Name: Abnormal Psychology An Integrative Approach, 6th Edition International Edition by David Barlow - Test Bank - Eazyquizes
Price: 25.00 USD
Availability: InStock

Description

Abnormal Psychology An Integrative Approach, 6th Edition International Edition by David Barlow – Test Bank

Sample Questions

Instant Download With Answers

CHAPTER 2: CONCEPTUALIZING ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY

MULTIPLE CHOICE

The best description of the multidimensional integrative approach to understanding psychopathology is that it is based on

a.	biological and psychological causes.
b.	biological causes only.
c.	learned helplessness and social learning theory.
d.	the physical structure and chemical processes of the brain.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 1; APALO: 1.3.e

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Within the multidimensional integrative approach to understanding psychopathology, learned helplessness is considered a(n) ______ dimension.

a.	biological
b.	psychological
c.	emotional
d.	psychological

ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: 1; APALO: 1.3.e

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

The basis of the multidimensional integrative approach to understanding psychopathology is that each dimension (psychological, biological, emotional, etc.)

a.	operates independently.
b.	is sufficient to cause pathology.
c.	builds on the dimension that precedes it.
d.	is influenced by the other dimensions.

ANS: D DIF: Easy OBJ: 1; APALO: 1.3.e

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Your uncle spent most of his teen years in a hospital undergoing treatment for a severe physical illness. As an adult, he is rather shy and withdrawn, particularly around women. He has been diagnosed with social phobia, which you believe is entirely due to lack of socialization during his teen years. Your theory or model of what caused his phobia is ________.

a.	multidimensional
b.	integrative
c.	one-dimensional
d.	biological

ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: 1; APALO: 1.3.e

MSC: TYPE: Applied

According to the multidimensional integrative approach to psychopathology, the following statement is true for most psychological disorders:

a.	If one monozygotic twin has a particular disorder, the other twin will definitely have the disorder as well
b.	Monozygotic twins are no more likely to share psychological disorders than any other siblings
c.	Monozygotic twins are no more likely to share disorders than any other two people selected at random from the population
d.	If one monozygotic twin has a particular psychological disorder, the other twin is more likely to have the disorder than the rest of the population

ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: 1; APALO: 1.3.e

MSC: TYPE: Applied

One of the problems with adopting a one-dimensional biological causal model of abnormality is

a.	it ignores the contributions of psychological and sociocultural factors to the disorder.
b.	it ignores any interactions with other contributing factors.
c.	it ignores any environmental influences on the disorder.
d.	all of these

ANS: D DIF: Easy OBJ: 1; APALO: 1.3.e

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Amanda is 12 years old, and her sister Samantha is five years old. While riding in a car with their parents, the girls witness a major automobile accident where a number of people are injured. The girls react very differently to the accident. This is probably due to

a.	biological differences.
b.	developmental differences.
c.	psychological differences
d.	sociocultural differences

ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: 1; APALO: 1.2.a(4)

MSC: TYPE: Applied

The most accurate way to think of genes is that they

a.	set boundaries for our development.
b.	determine both our physical and psychological characteristics.
c.	determine physical but not psychological characteristics.
d.	actually have very little to do with any of the characteristics that we display.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 2; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Factual

Referring to behavior and personality as polygenic means that both are

a.	influenced by only a few genes, but each has a large effect.
b.	influenced by many genes, with each individual gene contributing a relatively small effect.
c.	influenced by individual genes only rarely.
d.	a result of our genetic structure only.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: 2; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

The procedures referred to as quantitative genetics are used to

a.	determine the effects of multiple genes.
b.	provide genetic counseling.
c.	correct genetic abnormalities.
d.	test the multidimensional integrative model.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 2; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Most psychological disorders appear to be influenced by many individual genes rather than caused by one single gene, a process referred to as ________.

a.	multigenic
b.	polygenic
c.	unigenic
d.	morphogenic

ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: 2; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Inga is a charming and intelligent young lady who is well-liked by family and friends. Approximately ______ of Inga’s enduring personality traits and cognitive abilities can be attributed to genetic influence.

a.	25%
b.	50%
c.	75%
d.	100%

ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: 2; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Applied

The most recent estimates are that genetics contribute approximately __________ to the development of personality characteristics such as shyness or activity level.

a.	10-20%
b.	30-50%
c.	75-85%
d.	nothing

ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: 2; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

According to recent estimates, genetic contributions to the development of most psychological disorders are __________________.

a.	below 50%
b.	above 50%
c.	different for each disorder (estimates range from 0 to 100%)
d.	nonexistent

ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 2; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Factual

Recent evidence regarding the genetic influence on most psychological disorders has shown that

a.	single genes are usually responsible for psychological disorders.
b.	genes that influence psychopathology are usually recessive.
c.	there is no evidence that genes influence psychopathology.
d.	multiple genes interact, with each gene contributing a small effect.

ANS: D DIF: Easy OBJ: 2; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

In the diathesis-stress model, “diathesis” refers to

a.	an inherited disorder.
b.	conditions in the environment that can trigger a disorder depending upon how severe the stressors are.
c.	an inherited tendency or condition that makes a person susceptible to developing a disorder.
d.	the inheritance of multiple disorders.

ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: 2; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

In the diathesis-stress model, “stress” refers to

a.	life events, in combination with an inherited tendency, that trigger a disorder.
b.	inherited tendencies, in combination with life events, that trigger a disorder.
c.	defective genes.
d.	exposure to very unusual and extreme environmental conditions.

ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 2; APALO: 1.2.d

KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

According to the diathesis-stress model, psychopathology is the result of the

a.	interaction between normal and defective or damaged genes.
b.	stress level of an individual and how stress is managed in a person’s life.
c.	family history of an individual.
d.	interaction of an inherited tendency and events in a person’s life.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: 2; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

According to the diathesis-stress model, monozygotic twins raised in the same household will

a.	not necessarily have the same disorders because of potential differences in their diathesis.
b.	have the same disorders because their diathesis and stress are exactly the same.
c.	not necessarily have the same disorders because of potential differences in their stress.
d.	have no more likelihood of sharing a disorder than any other two randomly selected individuals from the population.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: 2; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

According to the diathesis-stress model,

a.	mental disorders will always develop given a certain level of stress.
b.	once a diathesis for a particular disorder is inherited, the disorder will eventually develop.
c.	an individual’s inherited tendencies are not affected by stressful life events he or she encounters.
d.	it is possible to inherit a diathesis and never develop a disorder.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: 2; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

The model that describes the development of psychopathology as a combination of an inherited predisposition and the events that have occurred in the individual’s life is called _____________.

a.	diathesis-stress
b.	genetic
c.	bio-behavioral
d.	psychoanalytic

ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 2; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

In a landmark study by Caspi et. al. (2003), researchers studied the stressful life events and genetics of 847 individuals. For individuals who had at least four stressful life events, the risk of major depression

a.	remained unchanged regardless of genetic makeup.
b.	doubled if they possessed two short alleles of the gene being studied.
c.	was reduced by half if they possessed two short alleles of the gene being studied.
d.	was entirely related to the genetic makeup and not the number of life stressors.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult OBJ: 2; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Recent studies such as Caspi (2003) and Hariri (2002) demonstrate that psychopathology and behavior in general are the result of

a.	interactions between our genetics and environment.
b.	environmental influences more than genetics.
c.	genetics more than environmental influences.
d.	neurotransmitters.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 2; APALO: 1.2.d(1)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

The idea that our inherited tendencies influence the probability that we will encounter stressful life events is a characteristic of the _________________.

a.	diathesis-stress model
b.	reciprocal gene-environment model
c.	genetic model
d.	psycho-social model

ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: 2; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

John has inherited a personality trait that makes him more likely to keep to himself than to socialize. As a result, he does not have many friends and spends a lot of time alone. If John were to develop depression, the model that would probably best explain this situation and the cause of his depression is ______________.

a.	diathesis-stress
b.	biological
c.	reciprocal gene-environment
d.	interpersonal

ANS: C DIF: Difficult OBJ: 2; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Applied

Some people may be genetically predisposed to seek out difficult relationships. These difficult relationships may contribute to their experience of depression. This is an example of the ________.

a.	diathesis-stress model
b.	reciprocal gene-environment model
c.	genetic model
d.	quantitative genetics model

ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: 2; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Research studies using the procedure called “cross fostering” have shown that genetically emotional and reactive young animals raised by calm mothers tended to be

a.	calm.
b.	emotional and reactive.
c.	calm but emotional and reactive when raising their own young.
d.	emotional and reactive but calm when raising their own young.

ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 2; APALO: 1.2.d(1)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Cross-fostering studies indicate that the environmental effects of early parenting

a.	had no effect on any genetic contribution to be reactive to stress.
b.	seem to override any genetic contribution to be reactive to stress.
c.	had no effect on future generations in the expression of personality traits or temperament.
d.	had random effects on any genetic contribution to be reactive to stress.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult OBJ: 2; APALO: 1.2.d(1)

KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Looking at the findings of many cross-fostering studies (Francis et al., 1999, Suomi, 1999, Tienari et al., 1994) it appears that positive interventions such as good parenting in early life may

a.	have little effect in terms of preventing psychopathology in those genetically predisposed to such conditions.
b.	dramatically change the genetics of individuals genetically predisposed to psychopathology.
c.	have a greater effect on future generations than on the individual exposed to the “good parenting.”
d.	override the genetically influenced tendency to develop psychopathology in later life.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult OBJ: 2; APALO: 1.2.d(1)

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Some of the most recent research studies regarding genetic vs. environmental causes of disorders in animals and humans have suggested

a.	genetic influences are greater than originally observed because positive environmental conditions do not prevent disorders.
b.	genetics and the environment share equal roles in the development of all psychological disorders.
c.	the relative contributions of genetics and the environment in the development of psychological disorders are different for lower animals than for humans.
d.	genetic influences may have been overstated by previous studies, i.e., without sufficient environmental stress, the genetic predisposition may never be activated.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult OBJ: 2; APALO: 1.2.d(1)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Recent research suggests that

a.	environmental manipulations early in life may do much to override the genetically induced tendency to develop undesirable behavioral activities.
b.	environmental manipulations early in life may do much to override the genetically induced tendency to develop undesirable emotional activities.
c.	an interaction between genes and environment plays an important role in every psychological disorder.
d.	all of these

ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: 2; APALO: 1.2.d(1)

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

The central nervous system is made up of the _______________.

a.	brain and spinal cord
b.	brain only
c.	spinal cord only
d.	nerves leading to and from the brain

ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 3; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

The brain and the spinal cord comprise the

a.	peripheral nervous system.
b.	somatic nervous system.
c.	parasympathetic nervous system.
d.	central nervous system.

ANS: D DIF: Easy OBJ: 3; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Factual

The area between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron is the ________.

a.	axon terminal
b.	soma
c.	synaptic cleft
d.	transmission cleft

ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: 3; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

a.	Glial cells are passive cells that serve to connect and insulate neurons.
b.	There are less glial cells than there are neurons.
c.	There are different types of glial cells with several specific functions.
d.	None of these

ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: 3; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

The synaptic cleft is the area between the

a.	soma of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron.
b.	axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron.
c.	axon of one neuron and the soma of another neuron.
d.	somas of two neurons.

ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: 3; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Factual

Neurotransmitters are important because they

a.	allow neurons to send signals to other neurons.
b.	maintain the oxygenation of the brain.
c.	prevent the development of psychopathology.
d.	allow the brain to maintain its structural integrity.

ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 3; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

The chemicals that allow transmission of signals between neurons are called ________.

a.	re-uptake inhibitors
b.	hormones
c.	neurotransmitters
d.	genes

ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: 3; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

GABA, dopamine, and norepinephrine are all examples of __________.

a.	electrical brain waves
b.	neurons
c.	neurotransmitters
d.	areas of the brain

ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: 3; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Most automatic functions, e.g., breathing, sleeping, and motor coordination, are controlled by the part of the brain called the _________.

a.	brain stem
b.	forebrain
c.	cortex
d.	frontal lobes

ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 3; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Recent research has associated the _____________with autism. This is also the part of the brain that controls motor coordination.

a.	reticular activating system (RAS)
b.	medulla
c.	pons
d.	cerebellum

ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: 3; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

The part of the brain stem that regulates vital activities such as heartbeat, breathing,

and digestion is the __________.

a.	cerebellum
b.	reticular activating system (RAS)
c.	hindbrain
d.	thalamus

ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: 3; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Factual

The ____________ coordinates movement with sensory input and contains parts of the reticular activating system.

a.	hindbrain
b.	midbrain
c.	cerebral cortex
d.	forebrain

ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: 3; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Functions of the limbic system include control or regulation of

a.	basic body functions such as breathing.
b.	sleep cycles.
c.	emotional experiences, expressions, impulse control, and basic drives such as aggression, sex, hunger, and thirst.
d.	body posture, coordinated movement, and involuntary responses such as reflexes and other automatic processes.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: 3; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

About 80% of the neurons contained in the central nervous system are located in the _________.

a.	cerebral cortex
b.	brain stem
c.	midbrain
d.	basal ganglia

ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 3; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

The ability to plan, think, reason, and create is located in the part of the brain called the _________.

a.	thalamus
b.	midbrain
c.	cerebral cortex
d.	brain stem

ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: 3; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Although the two halves of the cortex look alike structurally, the left hemisphere seems to be chiefly responsible for

a.	motor coordination.
b.	perceiving the world around us.
c.	creating images.
d.	verbal and other cognitive processes.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: 3; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Factual

The significance of the human cerebral cortex is that, in comparison to the brains of animals, it makes our _______________.

a.	instincts stronger
b.	thoughts distinct
c.	motor responses faster
d.	immune functioning superior

ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: 3; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

For most people, verbal and cognitive processes are usually controlled by the ________.

a.	left hemisphere of the cortex
b.	right hemisphere of the cortex
c.	entire cortex
d.	midbrain

ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 3; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

For most people, perception and the creation of images are usually handled by the _______.

a.	left hemisphere of the cortex
b.	entire cortex
c.	midbrain
d.	right hemisphere of the cortex

ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: 3; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

The part(s) of the brain most associated with memory, thought, and reasoning is(are) the ______.

a.	occipital lobes
b.	brain stem
c.	left parietal lobe
d.	frontal lobes

ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: 3; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

The peripheral nervous system is made up of the __________.

a.	endocrine system
b.	brain stem and cortex
c.	somatic and autonomic nervous system
d.	brain and spinal cord

ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: 3; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

The major function of the peripheral nervous system is to

a.	carry messages to and from the central nervous system.
b.	process information received from the central nervous system.
c.	regulate arousal.
d.	control hormonal activity.

ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 3; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

The part of the autonomic nervous system primarily responsible for our “fight or flight” response to stress is the _______________.

a.	parasympathetic nervous system
b.	sympathetic nervous system
c.	endocrine system
d.	cortex

ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: 3; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Matilda was walking through the woods when she saw a speckled snake slither by. Immediately, her heart rate increased, her breathing quickened, and she started to perspire. These reactions are the result of the _______________.

a.	sympathetic nervous system
b.	parasympathetic nervous system
c.	endocrine system
d.	cortex

ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 3; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Applied

Balancing the “fight or flight” response to stress and returning the body to a state of “normal arousal” is a function of the _________________.

a.	sympathetic nervous system
b.	parasympathetic nervous system
c.	endocrine system
d.	cortex

ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: 3; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Matilda was walking through the woods when she saw a speckled snake slither by. Immediately, her heart rate increased, her breathing quickened, and she started to perspire. When the snake was out of sight, she began to calm down; her breathing and heart rate returned to normal, and she no longer perspired. This calming down is the result of the _________.

a.	sympathetic nervous system
b.	parasympathetic nervous system
c.	endocrine system
d.	cortex

ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: 3; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Applied

The network of glands that release chemical messengers directly into the bloodstream is called the ________.

a.	autonomic nervous system.
b.	somatic nervous system.
c.	limbic system.
d.	endocrine system.

ANS: D DIF: Easy OBJ: 4; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

According to your text’s discussion of how neurotransmitters such as serotonin work, the term “biochemical imbalance” for the cause of disorders such as depression is probably _________.

a.	an oversimplification
b.	about accurate
c.	completely incorrect
d.	a perfect description

ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 4; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Drugs that increase the activity of a neurotransmitter are called _______________.

a.	agonists
b.	antagonists
c.	enhancers
d.	psychotropics

ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 4; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Drugs that decrease the activity of a neurotransmitter are called _____________.

a.	agonists
b.	blockers
c.	reuptake inhibitors
d.	antagonists

ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: 4; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

The neurotransmitter associated with regulation of mood, behavior, and thought processes is ______.

a.	GABA
b.	norepinephrine
c.	serotonin
d.	dopamine

ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: 4; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Extremely low levels of GABA are associated with ____________.

a.	decreased anxiety
b.	increased depression
c.	increased anxiety
d.	decreased depression

ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: 4; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Recent research and increased understanding about the role of neurotransmitters in psychopathology point out that

a.	each psychological disorder is caused by a deficit in a specific neurotransmitter.
b.	chemical imbalances of the brain are the cause of psychopathology.
c.	simple cause/effect conclusions stating that an individual neurotransmitter abnormality causes a disorder are incomplete.
d.	neurotransmitters have very little to do with psychopathology for most individuals but may be the single cause of disorders for others.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: 4; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Extremely low activity levels of serotonin are associated with ___________.

a.	aggression, suicide, and impulsive behavior
b.	schizophrenia
c.	anxiety disorders and general feelings of nervousness
d.	mania

ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 4; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

The neurotransmitter thought to regulate or moderate certain behavioral tendencies rather than directly influencing specific patterns of behavior or psychological disorders is ____________.

a.	norepinephrine
b.	GABA
c.	dopamine
d.	serotonin

ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 4; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Factual

The neurotransmitter associated with both schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease is _________.

a.	GABA
b.	norepinephrine
c.	dopamine
d.	serotonin

ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: 4; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Extremely low levels of dopamine activity are associated with ________________.

a.	muscle rigidity, tremors, and impaired judgment
b.	schizophrenia
c.	pleasure seeking
d.	exploratory behaviors

ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 4; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

In the 1992 studies conducted by Baxter et al., OCD patients were provided with cognitive-behavioral therapy (exposure and response prevention) but no drugs. This study is important because brain imaging showed that

a.	the neurotransmitter circuits of the brain had been normalized.
b.	the patients’ OCD symptoms improved without changes in neurotransmitter function.
c.	neither OCD symptoms nor neurotransmitter function had improved.
d.	neurotransmitter circuits are the direct and only cause of OCD.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 5; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

What is one of the conclusions generally drawn from the 1990s studies of OCD, brain imaging, and cognitive-behavioral therapy by Baxter et al., and the follow up studies by Schwartz et al.?

a.	Neurotransmitters affect how people feel and act
b.	Drugs are the only way to impact faulty neurotransmitter circuits
c.	Neurotransmitters are a result of how people feel and act, not a cause
d.	Psychosocial factors such as therapy affect neurotransmitters

ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: 5; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

In a recent study (Petrovic, Kalso, Peterson & Ingvar, 2002), subjects were exposed to a painful stimulus (heat to the hand) under three conditions: opiate medication, placebo (sugar pill) medication, and no medication. Brain scans indicated that a subject’s experience of reduced pain with the placebo is due to

a.	activation of brain regions identical to those activated by opiate medication.
b.	activation of brain regions that are overlapping, but not identical, to those activated by opiate medication.
c.	psychological expectation since a placebo does not activate brain regions associated with pain control.
d.	similarities in activated brain regions during the “no medication” condition.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: 5; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Cognitive-behavior therapy facilitates changes in thinking patterns in the cortex, which in turn affects the emotional brain. This is called ______________.

a.	confabulation
b.	consolidation
c.	top-down processing
d.	bottom-up processing

ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: 5; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Drugs often seem to work in a manner by reaching higher areas of the cortex where thinking occurs last. This is called _____________.

a.	consolidation
b.	confabulation
c.	top-down processing
d.	bottom-up processing

ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: 5; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Insel, Champoux, Scanlan, and Scoumi (1988) raised one group of rhesus monkeys with the ability to control things in their environment and another group of monkeys who had no control of their environment (e.g., when they would receive treats and toys). When injected with a drug that produces a feeling of severe anxiety, the monkeys

a.	raised with a sense of control appeared angry and aggressive while the monkeys raised without a sense of control appeared very anxious.
b.	raised with a sense of control appeared anxious while the monkeys raised without a sense of control appeared angry and aggressive.
c.	in both groups appeared anxious.
d.	in both groups appeared angry and aggressive.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult OBJ: 5; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

The significance of the study conducted by Insel, Champoux, Scanlan, and Scoumi (1988) in which rhesus monkeys were raised either with a sense of control or without one and later exposed to an anxiety-inducing drug is that chemicals such as neurotransmitters

a.	have very direct effects on behavior.
b.	influence behavior in different ways depending upon the psychological history of the individual.
c.	influence individuals in fairly direct and consistent ways regardless of the psychological history of the individual.
d.	have few reliable and consistent effects on observed behavior.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult OBJ: 5; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

The most recent research evidence suggests that the relationship between the brain (structure, function, neurotransmitters) and psychosocial factors (socialization, rearing, life events) is best described as

a.	a system where our brains directly influence our behavior and psychosocial factors but not the other way around.
b.	an interaction where the brain affects our psychosocial factors and psychosocial factors impact our brain.
c.	a system where our behavior and psychosocial factors impact our brain but not the other way around.
d.	far too complex to ever understand whether one system influences the other.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult OBJ: 5; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

When comparing the brains of rats raised in a rich environment requiring lots of learning and motor behavior with the brains of rats raised as “couch potatoes” (Greenough, 1990), the cerebellums of the more active rats

a.	contained more neuronal connections and dendrites.
b.	contained fewer neuronal connections but more axons and dendrites.
c.	were less likely to possess pathological neurotransmitter circuits.
d.	were exactly the same as the inactive rats.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult OBJ: 6; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Studies regarding rat learning and brain structure by Greenough (1990) and Wallace et al. (1992) suggest that

a.	early experiences such as learning cause physical changes in the brain.
b.	psychopathology is the result of early learning experiences.
c.	while psychopathology is often a result of early life experiences, it is generally due to the physical changes in the brain that such experiences cause.
d.	genetically caused brain structure problems can be corrected by positive life experiences.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 6; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

One conclusion that can be drawn from the studies regarding rat learning and brain structure (Greenough, 1990; Wallace et al, 1992) is that

a.	early psychological experience affects the development of the nervous system and will absolutely determine whether or not the individual will develop a psychological disorder later in life.
b.	early psychological experience does not result in physical changes to the nervous system but can still influence whether or not one develops a psychological disorder.
c.	early psychological experience affects the development of the nervous system and influences vulnerability to psychological disorders later in life.
d.	early psychological experience has little to do with brain structure or later development of psychopathology.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult OBJ: 6; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Regarding biological influences on the development of psychopathology, the most accurate statement is

a.	both genetics and life events play a part in the development of brain structure and function that can affect vulnerability to psychopathology.
b.	life events can only cause changes in brain structure or function for those with genetic defects.
c.	early life events play a much greater role in the development of brain structure or function than genetics.
d.	vulnerability to psychopathology has little to do with the brain changes associated with genetics or early life events.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 6; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

When one examines the current state of knowledge regarding genetics and life experience effects on brain structure and function, the best overall conclusion is that most psychological disorders are

a.	the result of a complex interaction of genetics and faulty neurotransmitter circuits.
b.	the result of stressful early life experiences and the negative effects such experiences have on brain structure or function.
c.	the result of both biological and psychosocial factors.
d.	beyond our current ability to understand in any meaningful way.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: 6; APALO: 1.2.a(1)

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Recent research suggests that learning and experience

a.	only change the brain before birth.
b.	change the brain through childhood.
c.	change the brain through young adulthood.
d.	change the brain at any age.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: 3; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Bullying studies in mice suggest that the functions of the mesolimbic system

a.	can be switched from avoidance to reinforcement.
b.	can be switched from reinforcement to avoidance.
c.	cannot be changed by experience.
d.	can only be changed with drugs.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult OBJ: 6; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Factual

Rescorla (1988) demonstrated that simply pairing two events closely in time

a.	demonstrates the simplicity of classical conditioning.
b.	does not allow us to make predictions.
c.	becomes more meaningful as the pairings continue.
d.	is not what’s important in this type of learning.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult OBJ: 6; APALO: 1.2.a(1)

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Learned helplessness is demonstrated in laboratory animals by

a.	creating aversive stimuli (such as electrical shocks to the foot) that the animal can control.
b.	creating aversive stimuli (such as electrical shocks to the foot) that the animal cannot control.
c.	creating pleasant stimuli (such as a food pellet) that the animal cannot control.
d.	creating pleasant stimuli (such as a food pellet) that the animal can control.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: 6; APALO: 1.2.a(1)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Placing a rat in a cage where electrical shocks over which the rat has no control are occasionally administered through the floor is a way to create _____________.

a.	social learning
b.	learned helplessness
c.	unconscious learning
d.	negative neurotransmitter pathways
e.	one angry rat

ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: 6; APALO: 1.2.a(1)

KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Factual

It is important to understand the process of how learned helplessness is created in laboratory animals because learned helplessness in animals resembles the human disorder of _______.

a.	panic disorder
b.	depression
c.	mania
d.	schizophrenia

ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: 6; APALO: 1.2.a(1)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Candace believes that no matter how hard she studies, she will never succeed in college. This behavior can best be explained by _______________.

a.	personality disorder
b.	faulty neurotransmitter circuits
c.	learned helplessness
d.	internal conflicts

ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: 6; APALO: 1.2.a(1)

MSC: TYPE: Applied

Meno is 64 years old. Although continuously faced with considerable stress and difficulty in his life, he always displays an optimistic, upbeat attitude. According to research, Meno should

a.	probably live longer than those without such positive attitudes.
b.	live about the same length of time as those without such positive attitudes.
c.	be less likely to have heart disease than those without such positive attitudes
d.	be more likely to be involved with positive community activities than those without such positive attitudes.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult OBJ: 6; APALO: 1.2.a(1)

MSC: TYPE: Applied

According to Seligman, if a person who is faced with considerable stress and difficulty in his/her life displays an optimistic, upbeat attitude, he/she is likely to function better psychologically and physically. He called this ______________.

a.	learned optimism
b.	learned helplessness
c.	learned awareness
d.	learned predictability

ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 6; APALO: 1.2.a(1)

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

One important contribution of the work of Albert Bandura regarding modeling or observational learning is that

a.	much of our learned behavior depends upon our interactions with those around us.
b.	our learned behavior has much more to do with the types of consequences (reinforcements and punishments) of our actions than our interactions with those around us.
c.	it is impossible to learn behavioral patterns without observing those around us.
d.	learning acquired through observation is much more resistant to extinction than behavior acquired through classical or operant conditioning.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult OBJ: 6; APALO: 1.2.a(1)

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Amanda learned to fear snakes after seeing one for the first time at the zoo. However, it took many exposures to the sound of tapping dancing shoes before she learned to fear that sound. The concept that would explain the fact that we learn to fear some objects more easily than others is

a.	prepared learning.
b.	learned helplessness.
c.	observational learning.
d.	reciprocal determinism.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult OBJ: 6; APALO: 1.2.a(1)

MSC: TYPE: Applied

The major difference between the modern cognitive science idea of the unconscious and Freud’s view of the unconscious is that Freud saw the unconscious as ______________, whereas modern cognitive science views it as __________________.

a.	the function of the id; the result of multiple neuronal pathways interacting with the stimuli presented to the individual
b.	a seething caldron of emotional conflicts; neuronal pathways interacting with the stimuli presented to the individual
c.	the function of the superego; the ability to process, store, and act upon information without awareness
d.	a seething caldron of emotional conflicts; the ability to process, store, and act upon information without awareness

ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: 6; APALO: 1.2.a(1)

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

According to modern cognitive science, the unconscious

a.	clearly exists in much the same way that Freud imagined.
b.	may or may not exist, as it is impossible to study material that we are not aware of.
c.	clearly does not exist.
d.	clearly exists but in a very different way than Freud imagined.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: 6; APALO: 1.2.a(1)

KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

In the Stroop color naming paradigm, a patient with a blood phobia would be expected to name the color of the printed word “wound”

a.	more quickly than a neutral word.
b.	in about the same time it takes to name the color of a neutral word.
c.	more slowly than a neutral word.
d.	with a great deal of difficulty or not at all.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult OBJ: 6; APALO: 1.2.a(1)

MSC: TYPE: Applied

Strong emotional reactions such as extreme fear are generally experienced as unpleasant to the individual. In panic disorder, for example, patients may experience these sensations quite frequently. The primary function of human capability for such strong emotion appears to be ________.

a.	survival
b.	recreation
c.	empathy
d.	creativity

ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 5; APALO: 1.2.a(1)

MSC: TYPE: Applied

Emotion is generally thought to be a(n) ____________elicited by a(n) ____________.

a.	cognition; behavior
b.	action tendency; threat
c.	affect; cognition
d.	physiological response; affective occurrence

ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: 6; APALO: 1.2.a(1)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

You and a friend are lost while walking on a street in a foreign city. A stranger approaches, and you are concerned that the stranger may try to mug you. Your friend assumes that the stranger is approaching to give you directions. As the stranger approaches, you experience fear, but your friend experiences relief. Your different emotional reactions can be explained by the __________ theory of emotion.

a.	physiological
b.	neurological
c.	affective
d.	cognitive

ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: 6; APALO: 1.2.a(1)

MSC: TYPE: Applied

The relationship between emotion and health is demonstrated by the fact that

a.	panic is related to poor concentration.
b.	people with chronic diseases are often angry about their care.
c.	those in poor physical health almost always develop psychological disorders.
d.	anger increases risk of heart disease.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: 6; APALO: 1.2.a(1)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Studies examining the effects of anger and hostility on the cardiovascular system have demonstrated that anger results in

a.	decreased pumping efficiency of the heart.
b.	increased pumping efficiency of the heart.
c.	heart changes similar to those found when exercising.
d.	few if any measurable changes in the heart.

ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 6; APALO: 1.2.a(1)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

The “evil eye,” Latin American susto, and the Haitian phenomenon of voodoo death are currently viewed as examples of the

a.	unsubstantiated myths that people can become ill without physical cause.
b.	power of the social environment on our physical and psychological health.
c.	power of the supernatural model of psychopathology.
d.	isolated cultural phenomena with little practical significance.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: 6; APALO: 1.4.a

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

The fact that women are more likely to suffer from insect phobias than men is most likely due to

a.	biological differences.
b.	differences in neurochemical pathways.
c.	cultural expectations.
d.	genetic influences.

ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: 6; APALO: 1.4.a

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Anxious males tend to have a higher rate of alcoholism than females. One likely explanation for this difference is that men are

a.	more likely to use alcohol to deal with anxiety than to admit they are afraid.
b.	less likely to be fearful of becoming alcoholic.
c.	exposed to alcohol more often than women are.
d.	more likely to see alcohol as a good long-term solution to problems such as anxiety.

ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 6; APALO: 1.2.a(3)

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

The influences of culture and gender on psychopathology are most clearly evident in the disorder of __________.

a.	anorexia
b.	panic disorder
c.	bipolar disorder
d.	depression

ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 6; APALO: 1.3.e

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Anxious males tend to have a higher rate of alcoholism than females. One likely explanation for this difference is that men are:

a.	more likely to use alcohol to deal with anxiety rather than admit they are afraid
b.	less likely to be fearful of becoming alcoholic
c.	exposed to alcohol more often than women are
d.	more likely to see alcohol as a good long-term solution to problems such as anxiety

ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 6; APALO: 1.3.e

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

People who have many social contacts and live their lives continually interacting with others

a.	develop more infections and have poorer overall health.
b.	have not been found to differ on any health outcome.
c.	often suffer from psychological disorders such as dependency.
d.	live longer and healthier lives.

ANS: D DIF: Easy OBJ: 6; APALO: 1.3.e

KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Factual

Research exposing subjects to the virus that causes the common cold (Cohen et al., 1997) demonstrated that

a.	the lower the individual’s socialization, the lower the chances of contracting a cold.
b.	the greater the individual’s socialization, the lower the chances of contracting a cold.
c.	extent of socialization and chances of contracting a cold were unrelated.
d.	the quality of social contact predicted whether the individual would contract a cold, but the frequency of social contact did not.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: 6; APALO: 1.3.e

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Regarding the research on socialization and health, the safest conclusion is that

a.	social support is important but mostly for those individuals who are at high risk for various physical or psychological disorders.
b.	having a supportive group of people around us is important to our physical health but not our psychological well-being.
c.	having a supportive group of people around us is important to our psychological well-being but not our physical health.
d.	having a supportive group of people around us is one of the most important parts of maintaining our physical and mental health.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult OBJ: 6; APALO: 1.3.e

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

In a study conducted by Haber and Barchas (1983), monkeys were injected with amphetamine, a central nervous system stimulant. Comparison of the drug’s effects on the dominant versus submissive monkeys demonstrated that the effects of brain chemicals such as drugs are

a.	different for individual animals depending upon their place in the social hierarchy.
b.	the same for all animals regardless of their place in the social hierarchy.
c.	the same for all animals except for those with a biological predisposition for aggression.
d.	different for individual animals but the differences appear to be random.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult OBJ: 6; APALO: 1.3.e

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Depression and schizophrenia seem to appear in all cultures but tend to be characterized by different symptoms within individual cultures. For example, depression in Western culture is generally characterized by feelings of guilt and inadequacy, whereas in developing countries it is characterized by physical distress such as fatigue or illness. This is most likely due to

a.	genetic differences between individuals living in different cultures.
b.	differences in treatment provided in different cultures.
c.	reasons that our current methods of study are incapable of understanding.
d.	the fact that social and cultural factors influence psychopathology.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult OBJ: 6; APALO: 1.3.e

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Research with the elderly has found that depression is more likely in those individuals who

a.	have frequent social contacts.
b.	live in group settings.
c.	have fewer social contacts.
d.	receive increased attention from their families when they are sick.

ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: 6; APALO: 1.3.e

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Given the role of social factors in psychological disorders and the fact that psychological disorders are still associated with social stigma (people tend to think that the disorder is something to be ashamed of), there is a much greater chance that people with psychological disorders will

a.	be far more easily treated than those with physical disorders.
b.	seek help for their disorders but be more likely to receive insufficient treatment than those with physical illness.
c.	be ignored by mental health professionals when they seek help.
d.	not seek and receive the treatment and support of others that are most needed for recovery.

ANS: D DIF: Easy OBJ: 6; APALO: 1.3.e

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

When we compare the incidence of psychological disorders across countries and cultures, we find that

a.	there is remarkable similarity in the rates of various disorders in different countries and cultures.
b.	all Western countries have a similar rate of common disorders, but this is not true for developing countries.
c.	developing countries have a much higher rate of psychological disorder than Western countries.
d.	there are enormous differences in the rates of various disorders in different countries and cultures.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: 6; APALO: 1.3.e

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Political strife, war, and suffering in a country tend to ___________ the rate of psychological disorders in the country.

a.	decrease
b.	have little effect on
c.	have unpredictable effects on
d.	increase

ANS: D DIF: Easy OBJ: 6; APALO: 1.3e

MSC: TYPE: Factual

A lifespan psychologist would point out that the only way to understand a patient’s disorder is to understand how the individual

a.	developed from childhood to adulthood.
b.	developed during the psychosexual stages.
c.	resolved conflicts in early life.
d.	sees himself/herself as part of a family, a community, and a culture.

ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 6; APALO: 1.2.a(4)

KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Factual

According to Eric Erikson, people

a.	only experience major change in adulthood.
b.	are fully developed by age 50.
c.	experience eight typical developmental crises across time.
d.	experience no developmental changes after adolescence.

ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: 6; APALO: 1.2.a(4)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

When therapists ask patients how they are feeling and how they are experiencing their disorder today, it is essentially taking “snapshots” of their lives at the moment. This approach to understanding psychopathology is criticized as incomplete by ________.

a.	lifespan psychologists
b.	cognitive-behaviorists
c.	humanists
d.	all mental health workers

ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 7; APALO: 1.2.a(4)

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

In an experiment by Kolb, Gibb, and Gorny (2003), animals of varying ages were placed in complex environments. Their findings suggest that

a.	the impact of the environment on the brain is different at varying stages of life.
b.	the impact of the environment on the brain is significant but uniform throughout the lifespan.
c.	environments that are beneficial to the aged may be harmful to the young.
d.	the environment has little effect on the brain throughout the lifespan.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 7; APALO: 1.2.a(4)

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

The fact that some behaviors can be symptoms of many different disorders (e.g., delusions can be a result of amphetamine abuse or of schizophrenia) is an example of ____________.

a.	equifinality
b.	psychopathology
c.	pathogenesis
d.	orthogonal causation

ANS: A DIF: Difficult OBJ: 7; APALO: 1.2.a(4)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Children who are resistant to stress are considered to be _______________.

a.	resilient
b.	reliant
c.	resistant
d.	reactive

ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 6; APALO: 1.2.a(4)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

The term equifinality refers to the fact that

a.	once a process has begun, it will always lead to a final outcome.
b.	many causes of psychopathology are equal in influence.
c.	a number of paths can lead to the same outcome.
d.	all forms of psychopathology have similar causes.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult OBJ: 7; APALO: 1.2.a(4)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

The fact that depression can be caused by mental illness or drug use is an example of how

a.	once a process has begun, it will always lead to a final outcome.
b.	many causes of psychopathology are equal in influence.
c.	a number of paths can lead to the same outcome.
d.	all forms of psychopathology have similar causes.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult OBJ: 7; APALO: 1.2.a(4)

MSC: TYPE: Factual

The fact that a disorder can be caused by a variety of factors illustrates the principle of _______.

a.	equifinality
b.	isolation
c.	equilibration
d.	isolation

ANS: A DIF: Difficult OBJ: 7; APALO: 1.2.a(4)

KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Factual

According to the abnormal psychology video clip, psychopathology is due to _____________.

a.	psychological processes
b.	biological processes
c.	both biological and psychological processes
d.	neither biological or psychological processes

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: CD

Our understanding of psychology as an integrated process is in part a function of ___________.

a.	better measurement tools
b.	greater biological knowledge
c.	application of scientific study to psychological processes
d.	all of the above

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: CD

ESSAY

Describe the diathesis-stress model. Use it to explain how one identical twin suffers from clinical depression while the other does not.

ANS:

This model argues that a diathesis is a vulnerability and a stress is an unpleasant experience, which together can cause behavioral and emotional disorders. Identical twins typically share the same genetic vulnerability but may not have the same life experiences.

Psychoactive medications (drugs that impact our thoughts, emotions, and behavior) usually alter neurotransmitters in the brain. Explain how both an agonist and an antagonist operate on a neurotransmitter. Explain the process of reuptake inhibition and the effect it has on a neurotransmitter.

ANS:

Agonists increase the effects of a transmitter, while antagontists decrease their effects. Reuptake involves the process of neurons reabsorbing their own transmitters from the synapse. When reuptake is inhibited, the neurotransmitter stays in the synapse longer, which tends to prolong its effects in an agonistic way.

What are the basic components of the multidimensional integrative model, and what does the term integrative mean in this model?

ANS:

-Behavioral

-Biological

-Emotional

-Social

-Developmental

This use of the term “integrative” refers to the model’s premise that many factors interact to cause any given disorder.

Name three important neurotransmitters and describe what impact each one is thought to have on human experience.

ANS:

GABA- inhibitory neurotransmitter

Glutamate-excitatory transmitter

Serotonin- neurotransmitter that regulates behavior, moods, and thought processes

Norepinephrine-neurotransmitter involved in endocrine regulation

Dopamine-neurotransmitter implicated in psychological disorders and the control of movement

Explain the principle of equifinality and its use in developmental psychopathology.

ANS:

Equifinality indicates that a number of paths to a given outcome must be considered, for example, a hallucinatory syndrome may be the result of schizophrenia or the result of taking LSD. The different paths can also be the result of the interaction of psychological and biological factors during various stages of development.

CHAPTER 4: STUDYING PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

MULTIPLE CHOICE

Your friend has trouble making commitments in relationships. You believe that this is because her parents had a bitter divorce when she was young. Your belief that a child who lives through a bitter parental divorce will have trouble making commitments in relationships as an adult would be considered a(n) _________.

a.	hypothesis
b.	independent variable
c.	empirical conclusion
d.	applied theory

ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 1; APALO: 2.1

MSC: TYPE: Applied

Of the following, this hypothesis would NOT be appropriate given the concept of testability:

a.	behavior is influenced by the rewards that follow the behavior.
b.	children who view aggression are more likely to act in an aggressive manner.
c.	invisible forces influence our behavior every day.
d.	personality traits can be influenced by genetics.

ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: 1; APALO: 2.1

MSC: TYPE: Applied

A hypothesis is defined as a(n) _________.

a.	theory
b.	empirical conclusion
c.	research study
d.	educated guess

ANS: D DIF: Easy OBJ: 1; APALO: 2.1

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Dr. Smith uses a sample of participants in his memory study. Any conclusions that can be drawn from the results may be applied to the general population if there is a high degree of

a.	internal reliability.
b.	external reliability.
c.	internal validity.
d.	external validity.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: 1; APALO: 2.1

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

The dependent variable in a research study is the variable that

a.	is expected to influence or change the variable being studied.
b.	is the empirical result of the study.
c.	is expected to be changed or influenced in the study.
d.	forms the most important component of the hypothesis.

ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: 1; APALO: 2.1

MSC: TYPE: Factual

The independent variable in a research study is the variable that

a.	is expected to be changed or influenced in the study.
b.	is expected to influence or change the dependent variable.
c.	is the empirical result of the study.
d.	forms the most important component of the hypothesis.

ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: 1; APALO: 2.1

MSC: TYPE: Factual

A researcher is testing the effects of sunlight on depression. The dependent variable is_________ and the independent variable is _________________

a.	sunlight; depression
b.	depression; sunlight
c.	sunlight; mood
d.	depression; mood

ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: 1; APALO: 2.1

MSC: TYPE: Applied

In regard to research design, all of the following statements are true EXCEPT that

a.	independent variables are hypothesized to have an impact on dependent variables.
b.	independent variables are generally manipulated by the researcher.
c.	dependent variables are hypothesized to have an impact on independent variables.
d.	dependent variables are generally measured by the researcher.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: 1; APALO: 2.1

KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Any factor in a research study that makes the results uninterpretable is called a(n) ________.

a.	independent variable
b.	confound
c.	dependent variable
d.	confluence

ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: 1; APALO: 2.1

MSC: TYPE: Factual

While studying the impact of nutrition on intelligence, a researcher has one group of rats on a vitamin-rich diet and the other group eating Big Macs. While observing the rats run a complicated maze, the researcher notes that the vitamin-enhanced rats’ maze is more brightly lit than the Big Mac rats’ maze. The difference in lighting in this study is a(n) _________.

a.	confound
b.	independent variable
c.	dependent variable
d.	hypothesis

ANS: A DIF: Difficult OBJ: 1; APALO: 2.1

MSC: TYPE: Applied

In an experimental study,

a.	the independent variable is manipulated.
b.	the dependent variable is manipulated.
c.	both the independent variable and the dependent variable are manipulated.
d.	the environment is manipulated.

ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 1; APALO: 2.1

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Studies that have significant confounds are said to be low in ___________.

a.	external validity
b.	internal validity
c.	fidelity
d.	empirical validity

ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: 1; APALO: 2.1

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

External validation is defined as

a.	the extent to which we can be confident the independent variable is causing change in the dependent variable.
b.	the extent to which we can be confident the individual variable is causing change in the independent variable.
c.	how well the results relate to things outside your study.
d.	the degree to which the hypothesis is supported by the study.

ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: 1; APALO: 2.1

KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Factual

Internal validity is defined as

a.	the extent to which the results of a study can be explained by the dependent variable.
b.	the degree to which the hypothesis is supported by the study.
c.	the overall quality of the research.
d.	the extent to which the results in a study can be explained by the independent variable.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: 1; APALO: 2.1

MSC: TYPE: Factual

External validity refers to the

a.	degree that the dependent variable was changed in the study.
b.	power of the independent variable to cause a change in the dependent variable.
c.	extent to which findings apply to individuals or situations other than those studied.
d.	overall quality of the study.

ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: 1; APALO: 2.1

MSC: TYPE: Factual

A researcher studies the impact of stress on college students’ exam scores. Whether the results of this study help us to understand the relationship between job performance and stress level of real-life organizational workers is a question of

a.	internal validity.
b.	study confounds.
c.	external validity.
d.	the original research hypothesis.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: 1; APALO: 2.1

MSC: TYPE: Applied

The more a researcher controls ___________ validity by restricting the study to participants who are similar to one another, the less __________ validity the study will generally have.

a.	internal; external
b.	external; internal
c.	internal; clinical
d.	external; clinical

ANS: A DIF: Difficult OBJ: 1; APALO: 2.1

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

If a study of a medication is conducted using only 25-year-old white males, the results would be limited in their ______________.

a.	generalizabiity
b.	internal validity
c.	concurrent reliability
d.	usefulness

ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 1; APALO: 2.1

MSC: TYPE: Factual

A researcher separates participants into two groups. Group A receives an active medication, and Group B receives an empty capsule that looks and feels like the real medication. Group B is the ______ group.

a.	treatment
b.	analog
c.	control
d.	experimental

ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: 1; APALO: 2.1

MSC: TYPE: Applied

A study that uses the controlled conditions of the lab to replicate the phenomenon under study is called a(n)

a.	analog model.
b.	longitudinal study.
c.	cross-sectional study.
d.	retrospective study.

ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 1; APALO: 2.1

MSC: TYPE: Factual

In a study to investigate the effects of alcohol on reflexes, some students were given three bottles of beer and some were given three bottles of nonalcoholic beer, and reaction time was measured. The group that received the nonalcoholic beer is the _______.

a.	treatment group
b.	dependent variable
c.	control group
d.	confound

ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: 1; APALO: 2.1

MSC: TYPE: Applied

The purpose of random assignment is to make sure that

a.	each research participant spends an equal amount of time in the treatment and control groups.
b.	each research participant has an equal chance of being in the treatment or control group.
c.	everyone in each group is exactly the same on the independent variable.
d.	everyone in each group is exactly the same on the dependent variable.

ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: 1; APALO: 2.1

MSC: TYPE: Factual

The reason that researchers cannot allow participants to decide whether to be in the control or treatment group is that this procedure may result in differences between the treatment and control group participants that

a.	have nothing to do with the independent variable.
b.	are a direct result of the independent variable.
c.	have nothing to do with the dependent variable.
d.	are a direct result of the dependent variable.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult OBJ: 1; APALO: 2.1

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Randomization is used to assign research participants to groups in order to

a.	prevent assembling groups that differ in a way that may influence the research outcome.
b.	make sure that all participants in the study are the same with respect to the dependent variable when the study is concluded.
c.	make sure that all participants are the same with respect to the independent variable before the study begins.
d.	prevent any differences in the way the independent variable is manipulated for all research subjects.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 1; APALO: 2.1

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Analog research models

a.	are conducted outside of the laboratory.
b.	generally utilize case studies to maximize similarity to the phenomenon under study.
c.	are correlational.
d.	create laboratory conditions that are comparable to the phenomenon under study.

ANS: D DIF: Easy OBJ: 1; APALO: 2.1

KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Factual

Statistical significance determines whether an observed difference between a treatment and control group is likely due to _____________.

a.	random assignment
b.	external validity
c.	chance
d.	confounds

ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: 1; APALO: 2.1

MSC: TYPE: Factual

In research, the term “clinical significance” refers to

a.	whether the effects observed in the study are due to chance.
b.	the external validity of the study.
c.	how large the effect of the treatment is.
d.	randomization of the sampling procedure.

ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: 1; APALO: 2.1

KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Factual

A researcher studying the effect of a dietary supplement on sleep finds that research participants who take the supplement sleep an average of 7 hours and 25 minutes per night, while participants who were given a placebo pill with no active ingredients in it sleep for an average of 7 hours and 20 minutes. These findings are clearly

a.	statistically significant.
b.	not clinically significant.
c.	not valid.
d.	clinically significant.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: 1; APALO: 2.1

Matilda designed a study in which she had a treatment group and a control group. She then took 100 participants and flipped a coin with each one to determine which group they would be in. This assigning of participants is called _____________.

a.	randomization
b.	generalization
c.	experimentation
d.	uniformity

ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 1; APALO: 2.1

MSC: TYPE: Applied

A study that uses the controlled conditions of the lab to replicate the phenomenon under study is called a(n)

a.	analog model.
b.	longitudinal study.
c.	cross-sectional study.
d.	retrospective study.

ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 1; APALO: 2.1

MSC: TYPE: Factual

In research studies, the term “effect size” refers to

a.	how much each treated and untreated person in the study changes.
b.	the power of the statistical tests that are used to detect the impact of the independent variable.
c.	how many subjects are included in a particular study.
d.	the degree of external validity that the study has.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 1; APALO: 2.1

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

The patient uniformity myth refers to the tendency to

a.	see all study participants as homogenous.
b.	see all study participants as heterogenous.
c.	emphasize patient symptoms and uniformity.
d.	give all patients the same medications.

ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 1; APALO: 2.1

MSC: TYPE: Factual

In well-designed research studies, medications that enhance serotonin functioning have been found to help patients recover from episodes of depression. Given the realities of the patient uniformity myth, it would be a mistake to conclude that

a.	most depressed patients will be helped substantially by these medications.
b.	all depressed patients will be helped by these medications.
c.	research can help us determine which treatments should be used for specific disorders.
d.	medication can be an appropriate treatment for a psychological disorder.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: 2; APALO: 2.2.a

MSC: TYPE: Applied

Joe is suffering from a severe anxiety disorder. His psychiatrist prescribes a medication that has been found in many research studies to help reduce anxiety. Joe takes the medication, but his anxiety level does not improve at all. Since the anxiety medication did not work, Joe concludes that his psychiatrist must be wrong and he must be suffering from some other disorder. The problem with Joe’s conclusion is that he is failing to consider the

a.	patient uniformity myth.
b.	internal validity of the research studies.
c.	lack of clinical significance of many research findings.
d.	external validity of the prior research.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult OBJ: 2; APALO: 2.2.a

MSC: TYPE: Applied

One way to describe the case study method is

a.	by interviewing a cooperative subject.
b.	by noting what it is not.
c.	by manipulating the independent variable.
d.	by using the scientific method.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: 2; APALO: 2.2a

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

The type of study that generally does not follow the scientific method and typically contains many confounds is the

a.	case study.
b.	correlation model.
c.	true experiment.
d.	longitudinal study.

ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 2; APALO: 2.2.a

MSC: TYPE: Factual

If you observe that umbrellas cause rain since they always occur together, you may be confusing

a.	correlation with causation.
b.	confounds with correlations.
c.	independent variable with dependent variable.
d.	statistical and clinical effects.

ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 2; APALO: 2.2.a

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

One of the major problems with the case study method is that it is too easy to make false conclusions based on

a.	statistical significance.
b.	unreliable measures.
c.	poorly defined dependent variables.
d.	coincidence.

ANS: D DIF: Easy OBJ: 2; APALO: 2.2.a

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

The most accurate description of the correlational model is

a.	manipulation of an independent variable to measure the effects on a dependent variable.
b.	in-depth examination of many variables associated with a small number of individuals.
c.	statistical examination of the relationships between variables.
d.	statistical examination of the cause of changes in a dependent variable.

ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: 2; APALO: 2.2.a

MSC: TYPE: Factual

When studying family functioning, it has been observed that marital discord often increases as child behavior problems increase in the family. Using the correlational model,

a.	it is possible to determine that marital problems generally cause child behavior problems.
b.	it is not possible to determine whether marital discord causes child behavior problems, whether child behavior problems cause marital discord, or whether both may be true.
c.	it is possible to determine whether marital problems cause child behavior problems or whether child behavior problems cause marital problems, but it is not possible to determine whether both may be true.
d.	it is possible to determine whether any or all observed effects may be causing changes on any of the variables being studied.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: 2; APALO: 2.2.a

MSC: TYPE: Applied

As a child’s age increases, so does her height. This is an example of a(n) _______ correlation.

a.	negative
b.	zero
c.	causal
d.	positive

ANS: D DIF: Easy OBJ: 2; APALO: 2.2.a

KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Applied

The more time one spends exercising, the less one generally weighs. The correlation between time on a treadmill each month and overall body weight would represent a(n) ______ correlation.

a.	positive
b.	zero
c.	negative
d.	causal

ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: 2; APALO: 2.2.a

MSC: TYPE: Applied

The correlation between the amount of time a college student studies and the student’s height in inches is ________.

a.	positive
b.	negative
c.	zero
d.	causal

ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: 2; APALO: 2.2.a

MSC: TYPE: Applied

Every incremental increase in variable A is associated with an exactly equal increase in variable B. The correlation between these two variables is _______.

a.	+1.00
b.	-1.00
c.	0
d.	causal

ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 2; APALO: 2.2.a

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

The Surgeon General gathered data that demonstrated the more people smoked, the more likely they were to develop lung cancer, heart disease, and other dangerous illnesses. This data demonstrates

a.	that there is a positive correlation between smoking and serious illnesses like lung cancer.
b.	that there is a negative correlation between smoking and serious illnesses like lung cancer.
c.	that smoking causes lung cancer and other serious illnesses.
d.	there is no relationship between smoking and lung cancer or other serious illnesses.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 2; APALO: 2.2.a

MSC: TYPE: Applied

It has been demonstrated the amount of time watching violent shows on TV is correlated with aggressiveness in children. However, we cannot say that watching violence on TV causes children to be aggressive because

a.	we do not know if children watch violent TV shows because they are aggressive.
b.	we do not know if violent TV shows causes children to act violent.
c.	both variables may be related to another factor such as violent parents.
d.	all of the above

ANS: D DIF: Difficult OBJ: 2; APALO: 2.2.a

MSC: TYPE: Applied

Epidemiology is the study of

a.	the effectiveness of the correlational model in determining cause.
b.	research methods.
c.	various forms of therapy.
d.	incidence, distribution, and consequences of a problem in a population.

ANS: D DIF: Easy OBJ: 2; APALO: 2.2.a

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Epidemiologists study _____________ of a particular problem in one or more populations.

a.	distribution
b.	incidence
c.	consequences
d.	all of the above

ANS: D DIF: Easy OBJ: 2; APALO: 2.2.a

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Epidemological researchers such as Delisi, Maurizio, Yost, et al., 2003, who assessed men and women in Manhattan following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, generally use the research method called the ________.

a.	correlational model
b.	case study
c.	experiment
d.	longitudinal study

ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 2; APALO: 2.2.a

MSC: TYPE: Factual

The basis of an experiment is

a.	manipulation of a dependent variable.
b.	examining the relationship between an independent and a dependent variable.
c.	manipulation of an independent variable.
d.	in-depth fact gathering regarding many variables.

ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: 2; APALO: 2.2.a

MSC: TYPE: Factual

A researcher manipulates an independent variable and observes the effects on a dependent variable in a(n)

a.	correlational study.
b.	analog study.
c.	experiment.
d.	epidemiological study.

ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: 2; APALO: 2.2.a

MSC: TYPE: Factual

While trying to discover the nature of the relationship between stress and blood pressure, a researcher asks participants to complete a difficult task. The researcher monitors the participants’ blood pressure, while some are exposed to noisy distractions and others stay in a quiet environment. This type of research study is a(n) ______________.

a.	correlational study
b.	experiment
c.	analog study
d.	placebo control study

ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: 2; APALO: 2.2.a

MSC: TYPE: Applied

One of the hallmarks of the experimental method that makes it different from a correlational study is that in an experiment,

a.	we observe what happens in the natural world.
b.	the researcher is unaware of the independent variable.
c.	a variable is manipulated in a way that would not have occurred naturally.
d.	there are multiple control groups.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: 2; APALO: 2.2.a

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

When a control group is used in experimental research, the members of the control group will be treated exactly the same as the

a.	treatment group except that they will be exposed to the independent variable.
b.	treatment group in every way.
c.	control group in any other psychology study.
d.	treatment group except that they will not be exposed to the independent variable.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: 2; APALO: 2.2.a

MSC: TYPE: Factual

The purpose of a control group in experimental research is to

a.	control for the expectation of some research subjects that they will improve just because they are in a research study.
b.	determine whether a treatment or independent variable actually influenced change in the independent variable.
c.	determine statistical significance.
d.	control the dependent variable.

ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: 2; APALO: 2.2.a

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Placebos are used in experiments to

a.	control for the variability of individuals who tend to volunteer for research studies.
b.	control for the expectations of some research participants that they will improve just because they are in a research study.
c.	help determine whether an independent variable actually causes a statistically significant change in a dependent variable.
d.	make certain that the treatment and control group are randomly selected.

ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: 2; APALO: 2.2.a

MSC: TYPE: Factual

In a typical drug study, some research participants are given an active medication and others are given a sugar pill. The subjects given the sugar pill are in the _______ group.

a.	placebo control
b.	treatment
c.	independent variable
d.	dependent variable

ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 2; APALO: 2.2.a

MSC: TYPE: Applied

In a double-blind study,

a.	participants are not aware of who is in the treatment and control groups, but the researcher providing the treatment does know.
b.	neither the researcher providing the treatment nor the participants are aware of who is in the treatment and who is in the control group.
c.	neither the researcher providing the treatment nor the research participants can ever be made aware of the research findings.
d.	participants are not aware that they are participating in a research study.

ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: 2; APALO: 2.2.a

It can be important to use a double-blind procedure in a research study to prevent the

a.	independent variable from influencing the dependent variable.
b.	researcher’s expectations from biasing the outcome.
c.	participants’ expectations from biasing the expectations of the researcher.
d.	both b and c

ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: 2; APALO: 2.2.a

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Of the following, researchers use _____________ to attempt to control for the phenomenon called the “allegiance effect,” which occurs when experimenter bias influences research outcomes.

a.	correlation studies
b.	double-blind control
c.	epidemiological studies
d.	placebo pills

ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: 2; APALO: 2.2.a

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Which of the following is an example of treatment outcome research?

a.	Examining the changes in serotonin levels from taking Prozac
b.	Determining whether the active ingredients in a medication actually have any impact on the function of the brain
c.	Exploring the parts of cognitive-behavioral therapy homework that are most difficult for patients to perform
d.	Examining the impact of Prozac on depression

ANS: D DIF: Difficult OBJ: 2; APALO: 2.2.a

KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Which of the following is an example of treatment process research?

a.	Examining the impact of Prozac on depression
b.	Determining how many therapy sessions it takes for most anxiety patients to feel better
c.	Examining the impact of Prozac on serotonin levels
d.	Determining which treatment reduces patients’ anxiety in the fewest number of sessions

ANS: C DIF: Difficult OBJ: 2; APALO: 2.2.a

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Single-case experimental designs utilize several strategies such as ____________ to improve their internal validity.

a.	repeated measures
b.	process measures
c.	random assignment
d.	placebo controls

ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 2; APALO: 2.2.a

MSC: TYPE: Factual

One important difference between a typical case study and the single-case experiment is that the single-case experiment attempts to

a.	increase the number of confounding variables.
b.	improve external validity.
c.	improve internal validity.
d.	utilize a single strategy to reduce confounds.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: 2; APALO: 2.2.a

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Single-case experimental designs are sometimes criticized because they tend to

a.	always involve a single case.
b.	decrease internal validity.
c.	decrease external validity.
d.	decrease reliability.

ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: 2; APALO: 2.2.a

MSC: TYPE: Factual

The single-case experimental design

a.	always uses a single case.
b.	is not concerned with external validity.
c.	is not concerned with internal validity.
d.	often incorporates several people at once.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: 2; APALO: 2.2.a

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

The advantage of using a withdrawal design as part of a single-case experiment is that the researcher can

a.	counterbalance the research design with additional measures to improve internal and external validity.
b.	control for the placebo effect.
c.	conduct a true double-blind experiment.
d.	determine whether improvements gained with treatment are lost when the treatment is withheld.

ANS: D DIF: Easy OBJ: 2; APALO: 2.2.a

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

One of the problems of using a withdrawal design as part of a single-case experiment is the

a.	difficulty of measuring changes that are associated with removal of a treatment.
b.	confounding factor of the placebo effect when the treatment is removed.
c.	ethical issue of removing treatment that appears to be helping the patient.
d.	impossibility of removing the treatment equally for the treatment and control subjects.

ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: 2; APALO: 2.2.a

MSC: TYPE: Factual

A child is having temper tantrums at home, at school, and at his grandparents’ house. After working with the parents for a while, the therapist believes that the child is being rewarded for his tantrums in each setting because his teacher, parents, and grandparents generally give him what he wants just to make him stop yelling. The therapist devises a plan to stop his tantrums but first implements the plan at home, then the following week at school, and finally at the grandparents’ home several weeks later. From a research perspective, this is an example of

a.	withdrawal method.
b.	multiple baseline.
c.	placebo control.
d.	external validity.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult OBJ: 2; APALO: 2.2.a

MSC: TYPE: Applied

Which of the following is NOT a component of withdrawal designs?

a.	Establishing a baseline
b.	Manipulating the independent variable
c.	Withdrawing the dependent variable
d.	Returning to baseline

ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: 2; APALO: 2.2.a

MSC: TYPE: Factual

An advantage of the multiple baseline design in evaluating treatments is that

a.	it enables a clinician to see predictable and orderly changes related to where and when treatment is used.
b.	it does not require withdrawal of treatment.
c.	it resembles the way treatment would naturally be implemented.
d.	all of the above

ANS: D DIF: Difficult OBJ: 2; APALO: 2.2.b

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

An important advantage of the multiple baseline design over the withdrawal design for evaluating treatments is that multiple baseline

a.	has greater internal validity.
b.	has greater external validity.
c.	does not require the removal of a potentially helpful treatment.
d.	does not require the artificial intervention of the researcher.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: 3; APALO: 2.2.b

KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

A phenotype is defined as an individual’s

a.	hidden characteristics.
b.	observable characteristics.
c.	genetic influences.
d.	unique genetic makeup.

ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: 3; APALO: 2.2.a

MSC: TYPE: Factual

A genotype is defined as an individual’s

a.	unique genetic makeup.
b.	recessive genes.
c.	hidden characteristics.
d.	observable features and behavior.

ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 3; APALO: 2.2.a

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Mary looks nothing like her mother, but Mary’s daughter grows up to look exactly like Mary’s mother. In other words, grandmother and granddaughter look alike. The fact that Mary’s daughter looks like her (Mary’s) mother but she herself doesn’t is a good example of the

a.	difference between genotype and phenotype.
b.	influence of environment on genes.
c.	fact that we really have no idea of how genes work.
d.	diathesis-stress model.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 3; APALO: 2.2.a

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

At this point, we know much more about the __________ of psychological disorders than the ___________ of psychological disorders.

a.	genotype; phenotype
b.	phenotype; genotype
c.	behavioral causes; social influences
d.	social influences; behavioral causes

ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: 3; APALO: 2.2.a

MSC: TYPE: Factual

At this point, the human genome project has been successful in producing

a.	a complete listing of each human gene and its function.
b.	little if any success in mapping the structure and location of human genes.
c.	a rough draft of the mapping of all human genes.
d.	some success in mapping the structure of human genes, but little success in mapping gene locations.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: 3; APALO: 2.2.a

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Which of the following patterns is typical for a disorder that is influenced by genetics?

a.	Siblings of the person with the disorder are more likely to have the disorder than cousins, and cousins are just as likely to have the disorder as the general public.
b.	Siblings of the person with the disorder will almost always have the same or similar disorders, and cousins are more likely than the general public to have disorders.
c.	Siblings of the person with the disorder are more likely than cousins to have the disorder, and cousins are more likely to have the disorder than the general public.
d.	Siblings will almost always have the same or similar disorders, though cousins may have a similar rate of the disorder as the general public.

ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: 3; APALO: 2.2.a

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

While conducting a family study, a researcher determines that the siblings and parents of the person with a disorder are much more likely than the general public to have the disorder, although cousins, uncles, and grandparents are only moderately more likely to have the disorder than the general public. This is an example of a disorder with

a.	no genetic component.
b.	a single gene influence.
c.	a genetic component.
d.	strong environmental and very weak genetic components.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: 3; APALO: 2.2.a

KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Applied

The genetic mechanism that ultimately contributes to the underlying problems causing the symptoms and difficulties experienced by people with psychological disorders is called ______.

a.	genotypes
b.	phenotypes
c.	endophenotypes
d.	causal types

ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: 3; APALO: 2.2.a

The study of what genes do and how they interact with the environment to create the symptoms associated with psychological disorders is called ___________ genetics.

a.	molecular
b.	behavior
c.	environmental
d.	interactive

ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 3; APALO: 2.2.a

MSC: TYPE: Factual

One of the major problems of using family studies to determine the genetic components of psychological disorders is that family members may have similar disorders due to

a.	shared genes.
b.	common diet factors.
c.	physical similarities.
d.	the fact that they live together.

ANS: D DIF: Easy OBJ: 3; APALO: 2.2.a

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Adoption studies can be used to study the influence of genetic influences on psychopathology

a.	without the typical confound of common biological parents.
b.	using more sophisticated statistical techniques.
c.	through direct examination of genetic causes.
d.	without the typical confound of siblings raised in the same environment.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: 3; APALO: 2.2.a

Monozygotic twins allow for unique genetic studies because they

a.	have identical genes.
b.	always share the same environment.
c.	share approximately 50% of the same genes.
d.	are usually raised in similar ways.

ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 3; APALO: 2.2.a

KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Factual

Combining the monozygotic and adoption study methods, researchers often study monozygotic twins raised in different families. Using this method, similarities in behaviors, traits, and psychological disorders between monozygotic twins raised apart helps researchers determine

a.	the effects of adoption on a child’s psychological functioning.
b.	whether it is detrimental to separate twins at birth.
c.	whether genes or adoption impact psychopathology.
d.	the effects of genes.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: 3; APALO: 2.2.a

Given what we know about the effects of genes and the environment, which of the following pairs of children would be expected to be most similar in terms of overall personality, psychological disorders, and intelligence?

a.	Monozygotic twins, one raised in a wealthy family living in a modern city and the other raised in poverty in a developing nation
b.	Adopted children from different biological families raised in the same home
c.	Biological siblings raised in the same house
d.	Biological siblings, each adopted immediately after birth, one raised in Chicago and the other raised in New York City

ANS: C DIF: Difficult OBJ: 3; APALO: 2.2.a

MSC: TYPE: Applied

Family, twin, and adoption studies can identify all of the following EXCEPT

a.	whether a particular form of psychopathology is influenced by genes.
b.	whether a particular form of psychopathology is influenced by the environment.
c.	identification and location of a gene associated with psychopathology.
d.	approximate degree of influence of genetics for a specific psychological disorder.

ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: 3; APALO: 2.2.a

KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Factual

In family studies, scientists simply examine a behavioral pattern or emotional trait in the context of the family. The member with the trait singled out for study is called the ______.

a.	sibling
b.	prototype
c.	genetic marker
d.	proband

ANS: D DIF: Easy OBJ: 3; APALO: 2.2.a

MSC: TYPE: Factual

If a match is found between the inheritance of a disorder and a genetic marker, the genes for both are probably

a.	on different chromosomes.
b.	on different ends of the same chromosome.
c.	identical.
d.	close together on the same chromosome.

ANS: D DIF: Easy OBJ: 3; APALO: 2.2.a

MSC: TYPE: Factual

The implication of the fact that genetic linkage studies frequently fail to replicate when subsequent researchers repeat the study in different families is that

a.	the human genome is not well mapped.
b.	researchers need to be more careful with their methods.
c.	the environment is a more powerful influence on most forms of complex psychopathology than genetics.
d.	it is doubtful that there are single gene causes for complex disorders.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult OBJ: 3; APALO: 2.2.b

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

A researcher studying a family with a history of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) records data for each person in the family with OCD and for those who have been diagnosed with OCD in the past. The researcher is particularly interested in determining if family members who now have OCD or who were previously diagnosed share any other inherited characteristics. The researcher is conducting a(n) ________.

a.	association study
b.	chromosome analysis
c.	genetic linkage analysis
d.	family DNA analysis

ANS: C DIF: Difficult OBJ: 3; APALO: 2.2.b

Genetic linkage analysis has not yet provided the types of answers scientists hope for in terms of understanding the specific genetic causes of psychopathology. The most likely reason that this type of analysis has not been as promising as hoped is that the genetic influences of psychopathology are

a.	impossible to understand until the entire human genome is sequenced.
b.	difficult to understand with the limited statistical models available.
c.	based on more than single gene defects.
d.	insignificant in comparison to the power of the environment.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult OBJ: 3; APALO: 2.2.b

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

An association study of the genetic influences of psychopathology compares people with and without a specific disorder in terms of

a.	shared environments.
b.	inherited characteristics other than the disorder.
c.	family history.
d.	inherited tendencies to behave in a specific manner.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult OBJ: 3; APALO: 2.2.b

MSC: TYPE: Factual

A researcher collects data comparing people with and without a particular disorder. The researcher is particularly interested in inherited tendencies that are not part of the disorder but that occur with much greater frequency in afflicted people. The researcher is conducting a(n)

a.	genetic linkage analysis.
b.	association study.
c.	family study.
d.	DNA analysis.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: 3; APALO: 2.2.b

KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Factual

As Van Gogh slowly began developing schizophrenia, he painted a series of self-portraits that depicted the progression of the disorder over time. This is a good example of a(n)

a.	negative development strategy.
b.	anecdotal study.
c.	prospective study
d.	retrospective study.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult OBJ: 4; APALO: 2.2.b

MSC: TYPE: Applied

Positive development strategies involve efforts to blanket

a.	an entire family, including all blood relatives to prevent later problems.
b.	a large group of unrelated participants who are at risk for a disorder to prevent later problems.
c.	a large group of people to fix existing problems.
d.	entire populations of people to prevent later problems.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: 4; APALO: 2.2.b

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Longitudinal and/or cross-sectional research is often necessary to determine

a.	how disorders change and progress over a typical patient’s lifetime.
b.	the genetic causes of a particular disorder.
c.	the environmental causes of a particular disorder.
d.	if a particular treatment is appropriate for patients suffering from a specific disorder.

ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 4; APALO: 2.2.b

MSC: TYPE: Factual

The two most frequently used methods in prevention research for examining psychopathology across time are

a.	longitudinal and case study.
b.	case study and experimental.
c.	longitudinal and cross-sectional.
d.	experimental and cross-sectional.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: 4; APALO: 2.2.b

KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Factual

Brown and Finn (1982) found that attitudes regarding alcohol were somewhat different for 12-year-olds, 15-year-olds, and 17-year-olds. All measures were taken during the same year from children of different ages. This type of research is an example of the research method called ___________.

a.	longitudinal
b.	cross-sectional
c.	experimental
d.	case-study

ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: 4; APALO: 2.2.b

MSC: TYPE: Applied

A researcher is studying how depression tends to be experienced by people of different ages. The researcher interviews depressed adolescents, young adults, individuals in their 30s and 50s, and those over 70 years old. The research design being used is called ______________.

a.	cross-sectional
b.	longitudinal
c.	experimental
d.	case-study

ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 4; APALO: 2.2.b

MSC: TYPE: Applied

A researcher is studying how anxiety tends to be experienced by people of different ages. The researcher interviews depressed adolescents, young adults, individuals in their 30s and 50s, and those over 70. The individuals in each age group represent a _____________.

a.	treatment group
b.	control group
c.	longitudinal group
d.	cohort

ANS: D DIF: Easy OBJ: 4; APALO: 2.2.b

MSC: TYPE: Factual

The member of a family who has a trait under study is called the _____________.

a.	cohort
b.	proband
c.	case study
d.	carrier

ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: 4; APALO: 2.2.b

KEY: WWW

The confounding of age and experience is referred to as the _______ effect.

a.	cohort
b.	proband
c.	longitudinal
d.	participant

ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 4; APALO: 2.2.b

MSC: TYPE: Factual

In a sequential study ____ and _____ designs are combined.

a.	cross-sectional; longitudinal
b.	case study; experimental
c.	cross cultural; individual
d.	internal; external

ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 4; APALO: 2.2.b

MSC: TYPE: Factual

One significant limitation of the cross-sectional design is called the “cohort effect.” This relates to the fact that

a.	experience is confounded with participation in the study.
b.	age is confounded with experience.
c.	genetics and experience are confounded.
d.	reliable statistics cannot be computed for cohort groups.

ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: 4; APALO: 2.2.b

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Age and experience are confounded while using the cross-sectional design. This means that it cannot be determined if

a.	findings for cohort groups are due to their similar experiences or similar age.
b.	findings are due to the fact that age and life experience tend to be correlated.
c.	differences across groups are due to differences in assignment to the treatment conditions.
d.	differences across groups are due to age, experience, or the experimental manipulation.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 4; APALO: 2.2.b

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Use of a cross-sectional design would be appropriate in trying to find an answer to all of the following questions EXCEPT,

a.	How does panic disorder differ in children and adults?
b.	Are the cognitive triggers for panic disorder different in children and adults?
c.	What early behaviors did adult panic disorder patients tend to display when they were young?
d.	Does exposure therapy tend to be more or less effective when it is used in the treatment of children versus adults?

ANS: C DIF: Difficult OBJ: 4; APALO: 2.2.b

MSC: TYPE: Applied

The research design most helpful in determining how individuals with particular disorders change over time is the __________.

a.	longitudinal method
b.	cross-sectional design
c.	family study
d.	association study

ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 4; APALO: 2.2.b

MSC: TYPE: Factual

One reason that cross-sectional studies are more common than longitudinal studies is the fact that

a.	cross-sectional studies involve large numbers of subjects.
b.	longitudinal studies involve very sophisticated statistical procedures.
c.	cross-sectional studies take many years to complete.
d.	longitudinal studies take many years to complete.

ANS: D DIF: Easy OBJ: 4; APALO: 2.2.b

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Which research method often suffers from losing research participants due to high dropout rates or even death?

a.	Cross-sectional study
b.	Longitudinal study
c.	Family study
d.	Twin study

ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: 4; APALO: 2.2.b

MSC: TYPE: Factual

In cross-cultural research, the independent or treatment variable is generally the ___________.

a.	culture
b.	disorder
c.	method used to treat the disorder
d.	success of the treatment

ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 5; APALO: 2.2.b

MSC: TYPE: Factual

One of the most important reasons to conduct cross-cultural research in psychopathology is that

a.	we can gain a better appreciation for the virtues of various cultures by examining how psychopathology is viewed by different cultures.
b.	the stigma of psychopathology can be removed by understanding that psychopathology exists in all cultures.
c.	genetic influences of disorders can be best determined through careful comparison of the different environmental stressors found in various cultures.
d.	we can understand more about psychopathology by understanding how culture impacts the experience of various disorders.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: 5; APALO: 2.2.b

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

One of the problems in trying to understand how psychopathology may be “caused” by cultural influences is that similarities in the way individuals of a culture experience psychopathology

a.	are confounded by the cross-cultural methods used to study psychopathology.
b.	may be due to the culture or to common genetic factors.
c.	cannot be understood by those outside of the culture.
d.	generally do not exist.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: 5; APALO: 2.2.b

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

Which of the following are potential problems when conducting cross-cultural research in the area of psychopathology?

a.	Different cultures may describe or experience similar psychological sensations in very different ways
b.	The level of “abnormality” that is considered acceptable may differ greatly across cultures
c.	Treatment models developed in one culture may be unacceptable according to another culture’s customs and values
d.	All of these

ANS: D DIF: Easy -117 OBJ: 5; APALO: 2.2.b

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

The most influential and successful research generally utilizes

a.	multiple well-controlled, double-blind experiments.
b.	a combination of well-controlled correlational studies and cross-sectional research.
c.	a program of multiple research designs over a period of time.
d.	multiple cross-sectional and longitudinal designs over a period of time.

ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: 6; APALO: 2.2.b

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

A new research study is published and becomes the “hot story” in the news. This story concerns you because the researchers report that they are the first scientists to find a higher incidence of depression in individuals who are taking a particular vitamin–the same vitamin that your physician has had you taking for years. While this may be cause for you to investigate further, you probably shouldn’t panic because

a.	your physician will call you if there is anything to worry about.
b.	research like this is rarely accurate.
c.	without replication, the finding could just be due to coincidence.
d.	unless it was a double-blind experiment, the results are probably in error.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: 6; APALO: 2.2.b

MSC: TYPE: Applied

The function of replication in research is to

a.	better define independent and dependent variables.
b.	improve the research design.
c.	rule out coincidence.
d.	enhance the external validity of the study.

ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: 6; APALO: 2.2.b

KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Factual

The basic components of informed consent are

a.	competence, volunteerism, full information, and comprehension.
b.	volunteerism and comprehension.
c.	competence, volunteerism, comprehension, and knowledge of results.
d.	anonymity, volunteerism, full information, and comprehension.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 7; APALO: 1.2

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Your psychology professor is conducting research and desperately needs more participants because the existing subjects keep running from the building screaming! She tells the class that everyone must be a subject to get a grade in the class and that there are no exceptions. In terms of ethical treatment of research subjects, her policy would

a.	violate the informed consent concept of competence.
b.	be acceptable as long as her procedures were presented to the institutional review board.
c.	be acceptable if she carefully explained the experiment to each participant and allowed participants to quit if they were uncomfortable during the procedure.
d.	violate the informed consent concept of volunteerism.

ANS: D DIF: Easy OBJ: 7; APALO: 1.2

MSC: TYPE: Applied

When conducting research with schizophrenic adults,

a.	informed consent is not necessary.
b.	informed consent must be given by a mentally competent family member or guardian.
c.	it is difficult to meet the requirements of informed consent.
d.	it is necessary to have the research procedures approved by the American Psychological Association.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: 7; APALO: 1.2

MSC: TYPE: Applied

Which of the following is TRUE with regard to deception of research participants?

a.	It is not allowed under any circumstances.
b.	The researcher must tell the participants about the deception after the study.
c.	The researcher must obtain approval of the procedure from a special national review board.
d.	The researcher need only tell the participants about the deception if not telling them would place the participants in any harm.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: 7; APALO: 1.2

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Institutional review boards are typically made up of

a.	animal rights group members and lawyers.
b.	research participants and their families.
c.	faculty and community members.
d.	administrators and students.

ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: 7; APALO: 1.2

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

According to the APA’s IRB guidelines, participants in experiments must be fully informed

a.	that they may or may not receive an active treatment.
b.	that they will not receive active treatment until the research study is over.
c.	if they are in the placebo group or the treatment group.
d.	only that they are participants in a research study and that they can quit at any time.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 7; APALO: 1.2

MSC: TYPE: Factual

Experiments designed to test new clinical treatments are called clinical _________.

a.	trials
b.	exams
c.	functions
d.	expectations

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: CD

Independent evaluators are people who assess patients in a study

a.	but are not involved with the initial diagnosis and treatment process.
b.	and are part of the treatment process.
c.	and conducted the diagnoses on their own.
d.	and recruit people to experiment.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: CD

ESSAY

Provide definitions for the terms hypothesis, independent variable, dependent variable, and confound. Discuss how you could use a control group and randomization to ensure that the results of an experiment are accurate.

ANS:

Hypothesis-a statement summarizing your expected findings

Independent variables-the things you manipulate in a study

Dependent variables-the things you measure in a study

Confound-a factor in a study that renders the results impossible to interpret

In order to make sure your study results are accurate, it is a good idea to randomly assign people to the control group and the experimental group so you know there is no systematic bias in the groups that would confound your results.

Explain why you cannot imply a cause and effect relationship from data of a correlational study.

ANS:

Correlational designs are designed to study the relationships between two variables. When a high correlations exists, one cannot conclude Factor A caused Factor B. One reason is directionality: Did A cause B, or did B cause A? For example, does violence on TV cause children to be aggressive, or because children are aggressive they watch violent TV?

A second reason is the third variable. Factors A and B may actually be related to a third variable that is affecting the noted outcome. For example, college students who achieve well in the classroom sit in the front of the room. Student may sit in the front because they are highly motivated and want a seat where they are free from distraction and can see and hear clearly.

Explain why it is important to make a distinction between statistical and clinical significance when interpreting research findings.

ANS:

Statistical significance refers to the statistical or mathematical probability of something occurring, while clinical significance refers to the actual real-world significance of the finding. It is important to make sure that a finding matters in real-life terms.

Describe the procedures of the cross-sectional and longitudinal research methods. What are the uses and limitations of each of these methods?

ANS:

In cross-sectional designs, researchers take a cross-section of a population across different age groups and compare them on some characteristics. Longitudinal studies involve following the same group of people over time to assess change on the measures of interest. Longitudinal studies allow researchers to assess individual change without cohort effects.

Describe each of the four components of informed consent for research participants. Explain why it may be difficult to satisfy informed consent when research participants are mentally retarded adults

ANS:

Competence-the participant is capable of consenting to participate in the research

Voluntarism-the person must volunteer, not be coerced, into participating in the study

Full information-participant must have all relevant information needed to make decisions about whether or not to participate in the study

Comprehension-the participant must understand the study procedures

It can be difficult to meet these criteria if the individual is unable to fully understand and make a voluntary decision about whether or not to participate.

Eazyquizes

Abnormal Psychology An Integrative Approach, 6th Edition International Edition by David Barlow – Test Bank

Description

Related

Reviews

Abnormal Psychology An Integrative Approach, 6th Edition International Edition by David Barlow – Test Bank

Description

Related

Reviews

Related products

Essentials Of Understanding Psychology 6Th Canadian Edition By Robert S Feldman – Test Bank

An Introduction to Psychology, International Edition 4Th Edition by Jeffrey Nevid – Test Bank

Essentials of Psychology Concepts And Applications International Edition 3rd Edition by Jeffrey S. Nevid – Test Bank

Biological Psychology 11th International Edition – Test Bank