Aging And the Life Course An Introduction to Social Gerontology 7Th Edition By Jill – Test Bank

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Aging And the Life Course An Introduction to Social Gerontology 7Th Edition By Jill – Test Bank

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Chapter 02

Life Course Transitions

 

 

Multiple Choice Questions

1. (p. 28)Transitions are:
   A. social changes that occur as one cohort replaces the other.
   B. the impact of historical events on the entire society.
   C. role changes individuals make as they leave school, take a job, marry, have children, or retire.
   D. ways of using age as a social category to group people by status.

 

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2. (p. 28)All of the following are characteristics of a trajectory except:
   A. it can be a multiple pathway in ordering and timing life events.
   B. it ranks individuals hierarchically in a social system.
   C. it can consist of distinct gender differences in employment.
   D. it has an impact on women’s income security in old age.

 

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3. (p. 29)Which of the following statements is NOT a characteristic of age grade?
   A. It occurs in every society.
   B. Most societies have more clearly marked age grades for males than for females.
   C. Societies may vary in the number of age grades.
   D. Individual members of society can select the age grade they want to join.

 

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4. (p. 29)In age-graded systems, _____.
   A. people are categorized by the number of siblings in their families
   B. each categorized group has the same role or grade
   C. people are predominantly categorized by the differences in their ethnicity and race
   D. males are ranked in hierarchical order according to their age group

 

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5. (p. 29)One of the major methodological issues in research on the life course is:
   A. collecting data to test various hypotheses.
   B. selecting the appropriate sample size.
   C. distinguishing among age, period, and cohort effects.
   D. distinguishing between abstract and concrete concepts for the study.

 

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6. (p. 30)Which of the following is an example of a cohort effect?
   A. the shift in the attitudes of a country’s population toward gay marriage from the 1960s till the early 2000s
   B. the shift in the average life expectancy of an older cohort from the 1960s till the early 2000s
   C. the impact of the civil rights movement on the economy of the United States in the 1970s
   D. the impact of the Great Depression on the rich and the poor

 

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7. (p. 30)Which of the following is an example of a period effect?
   A. the financial crisis of 2007-2008
   B. the change in the attitude of the millennials about the baby boomers
   C. the changes in the physical appearance of an individual over a period of time
   D. the disappearance of the Malaysian Flight 370

 

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8. (p. 31)The best research design to distinguish among age, period, and cohort effects is:
   A. cross-sectional.
   B. longitudinal.
   C. secondary data.
   D. participant observation.

 

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9. (p. 30)The finding that older people are more politically conservative than younger people is an example of:
   A. aging effect.
   B. cohort effect.
   C. period effect.
   D. subculture effect.

 

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10. (p. 30)According to research, support for gay marriage was lowest among:
    A. the Millennials.
    B. the Silent Generation.
    C. the Echo Boomers.
    D. the Swing Generation.

 

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11. (p. 31)The longitudinal research design that focuses on the role that social support and personal relationships play in healthy aging is _____.
    A. the Health and Retirement Survey
    B. the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
    C. the National Social Life, Health and Aging Project
    D. the Asset and Health Dynamics among the oldest-old

 

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12. (p. 32)Which of the following is not a technique used in qualitative research?
    A. interviewing individuals using a survey instrument
    B. participant observation
    C. open-ended interviews
    D. observing people in a natural setting

 

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13. (p. 32)All of the following are characteristics of longitudinal research designs except:
    A. they follow a particular group of people over time.
    B. they provide data about differences between age cohorts.
    C. they are costly.
    D. they are factual because all of the same subjects remain in the study.

 

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14. (p. 34)The term “age timetables” refers to:
    A. the number of years spent in each phase of the life cycle.
    B. appropriate ages for making various life course transitions.
    C. the expected timing or deadline for life events.
    D. timetables that order life events.

 

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15. (p. 32)Which of the following is NOT an example of life course transition in the family sphere?
    A. parenthood
    B. grandparenthood
    C. entering full-time employment
    D. marriage

 

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16. (p. 32)An advantage of longitudinal research studies is that they:
    A. follow different groups of people at different points in time.
    B. do not distinguish age effects from cohort effects.
    C. provide data about differences between age cohorts.
    D. do not require any investment as they monitor subjects at only one point in time.

 

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17. (p. 32)A disadvantage of longitudinal research studies is that they:
    A. fail to include children and teens in their research.
    B. fail to distinguish age effects from cohort effects.
    C. have a tendency to be biased as some people drop out over a period of time.
    D. can only include people of different age cohorts at a single point in time.

 

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18. (p. 33)The _____ clock orders major life events.
    A. biological
    B. social
    C. time
    D. age

 

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19. (p. 34)One of the reasons for the “crowded nest” phenomenon is:
    A. low wage for young workers.
    B. young adults these days are much less independent from their parents than in the past.
    C. unavailability of other housing alternatives.
    D. parents prefer to have their adult children living with them.

 

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20. (p. 35)The _____ refers to middle-aged people who have both dependent children and aging parents.
    A. crowded nest
    B. social clock
    C. swing generation
    D. sandwich generation

 

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21. (p. 35)Social scientists have found that there is a sequencing in the order of later life moves. The second move is most likely to occur when:
    A. older adults are seeking a comfortable lifestyle.
    B. older adults encounter physical incapacity.
    C. older adults develop chronic disabilities, a serious illness, or become widowed.
    D. older adults have remarried.

 

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22. (p. 38)For nineteenth-century women, _____ percent of their married lives were spent in childrearing.
    A. 60
    B. 20
    C. 90
    D. 50

 

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23. (p. 40)One theory which seeks to explain why inequality increases with age is the:
    A. age stratification theory.
    B. age inequality theory.
    C. theory of cumulative disadvantage.
    D. demographic transition theory.

 

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24. (p. 40)Which of the following statements is true of the theory of cumulative disadvantage?
    A. It states that the past history of an individual has little relationship with the future behaviors of the individual.
    B. It indicates that inequality among people 65 or older is the lowest of all age groups.
    C. It highlights the influences of earlier life experiences on the quality of life in old age.
    D. It proposes that the advantage of one group over another group remains constant at any period of time.

 

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25. (p. 40)The government has the greatest impact on:
    A. adolescence and young adulthood.
    B. children and older adults.
    C. adolescence and old age.
    D. children and adolescence.

 

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26. (p. 41)Why do most people think of “old age” as starting at 65?
    A. That’s the age that most people retire these days.
    B. That’s traditionally the age at which most health problems begin.
    C. That’s the average age at which people become grandparents.
    D. Prior to the year 2000, that was the age at which retired workers could begin receiving Social Security benefits.

 

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27. (p. 42)Which of the following was not part of the experience of the sent-down youth in China?
    A. Many were allowed to visit their families for only a few weeks every three years.
    B. Marriage and childbearing were significantly delayed.
    C. Most started out on the upper end of the occupational ladder.
    D. They were more likely to go to college and eventually had higher incomes.

 

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True / False Questions

28. (p. 28)The life course of individuals is shaped entirely by the individual.
    FALSE

 

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29. (p. 28)An example of a countertransition is achieving a bachelor’s degree at age 18.
    FALSE

 

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30. (p. 29)Age grades use age as a social category to group people by religious and sexual orientation.
    FALSE

 

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31. (p. 29)The basic assumption in measuring age effects is that changes due to aging reflect biological and physiological developments that are independent of specific times, places, or events.
    TRUE

 

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32. (p. 29)The best example of an aging effect is the civil rights movement of the 1960s.
    FALSE

 

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33. (p. 30)A cross-sectional research design consists of asking people in several age groups the same information.
    TRUE

 

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34. (p. 31)A major advantage of the longitudinal research design is that it compares subjects from different cohorts.
    FALSE

 

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35. (p. 31)The Health and Retirement Survey is an example of a cross-sectional research study reported to the government panels making policy decisions about families.
    FALSE

 

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36. (p. 32)A major disadvantage of the longitudinal research design is the cost.
    TRUE

 

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37. (p. 34)One distinctive change in the duration of a life course phase is the extension of adolescence.
    TRUE

 

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38. (p. 35)The period of old age is also another change in the duration of the life course. It may last as long as 45 to 55 years.
    FALSE

 

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39. (p. 35)If there are disorders in the sequencing of life events, there may be negative consequences for later life transitions.
    TRUE

 

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40. (p. 37)A number of studies have found that children who are overweight are much more likely than slim children to be obese as adults.
    TRUE

 

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41. (p. 39)Until recently, middle age was distinct from the rest of adult life.
    FALSE

 

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42. (p. 39)By the 1970s, the average couple had their first child by their late 30s and had a total of four children spaced two years apart.
    FALSE

 

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Chapter 04

Demography of Aging

 

 

Multiple Choice Questions

1. (p. 71)Which of the following statements is true about the echo boomers?
   A. They are the children of the millennials.
   B. They are more racially and ethnically diverse than the baby boomers.
   C. They are primarily Hispanic and African American.
   D. They are currently in their early twenties and likely to live beyond 85.

 

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2. (p. 71)_____ is the study of population processes—fertility, mortality, and migration.
   A. Social gerontology
   B. Age stratification
   C. Demography
   D. Life course

 

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3. (p. 72)The central clearinghouse for all national population data in the United States is the:
   A. Center for Disease Control.
   B. Center for Economic Analyses.
   C. National Center on Statistics.
   D. Bureau of the Census.

 

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4. (p. 72)One of the most difficult measures on which to obtain precise data is:
   A. income.
   B. resident.
   C. age.
   D. family size.

 

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5. (p. 73)_____ is the greatest number of years any member of a species has been known to survive.
   A. Life expectancy
   B. Sex ratio
   C. Life span
   D. Cohort

 

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6. (p. 73)Identify an accurate statement about the ratio of males and females in the world.
   A. For every 106 female babies that are born, there are only 100 males.
   B. Elderly women greatly outnumber elderly men in most nations.
   C. The sex ratio declines progressively over the life course for females.
   D. The ratio of males and females remains unaffected by the differences in the survival rates of males and females.

 

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7. (p. 74)All of the following are ways in which the population age structure changes except:
   A. fertility rate.
   B. mortality rate.
   C. sex ratio.
   D. migration.

 

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8. (p. 73)In developed countries, women can expect to live _____ years longer than men.
   A. six to eight
   B. nine to twelve
   C. fifteen to seventeen
   D. ten to twenty

 

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9. (p. 74)Which of the following typically exerts the least influence on age structure?
   A. mortality rates
   B. incidence of deaths
   C. migration
   D. incidence of births

 

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10. (p. 74)A _____ displays the age structure of a population.
    A. cohort
    B. sex ratio
    C. population pyramid
    D. life span

 

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11. (p. 75)In all developed nations, which of the following is a characteristic of the first stage of the demographic transition?
    A. The birth rates and death rates are low.
    B. Women marry young and have many children.
    C. All people survive to old age.
    D. Many people easily attain adulthood.

 

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12. (p. 74)An example of a middle-aged nation in regard to the population pyramid is:
    A. Africa.
    B. Japan.
    C. Canada
    D. South Korea.

 

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13. (p. 76)Average life expectancy in Africa in the year 2000 was only 46, due to large part to deaths from:
    A. pneumonia.
    B. HIV/AIDS.
    C. avian flu.
    D. polio.

 

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14. (p. 76)Identify an accurate statement about the international variations in population aging.
    A. The oldest nations are in Asia.
    B. The youngest countries are in Latin America and Africa.
    C. In low-mortality countries, it is now rare for people to reach 85 and beyond.
    D. In every country, men have greater life expectancy than women.

 

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15. (p. 79)The fastest growing segment of the population is:
    A. young old (65-74 years).
    B. middle old (75-84 years).
    C. oldest old (85 and over).
    D. teenagers (13-18 years).

 

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16. (p. 78)_____ is another way to measure population aging.
    A. Aging index
    B. Population pyramid
    C. Dependency ratio
    D. Sex ratio

 

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17. (p. 78)Which of the following statements is true about the changing age structure in the United States?
    A. The percentage of population 65 and over decreased drastically between 2000 and 2011.
    B. The rate of growth for the population who are 65 and beyond is most likely to decline during the twenty-first century.
    C. The population of people 85 and older is expected to triple by 2040.
    D. The population of older people was more in the 1940s than in the 2000s.

 

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18. (p. 80)All of the following were factors that contributed to the decline in the fertility rate of women between 1971 and 1980 except:
    A. the birth control pill.
    B. the increase in labor force participation.
    C. the increase in educational opportunities for women.
    D. the environmental movement.

 

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19. (p. 80)There are almost as many echo boomers as baby boomers because of:
    A. the increase in fertility of women during the 1980s.
    B. the decline in female labor force participation.
    C. the number of baby boomers who had children.
    D. the decrease in the use of birth control in the 1980s.

 

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20. (p. 82)The leading cause of death in the United States for the 65 and older population is:
    A. cancer.
    B. heart disease.
    C. stroke.
    D. influenza and pneumonia.

 

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21. (p. 82)Over the last 15 years, the racial differences in mortality rates (higher mortality rates for African Americans) has:
    A. declined for men but not women.
    B. declined for both men and women.
    C. increased significantly.
    D. stayed the same.

 

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22. (p. 84)All of the following are characteristics of SES except:
    A. people with higher income are more likely than the poor to have health insurance and good health care.
    B. people with higher income live in less polluted areas and have better access to public services.
    C. middle-income people are less likely than the poor to exercise regularly and to control their weight.
    D. middle-income people are more likely to eat breakfast and less likely to smoke and drink excessively.

 

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23. (p. 84)_____ refers to the mortality rates of African Americans that fall below that of Caucasians.
    A. Ethnic crossover
    B. Race crossover
    C. Age crossover
    D. Race advantage

 

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24. (p. 84)A fact related to aging among black adults is that:
    A. the mortality rate for African Americans after the age of 85 remains above that of whites.
    B. older black adults have lower mortality risk than whites in advanced old age.
    C. the life expectancy of black men was higher than that of white men in the 2000s.
    D. the life expectancy of black women was higher than that of white women in the 1950s.

 

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25. (p. 84)In the context of immigration, the largest foreign-born population in the United States predominantly has its origins in:
    A. Europe.
    B. Africa.
    C. Oceana.
    D. Latin America.

 

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26. (p. 85)Immigration and higher birth rates will make the U.S. population more racially and ethnically diverse in the twenty-first century. It is projected that by 2050 the non-Hispanic white population will decline from 87 percent of people 65 and older to only:
    A. 15 percent.
    B. 30 percent.
    C. 50 percent.
    D. 78 percent.

 

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27. (p. 85)The elderly dependency ratio is expected to be fewer than _____ workers for each person over 65 in 2030.
    A. two
    B. three
    C. four
    D. five

 

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28. (p. 86)All of the following are the consequences of an aging population except:
    A. an aging population will increase the burden on the younger population in health care costs and income support.
    B. older people will no longer pay taxes.
    C. there will be fewer workers to pay social security taxes.
    D. there will be demands for health care and housing that cater to older adults’ special needs.

 

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29. (p. 88)An increase in female life expectancy has numerous consequences. All of the following are consequences except that:
    A. the majority of older women are single.
    B. the majority of older women are married.
    C. women without caretakers are likely to be institutionalized.
    D. older women without spouses have higher poverty rates.

 

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30. (p. 90)One of the most pressing issues of the quality of life in the twenty-first century is:
    A. income.
    B. social support.
    C. health care.
    D. housing.

 

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True / False Questions

31. (p. 71)The baby boomers were born to the generation of echo boomers.
    FALSE

 

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32. (p. 71)The subject matter of demography excludes fertility, mortality, and migration.
    FALSE

 

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33. (p. 72)The Census Bureau makes a national count of the population every ten years.
    TRUE

 

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34. (p. 73)Life expectancy in most nations is higher for males than for females.
    FALSE

 

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35. (p. 73)Sex ratio is the number of males to every 100 females.
    TRUE

 

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36. (p. 73)A population pyramid displays the age structure of a population.
    TRUE

 

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37. (p. 75)During stage one of the demographic transition, a population pyramid forms a perfect triangle.
    TRUE

 

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38. (p. 75)A population becomes “old” when mortality is reduced at all ages, especially among the elderly.
    TRUE

 

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39. (p. 76)The second stage of the demographic transition is characterized by increasing death rates and population decline.
    FALSE

 

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40. The youngest nations are in Western Europe and North America.
    FALSE

 

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41. (p. 78)The combined ratio of children and older people to workers is called the total dependency ratio.
    TRUE

 

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42. (p. 79)The baby boom was caused by a change in life span.
    FALSE

 

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43. (p. 83)The greatest declines in mortality occurred during the 1940s and the 1970s.
    TRUE

 

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44. (p. 85)Race crossover is an intriguing concept that is fully understood by demographers.
    FALSE

 

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45. (p. 86)According to estimates by the U.S. Census, about 20 percent of the total growth of the elderly population in the U.S. from 1992 to 2000 was due to international migration.
    FALSE

 

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46. (p. 87)The decline in the sex ratio among people 85 and older is due to an increase in female life expectancy.
    TRUE

 

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47. (p. 85)Older people are more willing to migrate than younger people because they have weaker ties.
    TRUE

 

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48. (p. 87)An older age structure means less need to care for the frail elderly.
    FALSE

 

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49. (p. 87)A younger age structure can lead to a strain on the education system.
    TRUE

 

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Essay Questions

50. Which cohort do you belong to? What are the defining characteristics of your cohort?

Answers will vary.

 

51. What can men do to improve their life expectancy?

Answers will vary.