Biological Anthropology Concepts and Connections 3rd Edition By Agustin Fuentes – Test Bank

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Biological Anthropology Concepts and Connections 3rd Edition By Agustin Fuentes – Test Bank

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Biological Anthropology: Concepts and Connections, 3e (Fuentes)

Chapter 2   Basics of Human Biology

 

1) Which of the following is NOT one of the taxonomic classification categories for animals?

1. A) organism
2. B) phylum
3. C) kingdom
4. D) species

 

Answer:  A

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2) When we look at an organism’s evolutionary relationships, we are examining its:

1. A) systology.
2. B) biology.
3. C) morphology.
4. D) phylogeny.

 

Answer:  D

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3) When we look at an organism’s inner and outer form and structure, we are examining its:

1. A) systology.
2. B) biology.
3. C) morphology.
4. D) phylogeny.

 

Answer:  C

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4) The most common system for classifying organisms in use today is the:

1. A) Linnaean classification method.
2. B) linear classification method.
3. C) phylogenic classification method.
4. D) taxonomic classification method.

 

Answer:  A

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5) Characteristics that are unique to a species are called:

1. A) ancestral traits.
2. B) derived traits.
3. C) shared derived traits.
4. D) mature traits.

 

Answer:  B

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6) Traits or structures shared by all or most species in a group are called:

1. A) ancestral traits.
2. B) derived traits.
3. C) shared derived traits.
4. D) mature traits.

 

Answer:  A

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7) Features that are common to some species but not others are called ________ traits.

1. A) ancestral
2. B) derived
3. C) shared derived
4. D) mature

 

Answer:  C

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8) An animal’s ________ consists of its observable and measurable traits.

1. A) mesotype
2. B) phylotype
3. C) prototype
4. D) phenotype

 

Answer:  D

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9) The surface of the human body is covered by:

1. A) connective tissue.
2. B) epithelial tissue.
3. C) muscle tissue.
4. D) nerve tissue.

 

Answer:  B

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10) Much of the internal cohesion of the human body is created by:

1. A) connective tissues.
2. B) epithelial tissues.
3. C) nerve tissues.
4. D) muscle tissues.

 

Answer:  A

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11) Cartilage, blood, and bone are:

1. A) connective tissues.
2. B) epithelial tissues.
3. C) muscle tissues.
4. D) nerve tissues.

 

Answer:  A

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12) Which of the following is NOT a type of muscle?

1. A) smooth
2. B) skeletal
3. C) epithelial
4. D) cardiac

 

Answer:  C

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13) Which of the following is NOT one of the main regions of the human skeleton?

1. A) the skull
2. B) the vertebral column (backbone)
3. C) the torso
4. D) the lower appendages

 

Answer:  B

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14) The major regions of the skull include:

1. A) the occiput, the cranium, the opticular grid, and the jaw.
2. B) the opticular grid, the cranium, the upper jaw, and the lower jaw.
3. C) the occiput, the cranium, and the mandible.
4. D) the cranium and the mandible.

 

Answer:  D

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15) The ________ make(s) up the upper jaw and central face.

1. A) foramen magnum
2. B) temporal bones
3. C) parietal bones
4. D) maxillae

 

Answer:  D

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16) The opening on the bottom of the skull is called:

1. A) the foramen magnum.
2. B) the temporal bone.
3. C) the parietal bone.
4. D) the maxilla.

 

Answer:  A

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17) Two ________ make up the sides of the head around the ears.

1. A) foramen magnum
2. B) temporal bones
3. C) parietal bones
4. D) maxillae

 

Answer:  B

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18) Two ________ create the sides and top of the cranium.

1. A) foramen magnum
2. B) temporal bones
3. C) parietal bones
4. D) maxillae

 

Answer:  C

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19) Blood consists of:

1. A) plasma, red blood cells (leukocytes), white blood cells (erythrocytes), and platelets.
2. B) plasma, red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets.
3. C) plasma, red blood cells (leukocytes), white blood cells (erythrocytes), platelets, and enzymes.
4. D) plasma, red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), platelets, and enzymes.

 

Answer:  B

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20) Identify a hormone that regulates the development and function of the male reproductive tract as well as the female reproductive function.

1. A) parathyroid hormone
2. B) luteinizing hormone
3. C) somatostatin
4. D) secretin

 

Answer:  B

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21) Chyme is:

1. A) the hormone that allows water absorption.
2. B) the clotting agent in blood platelets.
3. C) the membrane lining the fallopian tubes.
4. D) the mixture of gastric juices and partially digested food.

 

Answer:  D

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22) Ovaries are important because:

1. A) they connect the testes to the seminal vesicles.
2. B) they produce sperm.
3. C) they store egg cells.
4. D) they produce a high-fat nutrient for the offspring.

 

Answer:  C

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23) The testes are important because:

1. A) they help clot the blood when blood vessels rupture.
2. B) they produce sperm.
3. C) they produce milk.
4. D) they filter out waste materials from the body.

 

Answer:  B

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24) The somatic part of the peripheral nervous system:

1. A) produces the sensory and motor neurons.
2. B) regulates the flow of sensory and motor neurons.
3. C) includes the neurons that work without direct conscious control.
4. D) includes the neurons that react to conscious control.

 

Answer:  D

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25) The back and the base of the skull are created by the ________ bone.

1. A) temporal
2. B) parietal
3. C) frontal
4. D) occipital

 

Answer:  D

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26) Identify the tissue that makes up the main portions of the human brain.

1. A) connective tissue
2. B) nerve tissue
3. C) muscle tissue
4. D) epithelial tissue

 

Answer:  B

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27) The shoulder girdle consists of all of the following bones EXCEPT:

1. A) the clavicle.
2. B) the hyoid.
3. C) the scapula.
4. D) the collar bone.

 

Answer:  B

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28) Hormones can be divided into which of the following two general categories?

1. A) steroid hormones and estrogen-derived hormones
2. B) steroid hormones and amino acid-derived hormones
3. C) amino acid-derived hormones and testosterone-derived hormones
4. D) testosterone-derived hormones and estrogen-derived hormones

 

Answer:  B

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29) A mixture of gastric juices and partially digested food is called:

1. A) condyle.
2. B) chyme.
3. C) sesamoid.
4. D) alveolus.

 

Answer:  B

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30) Along with the cervical vertebrae, the other bone in the neck is called the:

1. A) ischium.
2. B) acetabulum.
3. C) scapula.
4. D) hyoid.

 

Answer:  D

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31) Which of the following does NOT occur in the large intestine?

1. A) fluid absorption
2. B) mineral and vitamin absorption
3. C) the storage of nondigestible material
4. D) digestion

 

Answer:  D

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32) Each os coxae consists of all of the following bones EXCEPT the:

1. A) ischium.
2. B) pubis.
3. C) acetabulum.
4. D) ilium.

 

Answer:  C

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33) Identify the bone that bears the majority of the weight in the lower leg.

1. A) the fibula
2. B) the femur
3. C) the ulna
4. D) the tibia

 

Answer:  D

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34) Which of the following bones has been implicated in the human ability to produce the complex sounds required for language?

1. A) the hyoid bone
2. B) the breastbone
3. C) the scapula
4. D) the clavicle

 

Answer:  A

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35) The thorax is composed of all of the following EXCEPT:

1. A) the breastbone.
2. B) a clavicle.
3. C) a sternum.
4. D) ribs.

 

Answer:  B

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36) Which of the following is NOT related to the male reproductive system?

1. A) the prostate gland
2. B) the Cowper’s gland
3. C) follicle-stimulating hormone
4. D) progesterone

 

Answer:  D

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37) Steroid hormones are produced by all of the following EXCEPT the:

1. A) prostate glands.
2. B) adrenal glands.
3. C) testes.
4. D) ovaries.

 

Answer:  A

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38) Identify the group of bones that does NOT form the hand.

1. A) the carpals
2. B) the metacarpals
3. C) the phalanges
4. D) the metaphalanges

 

Answer:  D

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39) The human dental formula is:

1223. A) 1223.
1224. B) 3123.
1225. C) 2123.
1226. D) 2132.

 

Answer:  C

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40) The large round hollow that makes up the socket of the hip joint is called the:

1. A) ischium.
2. B) acetabulum.
3. C) scapula.
4. D) hyoid.

 

Answer:  B

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41) Which of the following filters out waste?

1. A) the kidneys
2. B) leukocytes
3. C) the liver
4. D) platelets

 

Answer:  A

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42) Which of the following is NOT one of the main functions of the circulatory system?

1. A) transportation
2. B) regulation
3. C) retention
4. D) protection

 

Answer:  C

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43) A structural classification system of all living forms on earth is called:

1. A) taxonomy.
2. B) morphology.
3. C) physiology.
4. D) phylogeny.

 

Answer:  A

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44) The only major bone in the human body that does not attach directly to another bone is the:

1. A) clavicle.
2. B) hyoid.
3. C) scapula.
4. D) collar bone.

 

Answer:  B

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45) ________ are small structures where gas exchange occurs.

1. A) Condyles
2. B) Sesamoids
3. C) Neurons
4. D) Alveoli

 

Answer:  D

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46) Write down the taxonomic classification of humans. Also, name one characteristic of each classification level that describes why humans are so categorized. For example, because humans are mobile, multicellular organisms composed of tissues that derive energy from the consumption of other organisms, they are classified as part of the kingdom Animalia.

 

Answer:  Answer may vary.

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47) Explain how evolutionary relationships among organisms are determined. In your answer, be sure to use and define terms such as morphology; phylogeny; and shared, ancestral, and derived traits.

 

Answer:  Answer may vary.

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48) Name the two major regions of the skull, and describe at least three characteristics of each region. In your characterization of the two major parts of the skull, be sure to name at least three of the bones and/or structures of the regions.

 

Answer:  Answer may vary.

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49) Reproduction is a critical element in the process of evolutionary change. Name two external and two internal structures of the female reproductive system and two external and two internal structures of the male reproductive system. Describe the roles of these eight structures in reproduction.

 

Answer:  Answer may vary.

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50) Name three basic physiological systems in the human body. Describe the functions and two structures of each of these three systems.

 

Answer:  Answer may vary.

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Biological Anthropology: Concepts and Connections, 3e (Fuentes)

Chapter 4   Contemporary Evolutionary Theory

 

1) Changes to the nucleotide sequence in the DNA are called:

1. A) variations.
2. B) mutations.
3. C) deviations.
4. D) derivations.

 

Answer:  B

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2) ________ occurs when individuals seek out mates within the same population but in a different group or subpopulation.

1. A) Inbreeding
2. B) Outbreeding
3. C) Assortative mating
4. D) Genetic drift

 

Answer:  B

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3) Specific traits that assist a phenotype in doing better in a given environment are called:

1. A) exaptations.
2. B) adaptations.
3. C) phenotypic variations.
4. D) fitness traits.

 

Answer:  B

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4) ________ selection is bimodal; that is, it favors more than one form of the trait’s variation, usually those at opposite ends of the spectrum.

1. A) Directional
2. B) Natural
3. C) Stabilizing
4. D) Disruptive

 

Answer:  D

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5) Novel genetic complexes arise only via:

1. A) variation.
2. B) mutation.
3. C) deviation.
4. D) derivation.

 

Answer:  B

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6) The processes of evolution are:

1. A) stabilizing selection, directional selection, and disruptive selection.
2. B) mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection.
3. C) genetic variation, phenotypic variation, adaptation, and exaptation.
4. D) natural selection, directional selection, and stabilizing selection.

 

Answer:  B

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7) “Success” in an evolutionary sense means:

1. A) being able to mate successfully with multiple individuals.
2. B) leaving more successful offspring, on average, per generation.
3. C) being successful in arranging for food and shelter.
4. D) adapting successfully to environmental changes.

 

Answer:  B

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8) Identify a characteristic of natural selection.

1. A) It is a life-or-death battle between individuals in a population.
2. B) It is the result of phenotype-environment interactions.
3. C) It is a short series of interactions.
4. D) It is capable of introducing new variations.

 

Answer:  B

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9) ________ selection favors one of the extreme ends of a trait’s variation.

1. A) Directional
2. B) Natural
3. C) Stabilizing
4. D) Disruptive

 

Answer:  A

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10) Morphological, temporal, geographic, and inferred ecological similarities are used when attempting to:

1. A) classify biological species.
2. B) measure genetic variations among generations.
3. C) decide whether two living organisms belong to the same or different species.
4. D) decide whether two paleospecies’ fossils belong to the same or different species.

 

Answer:  D

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11) ________ is seen when species share phenotypic characteristics due to recent common ancestry.

1. A) Convergent evolution
2. B) Parallel evolution
3. C) Divergent evolution
4. D) Natural evolution

 

Answer:  B

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12) ________ occurs when a random event alters the allele frequencies in a population such that subsequent generations have allele frequencies different from their parental generations.

1. A) Inbreeding
2. B) Outbreeding
3. C) Assortative mating
4. D) Genetic drift

 

Answer:  D

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13) The distinctness of a subspecies:

1. A) is not biological.
2. B) can be measured by clear genetic differences.
3. C) is because of feeding on different resources over an extended period of time.
4. D) is because of mating with different individuals over an extended period of time.

 

Answer:  B

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14) Convergent evolution occurs when similarities in traits are because of:

1. A) a close common ancestry.
2. B) similar genotypic characteristics.
3. C) similar adaptations.
4. D) a close evolutionary relationship.

 

Answer:  C

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15) ________ consists of small changes over dramatically long periods of time, slowly adding up to significant change and, potentially, speciation.

1. A) Punctuated equilibrium
2. B) Speciation
3. C) Allopatric speciation
4. D) Phyletic gradualism

 

Answer:  D

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16) In the context of evolution, a feature of stabilizing selection is that:

1. A) it favors one of the extreme ends of a trait’s variation.
2. B) it favors more than one form of a trait’s variation.
3. C) it reduces variation in a trait over time.
4. D) it promotes variation at opposite ends of a spectrum.

 

Answer:  C

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17) ________ selection favors the variation on a trait that occurs in the middle of the distribution.

1. A) Directional
2. B) Natural
3. C) Stabilizing
4. D) Disruptive

 

Answer:  C

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18) Paleospecies are:

1. A) subunits of a species.
2. B) irregular subpopulations.
3. C) species that are now extinct.
4. D) species that share a distinct evolutionary trajectory.

 

Answer:  C

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19) ________ is seen when two distantly related forms exhibit similar phenotypes.

1. A) Convergent evolution
2. B) Parallel evolution
3. C) Divergent evolution
4. D) Natural evolution

 

Answer:  A

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20) ________ occurs when individuals seek mates with traits similar to their own or different from their own.

1. A) Inbreeding
2. B) Outbreeding
3. C) Assortative mating
4. D) Genetic drift

 

Answer:  C

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21) ________ involves a separation and isolation of populations of the parent species.

1. A) Punctuated equilibrium
2. B) Speciation
3. C) Allopatric speciation
4. D) Phyletic gradualism

 

Answer:  C

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22) Rapid biological changes in organisms followed by long, relatively static periods during which little biological change occurs is known as:

1. A) punctuated equilibrium.
2. B) speciation.
3. C) allopatric speciation.
4. D) phyletic gradualism.

 

Answer:  A

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23) The process by which organisms simultaneously shape and are shaped by their ecologies is known as:

1. A) natural selection.
2. B) convergent evolution.
3. C) parallel evolution.
4. D) niche construction.

 

Answer:  D

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24) If we measure frequencies of alleles and find that they have changed, then we would do all of the following EXCEPT:

1. A) attempt to determine the affecting process.
2. B) check for mutations.
3. C) extrapolate derivations.
4. D) see if gene flow occurred.

 

Answer:  C

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25) ________ occurs when individuals within a small subunit of a population mate more with each other than with individuals from any other subunit.

1. A) Inbreeding
2. B) Outbreeding
3. C) Assortative mating
4. D) Genetic drift

 

Answer:  A

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26) Which of the following is true of the epigenetic system?

1. A) It is the system of learning by which behavior passes from generation to generation.
2. B) It is a system whereby knowledge is passed down based on symbol and language.
3. C) It helps the information in the DNA actually get expressed.
4. D) It impacts genes rather than the whole body.

 

Answer:  C

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27) Which of the following statements is true?

1. A) Biological communities that have less diversity are resilient enough to sustain environmental challenges without disappearing.
2. B) Biological communities that maintain diversity are less resilient in sustaining environmental challenges without disappearing.
3. C) Biological communities that maintain diversity are resilient enough to sustain environmental challenges without disappearing.
4. D) Biological communities that maintain diversity are resilient enough to sustain environmental challenges but still disappear.

 

Answer:  C

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28) Which of the following is NOT part of the set of basic requirements that are necessary if natural selection is to effect evolutionary change in a population?

1. A) differential reproductive success
2. B) genetic shift
3. C) phenotypic variations
4. D) heritable traits

 

Answer:  B

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29) Gene flow is:

1. A) the process by which allele frequencies are changed, largely through migration and nonrandom mating.
2. B) the process by which allele frequencies remain the same, largely through migration and nonrandom mating.
3. C) the process by which allele frequencies are changed, largely through natural selection.
4. D) the process by which allele frequencies remain the same, flowing back and forth between populations.

 

Answer:  A

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30) An evolutionary process in which a small group of individuals account for all of the genetic variation in a large population is called a(n):

1. A) originator effect.
2. B) chance effect.
3. C) founder effect.
4. D) random effect.

 

Answer:  C

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31) The expanded description of evolution put forward by scientists since Darwin’s and Wallace’s research is referred to as:

1. A) the new evolutionary theory.
2. B) new synthesis.
3. C) the punctuated equilibrium theory.
4. D) fitness fusion.

 

Answer:  B

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32) A trait that is currently serving a function other than that for which it originally arose is called a(n):

1. A) exaptation.
2. B) adaptation.
3. C) phenotypic variation.
4. D) fitness trait.

 

Answer:  A

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33) Developmental Systems Theory (DST) views evolutionary change as all of the following EXCEPT:

1. A) genotype change occurring through phenotype-environment interaction.
2. B) more than genotype change occurring through phenotype-environment interaction.
3. C) a complex organism-environment system.
4. D) a system in which organisms can influence their ecologies and thus the selection pressures on themselves.

 

Answer:  A

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34) A true statement about the behavioral inheritance system is that:

1. A) it includes all the biological factors in the body that work in combination with the genes and their protein product.
2. B) it helps the information in the genes actually get expressed.
3. C) it refers to the types of mannerisms that adults pass on to young members of their group through their learning.
4. D) it impacts genes as well as the whole body.

 

Answer:  C

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35) The movement of alleles in and out of populations is called:

1. A) migration.
2. B) assortative mating.
3. C) genetic shift.
4. D) genetic drift.

 

Answer:  A

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36) Which of the following is NOT part of the definition of the biological species concept used in this text?

1. A) a group of interbreeding natural populations
2. B) a group that is reproductively isolated from other such groups
3. C) a group that is reproductively isolated from other groups but can interbreed
4. D) a set of populations that can mate with one another

 

Answer:  C

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37) Which of the following interacts directly with the environment?

1. A) genotypes
2. B) phenotypes
3. C) DNA
4. D) alleles

 

Answer:  B

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38) The process by which an organism undergoes genetic change in response to environmental pressures is called:

1. A) exaptation.
2. B) adaptation.
3. C) speciation.
4. D) transcription.

 

Answer:  B

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39) A population can be defined as:

1. A) a cluster of individuals of the same species who share a common geographical area and find their mates more often in their own cluster than in others.
2. B) a cluster of individuals of similar species who share a common geographical area and find their mates more often in their own cluster than in others.
3. C) a cluster of individuals of the same species who live in different geographical areas and find their mates more often in their own cluster than in others.
4. D) a cluster of individuals of the same species who share a common geographical area and find their mates more often outside their own cluster than in their own.

 

Answer:  A

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40) A subspecies is:

1. A) a population within a species that is not biologically distinct from other populations of that species and engages in little or no gene flow with other populations.
2. B) a population within a species that is somehow biologically distinct from other populations of that species and engages in little or no gene flow with other populations.
3. C) a population within a species that is somehow biologically distinct from other species and engages in little or no gene flow with other populations.
4. D) a population within a species that is somehow biologically distinct from other populations of that species and engages in gene flow with other populations.

 

Answer:  B

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41) A bottleneck is when:

1. A) there is a dramatic reduction in population numbers, followed by a further decrease in population such that the resulting small population has only the limited variation from the original population that made it through the bottleneck.
2. B) there is a dramatic reduction in population numbers, followed by an increase in population such that the resulting large population has only the limited variation from the founding population that made it through the bottleneck.
3. C) there is a dramatic increase in population numbers, followed by a further increase in population such that the resulting large population varies from the original population that made it through the bottleneck.
4. D) there is a dramatic increase in population numbers, followed by a decrease in population such that the resulting population has only the limited variation from the original population that made it through the bottleneck.

 

Answer:  B

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42) The passing down of knowledge based on signs or marks and language is called:

1. A) independent assortment.
2. B) symbolic inheritance.
3. C) foraging.
4. D) crossing over.

 

Answer:  B

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43) Diversity in organisms occurs because of all of the following EXCEPT:

1. A) the complexity of environments.
2. B) environments changing over time.
3. C) organismal change in response to mutation.
4. D) organismal change in response to genetic shifts.

 

Answer:  D

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44) Which of the following statements is false?

1. A) All characteristics of an organism are adaptations.
2. B) Traits may arise by default because of structural or physical processes.
3. C) Some traits have lost any current function.
4. D) Some traits are the result of adaptation but are currently co-opted to function in a different way.

 

Answer:  A

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45) The percentage of the individuals in a population with a given allele is known as a:

1. A) band.
2. B) phoneme.
3. C) moiety.
4. D) frequency.

 

Answer:  D

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46) Define four ways in which evolutionary change occurs in populations.

 

Answer:  Answer may vary.

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47) Define gene flow, and describe two main ways in which it occurs. Your answer should include at least four definitions.

 

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48) Using Mendel’s pea plants as an example, describe three ways in which natural selection affects the distribution of traits.

 

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49) What is the pace of evolution? Describe the two most common ideas about the pace of evolutionary change.

 

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50) Define speciation and three ways in which it occurs.

 

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