability

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Experimental Research

Learning Objective:  Discuss ethical concerns regarding the use of animals and humans as participants in experimental research.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

72) Because researchers cannot know whether the results will generalize to what happens outside of the laboratory, human laboratory studies often have ________ validity.

1. A) high external
2. B) low external
3. C) high internal
4. D) low internal

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Experimental Research

Learning Objective:  Discuss ethical concerns regarding the use of animals and humans as participants in experimental research.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

73) Studies designed to test whether a specific therapy—whether it be a psychological therapy or a biological therapy—reduces psychopathology in individuals who receive it are called ________ studies.

1. A) naturalistic
2. B) human laboratory
3. C) therapy outcome
4. D) single-subject case

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Experimental Research

Learning Objective:  Understand how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

74) Dr. Wayne and his associates developed a new therapy for anxiety. In their research, they had participants who met the criteria for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Group 1 received no treatment while Group 2 received the newly developed treatment for GAD. In this example, Dr. Wayne and his associates most likely used a ________ group.

1. A) simple control
2. B) wait list control
3. C) double-blind
4. D) placebo control

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Experimental and Control Groups

Learning Objective:  Understand how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

75) The participants in a wait list control group receive the treatment:

1. A) before the experimental group.
2. B) at the same time as the experimental group.
3. C) at a later time than the experimental group.
4. D) before and after the experimental group.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Experimental and Control Groups

Learning Objective:  Understand how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

 

 

76) Lee participated in a study that involved the treatment of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. The researchers assessed Lee with others who were participating in the study. However, he received the treatment several weeks later, once the study was complete. Lee most likely was part of a(n) ________ group.

1. A) double-blind
2. B) simple control
3. C) placebo control
4. D) wait list control

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Experimental and Control Groups

Learning Objective:  Understand how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

77) Which of the following is most often used for measuring the effectiveness of new drugs using therapy outcome studies?

1. A) Experimental group
2. B) Placebo control group
3. C) Simple control group
4. D) Wait list control group

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Experimental and Control Groups

Learning Objective:  Understand how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

 

 

78) In therapy outcome studies, participants who are part of the placebo control group:

1. A) have little or no interaction with the experimenters.
2. B) are fully aware that they are not receiving the real treatment.
3. C) receive the same treatment as the experimental group.
4. D) are unaware that the treatment is an inactive substance.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Experimental and Control Groups

Learning Objective:  Understand how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

79) Which of the following is an ethical problem associated with a placebo control group?

1. A) The withholding of treatment or providing treatment known to be ineffective.
2. B) The testing of potentially dangerous medications on unaware people.
3. C) The intentional manipulation of subjects’ opinions to sway research results.
4. D) Telling subjects that the experimental treatment will help them when there is no way of knowing in advance that it will.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Experimental and Control Groups

Learning Objective:  Understand how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

80) A group of participants in a study receiving an “inactive” treatment, such as daily check-ins that do not include actual therapy is an example of

1. A) poor research design.
2. B) mismanaged control group.
3. C) a wait list control group.
4. D) a placebo control group.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Experimental and Control Groups

Learning Objective:  Understand how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

81) Which of the following is NOT true of therapy outcome research?

1. A) Even when a therapy works, researchers often cannot know exactly what it is about the therapy that works.
2. B) Some researchers believe it is unethical to withhold treatment or to provide a treatment they believe is ineffective for people in distress.
3. C) Therapists who vary the dosage of a drug or deviate from a study’s procedure for psychological intervention may compromise the results of the study.
4. D) In the real world, mental health services are delivered in controlled, high-quality atmospheres, and patients fit neatly into the criteria for an “optimal patient.”

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Experimental and Control Groups

Learning Objective:  Understand how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

82) Therapy outcome research that tests how well a therapy works in highly controlled settings with a narrowly defined group of people is said to test the ________ of a therapy, while therapy outcome research that tests how well a therapy works in real-world settings is said to test the ________ of a therapy.

1. A) external validity; internal validity
2. B) efficacy; effectiveness
3. C) objectivity; subjectivity
4. D) passivity; activity

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Experimental and Control Groups

Learning Objective:  Understand how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

 

 

83) In ________, one individual or a small number of individuals are studied intensively.

1. A) therapy outcome studies
2. B) human laboratory studies
3. C) group comparison studies
4. D) single-case experimental designs

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Experimental Research

Learning Objective:  Understand how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

84) With laboratory studies, researchers have more control over the independent variable, the dependent variable and the

1. A) third variables.
2. B) demand characteristics.
3. C) risk factors.
4. D) poor experiment design.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Experimental Research

Learning Objective:  Understand how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

85) According to the textbook, which of the following is a criticism of laboratory studies.

1. A) They are highly dependent on unpredictable funding sources.
2. B) Their results are not necessarily generalizable to real-life situations.
3. C) They make it difficult to identify third variables that may affect results.
4. D) They generally cannot be reproduced in other laboratory settings.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Experimental Research

Learning Objective:  Understand how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

 

 

86) The major difference between a case study and a single-case experimental design study is that:

1. A) case study participants are subject to the manipulation of variables.
2. B) single-case experimental design studies involve naturalistic observation.
3. C) case study participants’ behaviors are measured by some standard method.
4. D) single-case experimental design study participants receive some type of intervention or manipulation, and behaviors are measured more than once.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Experimental Research

Learning Objective:  Understand how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

87) Janice was involved in a single-case experiment where the treatment was introduced, withdrawn, and then reintroduced. Janice most likely participated in a study that used a ________ design.

1. A) longitudinal
2. B) cross-sectional
3. C) reversal
4. D) multiple-baseline

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Research Designs and Methods

Learning Objective:  Understand how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

 

 

88) In single-case experimental designs, a(n) ________ design is the design where an intervention might be given to the same individual but in different settings or to different individuals at different points in time.

1. A) multiple baseline
2. B) reversal
3. C) ABAB
4. D) single-case experimental

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Research Designs and Methods

Learning Objective:  Understand how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

89) Which of the following is true of single-case experimental designs?

1. A) Single-case experimental designs allow for only cursory assessments of participants.
2. B) Single-case experimental designs allow researchers to pinpoint the types of behaviors that can be affected by interventions.
3. C) The results of single-case experimental designs may be generalized to the wider population.
4. D) All hypotheses can be tested with single-case experimental designs.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Research Designs and Methods

Learning Objective:  Understand how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

 

 

90) Which of the following types of research provides researchers with the most control over laboratory conditions and third variables?

1. A) Human laboratory studies
2. B) Animal studies
3. C) Longitudinal studies
4. D) Single-case experimental studies

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Animals in Research

Learning Objective:  Discuss ethical concerns regarding the use of animals and humans as participants in experimental research.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  3.1 Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practice.

 

91) As part of Seligman and colleagues’ animal study, it was discovered that the dogs in the experimental group were unable to recognize opportunities for control that arose. The researchers labeled this set of behaviors

1. A) locus of control.
2. B) aversive conditions.
3. C) learned response deficits.
4. D) learned helplessness deficits.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Animals in Research

Learning Objective:  Discuss ethical concerns regarding the use of animals and humans as participants in experimental research.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  3.1 Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practice.

 

 

 

92) Seligman and colleagues posited that the learned helplessness deficits in the experimental dogs could be applicable to individuals with the psychological symptoms of:

1. A) depression.
2. B) anxiety.
3. C) compulsion.
4. D) disorganized behaviors.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Animals in Research

Learning Objective:  Discuss ethical concerns regarding the use of animals and humans as participants in experimental research.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  3.1 Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practice.

 

93) Which of the following statements is NOT true of animal studies?

1. A) Animal research may be crucial to the advancement of our knowledge of how to help people overcome psychopathology.
2. B) Studies conducted on animals rarely have any ethical issues.
3. C) Generalizing results of animal studies to human subjects is suspect.
4. D) Many researchers feel it is acceptable to expose animals to situations in the laboratory that would not be ethical to impose on humans.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Animals in Research

Learning Objective:  Discuss ethical concerns regarding the use of animals and humans as participants in experimental research.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  3.1 Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practice.

 

94) To conduct family history studies, researchers must

1. A) gather information from primary care physicians on families who suffer from debilitating psychological problems.
2. B) identify any external stressors that create disorders in families.
3. C) use a biopsychosocial methodology.
4. D) clearly identify the probands and control groups, and then trace family trees.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Family History Studies

Learning Objective:  Describe types of research studies.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

95) Abdul is interested in conducting a family history study. His focus is on compulsive behaviors. His sample will consist of the first-degree relatives of individuals diagnosed with compulsive behaviors. Therefore, Abdul’s sample will probably consist of

1. A) families with adopted children.
2. B) families with biological children.
3. C) families with stepchildren.
4. D) families without children.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Family History Studies

Learning Objective:  Describe types of research studies.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

96) Dizygotic twins share ________ percent of their genes.

1. A) roughly 25
2. B) roughly 50
3. C) roughly 75
4. D) 100

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Twin Studies

Learning Objective:  Describe types of research studies.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

97) In identical twin pairs, the probability that both twins will have a disorder if one twin has the disorder is called the

1. A) variable ratio.
2. B) time-space interval.
3. C) concordance rate.
4. D) genetic ratio.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Concordance Rate

Learning Objective:  Describe types of research studies.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

 

 

98) Michael and Michelle are adolescent siblings who share the same birth date. Michael received a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. On the other hand, Michelle shows no signs of mood disturbance. In this example:

1. A) Michael and Michelle are most likely monozygotic twins, but Michael is genetically predisposed to develop a mood disorder.
2. B) Michael and Michelle are most likely dizygotic twins, but Michael developed the disorder because he modeled behaviors of other family members.
3. C) Michael and Michelle are most likely dizygotic twins, but Michelle did not develop the disorder because the concordance rate for dizygotic twins is usually low.
4. D) Michael and Michelle are most likely monozygotic twins, but Michelle did not develop the disorder because she has a higher tolerance for stress.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Twin Studies

Learning Objective:  Describe types of research studies.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

99) For which of the following studies would separating genetic and environmental factors be problematic?

1. A) Family history studies and adoption studies
2. B) Adoption studies and nontraditional family studies
3. C) Twin studies
4. D) Extended family studies and adoption studies

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Twin Studies

Learning Objective:  Describe types of research studies.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

 

 

100) In adoption studies, if a disorder is strongly influenced by ________, then researchers should see ________ rates of the disorder among biological relatives of the adoptee than among the adoptive relatives.

1. A) genetics; lower
2. B) environment; higher
3. C) genetics; higher
4. D) environment; greater

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Family History Studies

Learning Objective:  Describe types of research studies.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

101) ________ studies allow researchers to search for associations between specific genetic abnormalities and psychopathology.

1. A) Adoption
2. B) Molecular genetic
3. C) Twin
4. D) Family history

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Family History Studies

Learning Objective:  Describe types of research studies.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

102) Which of the following statements is NOT true of cross-cultural research?

1. A) Theoretical concepts in English might not translate properly into another language.
2. B) Verbs and pronouns are universal across languages, and researchers should have no difficulty understanding first- and second-person references.
3. C) Interviewers can accidentally offend a respondent by violating a social norm implicit in a language.
4. D) Researchers are more careful to search the possibility that the characteristics that predict psychopathology in one culture are irrelevant in other cultures.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Cross-cultural Research

Learning Objective:  Describe types of research studies.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

 

103) Alias, a Native American student, was being reprimanded by his third grade teacher for talking during class. The teacher became agitated when Alias constantly looked at the floor while she was talking to him. In the conversation, she repeatedly told Alias, “Look at me when I am speaking to you.” Although he attempted to look at the teacher, he found it difficult and his gaze always returned to the floor. What explanation can be offered for this situation from a cross-cultural perspective?

1. A) Alias was simply being rude and defiant and did not want to comply with the teacher’s request.
2. B) It is unreasonable for third grade teachers to expect students to look at the teacher when being spoken to.
3. C) The teacher and Alias need a better system of communicating, and Alias needs to follow the stated rules.
4. D) Alias was most likely following a cultural norm, and the teacher misunderstood his behavior.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Cross-cultural Research

Learning Objective:  Describe types of research studies.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

104) A statistical technique for summarizing the results across several studies is called a

1. A) demand characteristic.
2. B) multiple statistical significance test.
3. C) correlation coefficient.
4. D) meta-analysis.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Meta-analysis

Learning Objective:  Describe types of research studies.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

 

 

105) In a meta-analysis, the results of each study are transformed into a statistic that is common across all studies. This is called the

1. A) affect size.
2. B) statistical strategy.
3. C) common statistics.
4. D) effect size.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Effect Size

Learning Objective:  Describe types of research studies.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

106) Which of the following statements is true of meta-analyses?

1. A) They are usually methodologically strong with little room for error.
2. B) The results of meta-analyses are generally highly valid and bias-free.
3. C) They give equal representation to studies that find the expected results and to those that do not.
4. D) They overcome some of the problems of small numbers of participants in an individual study.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Effect Size

Learning Objective:  Describe types of research studies.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

107) Studies that do not support the hypothesis they are designed to test are less likely to get published than studies that do. This is known as the

1. A) affect size.
2. B) demand characteristic.
3. C) effect size.
4. D) file drawer effect.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 1 Easy

Topic:  Meta-analysis

Learning Objective:  Describe types of research studies.

Bloom’s:  Remember

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

 

 

108) When conducting research using an integrationist approach to abnormality, researchers must

1. A) gather information about people’s biological, psychological, and social vulnerabilities and strengths.
2. B) devise new psychological and biological theories.
3. C) base their hypotheses on social and biological theories.
4. D) use research methodology from psychodynamic and sociological theories.

 

Answer:  A

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Critical Thinking

Learning Objective:  Illustrate critical thinking.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

109) Researchers who use an integrationist approach to conducting research:

1. A) find it difficult to integrate the theories without first applying a psychological approach.
2. B) rely more heavily on one perspective when offering a theoretical perspective.
3. C) maintain that one discipline is more important than the others.
4. D) often obtain training in multiple disciplines and methods.

 

Answer:  D

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Critical Thinking

Learning Objective:  Illustrate critical thinking.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

 

110) Which of the following is true about Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)?

1. A) RDoC corrects all variances that may occur in correlational studies.
2. B) RDoC integrates several research methodologies.
3. C) RDoC has been discredited by molecular genetic studies,
4. D) RDoC integrates dependent, independent and third variables.

 

Answer:  B

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Research Domain Criteria

Learning Objective:  Describe types of research studies.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

 

 

111) Which of the following is NOT true of Research Domain Criteria?

1. A) It advocates the biopsychosocial approach
2. B) It reflects the continuum model of abnormality
3. C) It separates genetic from environmental influences on psychopathology.
4. D) It reflects the role of common mechanisms underlying multiple disorders.

 

Answer:  C

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Research Domain Criteria

Learning Objective:  Describe types of research studies.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

112) Briefly describe the scientific method of research.

 

Answer:  Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses:

▪ Define the problem specifically

▪ Formulate the hypothesis (a testable statement of what we predict will happen in the study)

▪ Null hypothesis (a prediction that there is no relationship between the phenomena being studied)

▪ Variable (a factor or characteristic that can vary within an individual or between individuals)

▪ Dependent variable (a factor being predicted in a study)

▪ Independent variable (a factor the researcher believes will affect the dependent variable)

▪ Choose and implement a method

▪ Operationalization (the way a variable is manipulated in a study)

▪ Data are collected and analyzed, appropriate conclusions are drawn

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Scientific Method

Learning Objective:  Describe the scientific method.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

 

 

113) Briefly describe the basic rights of research participants.

 

Answer:  Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses:

▪ Understanding the study—nature of research; factors that might influence willingness to participate (e.g., risks and benefits); participation by minors

▪ Confidentiality—protection of participants’ information and identity; reports involving information about individual participants requires explicit participant permission

▪ Right to refuse or withdraw participation without adverse effects

▪ Informed consent—differences between written and verbal consent (participant assent when working with child/adolescent participants)

▪ Deception—only when justified and absolutely necessary; participants should not be deceived about factors that might affect their willingness to participate, such as physical risks, discomfort, or unpleasant emotional experiences

▪ Debriefing—required when the study involves deception

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Ethics

Learning Objective:  Discuss ethical concerns regarding the use of animals and humans as participants in experimental research.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  3.1 Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practice.

 

114) What are the advantages and disadvantages of case studies?

 

Answer:Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses:

▪ Advantages—captures individuals’ uniqueness, study of rare problems, helps to generate new ideas, drug treatment research

▪ Disadvantages—lack of generalizability and objectivity

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Case Studies

Learning Objective:  Describe types of research studies.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

 

 

115) What is the difference between a cross-sectional study and a longitudinal study? What advantages do longitudinal studies have over cross-sectional studies? What are the limitations of longitudinal studies?

 

Answer:  Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses:

▪ Cross-sectional—observe people at only one point in time

▪ Longitudinal—observe people on two or more occasions over time

▪ Advantages of longitudinal studies—can show that the independent variable precedes and predicts changes in the dependent variable over time (i.e., researchers can determine whether there are differences between the groups before the crucial event—such as an intervention—occurs, and can assess both short-term and long-term reactions to the event)

▪ Limitations—time-consuming and usually expensive to implement

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Longitudinal Research

Learning Objective:  Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets of variables.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

116) What are the strengths and limitations of correlational studies?

 

Answer:  Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses:

▪ Strengths—external validity (because such studies focus on situations occurring in the real world, rather than those manipulated in a laboratory, results are generalizable to wider populations and to people’s actual life experiences)

▪ Limitations—cannot indicate causality (i.e., what is a cause and what is a consequence); third variable problem (non-studied variable may influence or cause the observed relationship)

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Correlational Research

Learning Objective:  Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets of variables.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

 

 

117) Explain why a high correlation between an independent variable and a dependent variable does not demonstrate causation.

 

Answer:  Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses:

▪ A dependent variable is the factor we are trying to predict in our study.

▪ Anindependent variable is the factor we believe will affect the dependent variable.

▪ A high correlation between an independent and a dependent variable does not tell us that the former caused the latter. Only that there is a relationship between the two.

▪ A correlation might indicate causation, but so might another variable that had not been considered.

▪ Example: Stress might correlate to anxiety, but it doesn’t necessarily cause it because another, unexamined, variable such as genetic predisposition.

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Correlation

Learning Objective:  Clarify the meaning of correlation.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

118) Define demand characteristics and explain one way to manage them.

 

Answer:  Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses:

▪ Demand characteristics are a threat to the internal validity of an experiment.

▪ Demand characteristics are situations that cause participants to guess the purpose of the study and, as a result, change their behavior.

▪ For example, if a participant feels attracted to the investigator and has a sense of what the investigator wants, he might provide responses to please her rather than responses that more honestly reflect his thoughts or feelings.

▪ Demand characteristics might be conscious or unconscious responses

▪ Filler measures or cover stories are used to obscure the real purpose of the study, thus avoiding demand characteristics.

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Demand characteristics

Learning Objective:  Clarify the meaning of correlation.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

 

 

119) What are epidemiological studies? What are the three types of data they focus on? How do researchers determine the incidence, prevalence, and risk factors for a disorder?

 

Answer:  Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses:

▪ Epidemiology—study of the frequency and distribution of a disorder in a population

▪ Three types of data—prevalence, incidence, risk factors

▪ Epidemiological researchers identify the population of interest, identify a random sample, use structured clinical interviews, assess whether participants have symptoms and risk factors, estimate how many people in different categories of risk factors have the disorder

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Epidemiological research

Learning Objective:  Describe types of research studies.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

120) What is internal validity? What can researchers do to safeguard the internal validity of experiments?

 

Answer:  Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses:

▪ Internal validity—changes in the dependent variable can be confidently attributed to the independent variable, not other factors

▪ Safeguarding internal validity—create control groups and experimental groups, ensure random assignment of participants, use filler measures and cover stories to avoid demand characteristics, use double-blind methodology

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Validity

Learning Objective:  Understand how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

 

 

121) What is a meta-analysis? How is it conducted? What are its advantages and disadvantages?

 

Answer:  Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses:

▪ Meta-analysis—statistical technique for summarizing results across several studies

▪ Steps—literature search, determine effect size, examine average effect size across studies, relate the effect size to characteristics of the study

▪ Advantages—pools data from thousands of participants, provides more power to find significant effects

▪ Disadvantages—some studies included in the meta-analysis may have methodological flaws, which may adversely influence the results; file-drawer effect (studies with non-significant findings often don’t get published, so are not included in the meta-analysis)

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Meta-analysis

Learning Objective:  Describe types of research studies.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

122) Explain the purpose of control groups for research in psychotherapy.

 

Answer:  Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses:

▪ Sometimes people get better on their own.

▪ To see whether participants’ improvement has anything to do with the therapy, researchers need to compare the experiences of people who receive the experimental therapy with those of a control group made up of people who don’t receive the experimental therapy.

▪ Three types of control groups: simple, wait list, and placebo.

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Experimental and Control Groups

Learning Objective:  Understand how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

123) Identify an ethical concern with human laboratory studies as discussed in the textbook.

 

Answer:  Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses. Students answers will vary.

▪ Human laboratory studies may deliberately introduce distress in participants.

▪ Is this an ethical thing to do? Why or why not?

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Experimental Research

Learning Objective:  Understand how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

124) Identify three elements of Research Domain Criteria.

 

Answer:  Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses:

▪ RDoC advocates the biopsychosocial approach to researching abnormality

▪ RDoC reflects increased emphasis on the continuum model of abnormality

▪ RDoC supports the role of common mechanisms underlying multiple disorders

▪ RDoC accounts for the limitations of diagnostic categories

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Experimental Research

Learning Objective:  Understand how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

 

125) Identify two drawbacks of case studies

 

Answer:  Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses:

▪ In focusing on a single subject, case studies may not be generalizable to other people or groups. For example, to discover the reasons that the comedian Robin Williams killed himself does not necessarily tell us anything about why someone else might commit suicide.

▪ Case studies can lack objectivity on the part of individuals telling their stories or the therapists or researchers listening to them. For individuals, biases might influence recollections of past experiences whereas therapists and researchers might listen to individual stories that support their beliefs or assumptions about the causes of human behavior and ignore or forget parts of stories that don’t align with their theories.

Difficulty: 3 Hard

Topic:  Case Study

Learning Objective:  Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets of variables.

Bloom’s:  Apply

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

 

 

 

126) Researchers use adoption studies to separate the role of genetics and the environment in a study. Why does this work?

 

Answer:  Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses:

▪ Although there are different kinds of adoption studies, they all take advantage of the fact that adopted individuals share genes with biological parents who did not raise them

▪ Adopted individuals do not share genes with the adoptive parents who did raise them.

▪ This allows researchers to separate the role of genetics and environment.

Difficulty: 2 Medium

Topic:  Adoption Studies

Learning Objective:  Describe types of research studies.

Bloom’s:  Understand

Accessibility:  Keyboard Navigation

APA Outcome:  2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.