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Biological Psychology 11Edition By JAMES Kalat – Test Bank
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Chapter 2: Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses
TRUE/FALSE
- Dendrites contain the nuclei, ribosomes, mitochondria, and other structures found in most cells.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- A small gap is usually present between neurons.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- Neurons receive information and transmit it to other cells.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
MSC: www
- Axons are covered with an insulating material called a myelin sheath.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- An afferent axon brings information into a structure.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
MSC: www
- An efferent axon carries information away from a structure.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- Neurons can have any number of dendrites, but no more than one axon.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- The general rule among neurons is that the wider the branching, the fewer connections with other neurons.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- The greater the surface area of a dendrite, the more information it can receive from other neurons.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- Neurons are distinguished from other cells by their shape.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- Glial cells serve many functions.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
MSC: www
- There are more glial cells than neurons in the human brain.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- Glial cells transmit information across long distances.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 2 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- Astrocytes remove waste material created when neurons die and control the amount of blood flow to each brain area.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- Oligodendrocytes in the periphery are specialized types of glia.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
MSC: www
- Schwann cells build the myelin sheaths in the periphery of the body.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 2 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- Most chemicals can easily cross the cell membrane of a neuron.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- The blood-brain barrier is made up of closely packed glial cells.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Blood-Brain Barrier
OBJ: 3 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- One disadvantage of the blood-brain barrier is that it keeps out most forms of nutrition.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Blood-Brain Barrier
OBJ: 3 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
MSC: www
- The primary source of energy used by the brain is fat.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Nourishment in Vertebrate Neurons OBJ: 3 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- At rest, the inside of a neuron’s membrane is more negative than the outside.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Resting Potential of the Neuron OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.2 The Nerve Impulse MSC: www
- The difference in voltage in a resting neuron is called the resting potential.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Resting Potential of the Neuron OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.2 The Nerve Impulse
- Increasing the electrical gradient for potassium would reduce the tendency for potassium ions to exit the neuron.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: The Resting Potential of the Neuron OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.2 The Nerve Impulse MSC: www
- The sodium-potassium pump is what normally brings the membrane back to its original state of polarization after the peak of the action potential.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Resting Potential of the Neuron OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.2 The Nerve Impulse MSC: www
- If a drug was given that temporarily inactivated the sodium-potassium pumps, action potentials would cease immediately.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: The Resting Potential of the Neuron OBJ: 2 TOP: 2.2 The Nerve Impulse
- A prolonged increase in the permeability of the membrane to sodium ions would interfere with a neuron’s ability to have an action potential.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: The Resting Potential of the Neuron OBJ: 2 TOP: 2.2 The Nerve Impulse
- Additional stimulation beyond the threshold of excitation will result in a greater depolarization of the membrane during an action potential.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Action Potential
OBJ: 3 TOP: 2.2 The Nerve Impulse MSC: www
- Dendrites and cell bodies are capable of producing action potentials.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Action Potential
OBJ: 3 TOP: 2.2 The Nerve Impulse MSC: www
- In a myelinated axon, sodium channels are absent in the nodes of Ranvier.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Myelin Sheath and Saltatory Conduction OBJ: 4 TOP: 2.2 The Nerve Impulse
MULTIPLE CHOICE
- The two kinds of cells in the nervous system are:
| a. | neurons and glia |
| b. | dendrites and axons |
| c. | ribosomes and lysosomes |
| d. | neurons and axons |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia
OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
MSC: www
- What are the two kinds of cells in the nervous system?
| a. | neurons and glia |
| b. | dendrites and axons |
| c. | ribosomes and lysosomes |
| d. | neurons and axons |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- Santiago Ramon y Cajal demonstrated that:
| a. | at rest, the neuron has a negative charge inside its membrane. |
| b. | neurons are separate from one another. |
| c. | neurons communicate at specialized junctions called synapses. |
| d. | action potentials follow the all-or-none law. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
MSC: www
- Who was the first researcher to demonstrate that neurons are separate from one another?
| a. | Curt P. Richter |
| b. | Santiago Ramon y Cajal |
| c. | Charles S. Sherrington |
| d. | Jose Delgado |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- Prior to the work of Santiago Ramon y Cajal, what did many investigators believe?
| a. | Nerves conducted impulses at the speed of light. |
| b. | Transmission across a synapse was just as fast as transmission along an axon. |
| c. | The tip of an axon physically merged with the next neuron. |
| d. | All neurons were of similar size and shape. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- Which of the following contributed most to Cajal’s ability to find that neurons are separate from one another?
| a. | Charles Sherrington’s study of reflexes |
| b. | Camillo Golgi’s cell staining method |
| c. | Perves & Hadley’s dye injection method |
| d. | Galileo’s invention of the telescope |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- The cell membrane is composed of two layers of:
| a. | protein. |
| b. | fat. |
| c. | carbohydrate. |
| d. | plasma. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
KEY: NEW
- Neurons differ most strongly from other body cells in their:
| a. | temperature. |
| b. | shape. |
| c. | osmotic pressure. |
| d. | mitochondria. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 2 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- The ____ of neurons most strongly differentiate them from other cells in the body.
| a. | temperature. |
| b. | shape. |
| c. | osmotic pressure. |
| d. | mitochondria. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 2 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- What structure is composed of two layers of fat molecules that are free to flow around one another?
| a. | the endoplasmic reticulum |
| b. | a ribosome |
| c. | a mitochondrion |
| d. | the membrane |
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- Water, oxygen and ____ most freely flow across a cell membrane.
| a. | calcium |
| b. | positively charged ions |
| c. | magnesium |
| d. | carbon dioxide |
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Blood-Brain Barrier
OBJ: 3 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- Which chemicals flow most freely across a cell membrane?
| a. | proteins, fats, and carbohydrates |
| b. | positively charged ions |
| c. | water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide |
| d. | calcium and magnesium |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Blood-Brain Barrier
OBJ: 3 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- Chemicals than cannot flow freely across a cell membrane enter a neuron through:
| a. | a Golgi complex. |
| b. | specialized protein channels. |
| c. | the endoplasmic reticulum. |
| d. | gaps in the myelin sheath. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Blood-Brain Barrier
OBJ: 3 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- The structure that contains the chromosomes is called the:
| a. | endoplasmic reticulum. |
| b. | nucleus. |
| c. | mitochondrion. |
| d. | ribosome. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
MSC: www
- Which of the following is most likely to cross the cell membrane by simple diffusion?
| a. | large proteins |
| b. | small, charged ions |
| c. | small, uncharged molecules |
| d. | large, charged ions |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- Small, charged molecules can cross the cell membrane through:
| a. | diffusion. |
| b. | ribosomes. |
| c. | mitochondria. |
| d. | protein channels. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- Protein channels allow ____ to cross the cell membrane.
| a. | large charged molecules |
| b. | small charged molecules |
| c. | large uncharged molecules |
| d. | small uncharged molecules |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
KEY: NEW
- Where do the metabolic activities occur that provide energy for all of the other activities of the cell?
| a. | Mitochondria |
| b. | Ribosomes |
| c. | Lysosomes |
| d. | Golgi complexes |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- Ribosomes are the part of a cell that:
| a. | performs metabolic activities. |
| b. | breaks down harmful chemicals. |
| c. | transports proteins. |
| d. | synthesizes new proteins. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- The sites at which the cell synthesizes new protein molecules are called:
| a. | mitochondria. |
| b. | endoplasmic reticula. |
| c. | ribosomes. |
| d. | plasma membranes. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- The endoplasmic reticulum is a:
| a. | network of thin tubes that transport newly synthesized proteins. |
| b. | site where the cell synthesizes new protein molecules. |
| c. | structure that separates the inside of the cell from the outside. |
| d. | structure that contains the chromosomes. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- The main feature that distinguishes a neuron from other animal cells is that a neuron has:
| a. | a larger nucleus. |
| b. | a distinctive shape. |
| c. | the ability to metabolize a variety of fuels. |
| d. | a high internal concentration of sodium ions. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- One of the most distinctive features of neurons compared to other types of cells is their:
| a. | shape. |
| b. | number of mitochondria. |
| c. | lack of a cell membrane. |
| d. | size. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- What receives excitation from other neurons and conducts impulses to muscle or gland cells?
| a. | sensory neurons |
| b. | motor neurons |
| c. | dendrites |
| d. | dendritic spines |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- Dendrites ____.
| a. | contain the nucleus, ribosomes, and other structures found in most cells |
| b. | are branching fibers that get narrower near their ends |
| c. | is a thin fiber of constant diameter |
| d. | are an insulating material that cover an axon |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- The branching fibers that form the information-receiving pole of the nerve cells are called:
| a. | motor neurons. |
| b. | dendrites. |
| c. | sensory neurons. |
| d. | axons. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
MSC: www
- The surface of a dendrite is lined with specialized junctions through which the dendrite receives information from other neurons. What are these junctions called?
| a. | synaptic receptors |
| b. | axons |
| c. | synaptic hillocks |
| d. | glia |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a dendrite?
| a. | It tapers as it gets further from the cell body. |
| b. | It is in contact with the dendrites of other neurons. |
| c. | Its surface may be lined with synaptic receptors. |
| d. | It receives information from other neurons or the environment. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- The tree-like branches of a neuron that receive information from other neurons are called:
| a. | axons. |
| b. | dendrites. |
| c. | soma. |
| d. | myelin. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- Some dendrites contain additional short outgrowths. What are these outgrowths called?
| a. | hillocks |
| b. | dendritic spines |
| c. | dendritic roots |
| d. | myelin sheaths |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia
OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- Many dendrites contain short outgrowths called spines that:
| a. | increase the surface area available for synapses. |
| b. | increase the speed of transmission. |
| c. | eliminate cell waste products. |
| d. | increase the symmetry of the cell. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
KEY: NEW
- Dendrites often contain additional short outgrowths. These are believed to:
| a. | increase the surface area available for synapses. |
| b. | increase the speed of transmission. |
| c. | eliminate cell waste products. |
| d. | help the cell maintain its shape. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- A greater amount of branching on dendrites allows them to:
| a. | manufacture more mitochondria. |
| b. | have a larger surface area available for receiving information from other neurons. |
| c. | increase their membrane permeability. |
| d. | lower their resting potential. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- Incoming synapses are primarily found on:
| a. | dendrites only. |
| b. | cell bodies only. |
| c. | axons only. |
| d. | dendrites and cell bodies. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- The information sender of the neuron, which conveys an impulse toward either other neurons or a gland or muscle, is called the:
| a. | axon. |
| b. | dendrite. |
| c. | soma. |
| d. | myelin. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- Which of the following is the correct order of transmission of information within a neuron?
| a. | cell body, dendrite, axon |
| b. | dendrite, axon, cell body |
| c. | axon, cell body, dendrite |
| d. | dendrite, cell body, axon |
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
MSC: www
- Compared to dendrites, axons usually:
| a. | form the information-receiving pole of the neuron. |
| b. | are shorter than the dendrites. |
| c. | are covered with myelin. |
| d. | taper in diameter toward their periphery. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- The insulating material which covers many vertebrate axons is called the:
| a. | dendrite. |
| b. | myelin sheath. |
| c. | cell body or soma. |
| d. | presynaptic terminal. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia
OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- Myelin covers:
| a. | all axons |
| b. | most dendrites |
| c. | some axons in vertebrates and none in invertebrates |
| d. | all vertebrate axons and some invertebrate axons |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia
OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- What does myelin cover?
| a. | all axons |
| b. | most dendrites |
| c. | some axons in vertebrates and none in invertebrates |
| d. | all vertebrate axons and some invertebrate axons |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia
OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- Nodes of Ranvier are:
| a. | gaps in the myelin of axons. |
| b. | the same as the myelin sheath. |
| c. | the spiny outgrowths on dendrites. |
| d. | responsible for cell metabolism. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
MSC: www
- Gaps in the insulating material that surrounds axons are known as:
| a. | interpeduncular nuclei. |
| b. | nodes of Ranvier. |
| c. | myelin synapses. |
| d. | presynaptic terminals. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- A presynaptic terminal is also known as:
| a. | an end bulb |
| b. | a node of Ranvier |
| c. | myelin |
| d. | a spine |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- Which of the following is NOT true of axons?
| a. | They can vary greatly in length. |
| b. | They carry information toward the soma. |
| c. | They release chemicals that cross the synapse. |
| d. | Some of them are covered with myelin sheaths. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- What is the point from which an axon releases chemicals into the synapse?
| a. | the myelin sheath |
| b. | the presynaptic terminal |
| c. | a dendritic spine |
| d. | the endoplasmic reticulum |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- An axon has many branches, each of which swells at its tip. These are known as:
| a. | presynaptic terminals. |
| b. | efferent axons. |
| c. | afferent axons. |
| d. | intrinsic neurons. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- Chemicals are released by axons:
| a. | into the presynaptic terminal. |
| b. | into the junction between neurons. |
| c. | through the efferent terminals. |
| d. | to the mitochondria. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
MSC: www
- An axon releases chemicals:
| a. | into the presynaptic terminal. |
| b. | into the junction between neurons. |
| c. | through the efferent terminals. |
| d. | to the mitochondria. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- A neuron can have any number of ____, but no more than one ____.
| a. | dendrites; axon |
| b. | axons; dendrite |
| c. | cell bodies; axon |
| d. | cell bodies; dendrite |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
KEY: NEW
- Neurons typically have one ____, but many ____.
| a. | dendrite; axons |
| b. | axon; dendrites |
| c. | cell body; axons |
| d. | dendrite; cell bodies |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an axon?
| a. | It can be up to a meter long. |
| b. | It has a constant diameter. |
| c. | It carries information toward the cell body. |
| d. | It may be covered with a myelin sheath. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- As a general rule, where do axons convey information?
| a. | toward dendrites of their own cell |
| b. | toward their own cell body |
| c. | away from their own cell body |
| d. | to surrounding glia |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- If you were to accidentally touch a hot stove with your hand, you would quickly pull your hand away. The information carried to the muscles in your arm to make them contract was carried by:
| a. | efferent neurons. |
| b. | afferent neurons. |
| c. | intrinsic neurons. |
| d. | sensory neurons. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- If all of a neuron’s dendrites or axons were contained within the spinal cord, it would be considered a(n) ____ neuron.
| a. | efferent |
| b. | afferent |
| c. | intrinsic |
| d. | Purkinje |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- What would a neuron in the pons be called that receives information only from other cells in the pons and sends information only to other cells in the pons?
| a. | afferent |
| b. | efferent |
| c. | intrinsic |
| d. | inter-synaptic |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 1 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- Which of these is true of glial cells?
| a. | They are larger than neurons |
| b. | They transmit information over long distances. |
| c. | They do not transmit information over long distances. |
| d. | They are less numerous then neurons. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 2 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
KEY: NEW MSC: www
- Which of the following is a characteristic of glial cells in the human brain?
| a. | They are larger than neurons. |
| b. | They are capable of transmitting impulses when neurons fail to do so. |
| c. | They are more numerous than neurons. |
| d. | They are like neurons, except that they lack axons. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 2 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- Glial cells:
| a. | are less numerous than neurons in the human brain. |
| b. | transmit information over long distances within the central nervous system. |
| c. | occupy about ten times more space in the brain than do neurons. |
| d. | occupy about the same total space as do neurons. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 2 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- Which function is NOT performed by glia?
| a. | removing waste materials |
| b. | building myelin sheaths |
| c. | transmitting information |
| d. | guiding the growth of axons and dendrites |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 2 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- One type of glia helps synchronize the activity of axons. They are called:
| a. | oligodendrocytes. |
| b. | astrocytes. |
| c. | radial glia. |
| d. | Schwann cells. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 2 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- Which of the following is NOT true of astrocytes?
| a. | They wrap around the presynaptic terminals of several axons. |
| b. | They help synchronize the activity of the axons. |
| c. | They remove waste material. |
| d. | They make up the myelin sheaths in the periphery of the body. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 2 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- Which type of glia remove waste material in the nervous system?
| a. | astrocytes |
| b. | Schwann cells |
| c. | oligodendrocytes |
| d. | radial glia |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 2 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- What type of glial cells myelinate axons in the brain and spinal cord?
| a. | oligodendrocytes |
| b. | Schwann cells |
| c. | radial glia |
| d. | astrocytes |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 2 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- Which type of glia release chemicals that modify the activity of neighboring neurons?
| a. | astrocytes |
| b. | Schwann cells |
| c. | oligodendrocytes |
| d. | radial glia |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 2 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- Which type of glia builds myelin sheaths around axons in the periphery of the body?
| a. | astrocytes |
| b. | Schwann cells |
| c. | oligodendrocytes |
| d. | radial glia |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 2 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
MSC: www
- ____ in the brain and spinal cord and ____ in the periphery are specialized types of glia that build the myelin sheaths that surround neurons.
| a. | Oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells |
| b. | Schwann cells; oligodendrocytes |
| c. | Microglia; oligodendrocytes |
| d. | Radial glia; Schwann cells |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 2 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- Glial cells whose function most closely resembles that of the immune system are called:
| a. | oligodendrocytes. |
| b. | Schwann cells. |
| c. | microglia. |
| d. | radial glia. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 2 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- Radial glia:
| a. | guide the migration of neurons during embryonic development. |
| b. | synchronize the activity of axons. |
| c. | wrap around the presynaptic terminals of several axons. |
| d. | build the myelin sheaths that surround and insulate certain axons. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons and Glia OBJ: 2 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- Of the following, the most important consideration in developing a drug that will act in the brain is:
| a. | if the drug can be inexpensively manufactured. |
| b. | if the drug will cross the blood-brain barrier. |
| c. | how long the drug will act. |
| d. | the number of people who will use the drug. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: The Blood-Brain Barrier
OBJ: 3 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- The risk of having part of the brain unprotected by the blood-brain barrier is that:
| a. | it is invisible to brain imaging techniques. |
| b. | it takes longer for drugs to work. |
| c. | viruses or toxic chemicals are more likely to damage it. |
| d. | the blood is poorly oxygenated. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Blood-Brain Barrier
OBJ: 3 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- What is the mechanism that prevents or slows some chemicals from entering the brain, while allowing others to enter?
| a. | a threshold |
| b. | a blood-brain barrier |
| c. | an endoplasmic wall |
| d. | a differential-drug inhibitor |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Blood-Brain Barrier
OBJ: 3 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- In the brain, an arrangement of endothelial cells:
| a. | has gaps large enough to allow the passage of molecules. |
| b. | synthesizes neurotransmitters. |
| c. | does not allow most molecules to pass because the cells are so tightly packed. |
| d. | has gaps that are filled with enzymes that attack most blood chemicals. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Blood-Brain Barrier
OBJ: 3 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- What happens to a virus that manages to cross the blood-brain barrier and enter the brain?
| a. | It is destroyed by natural killer cells. |
| b. | It gets trapped in a neuron, then both are destroyed by natural killer cells. |
| c. | It gets trapped in a glial cell, then both are destroyed by natural killer cells. |
| d. | It stays in the nervous system throughout the person’s life. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Blood-Brain Barrier
OBJ: 3 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- Which of the following is an important function of the blood-brain barrier?
| a. | It enables more nutrients to reach the brain. |
| b. | It maintains an electrical gradient. |
| c. | It aids in the production of neurotransmitters. |
| d. | It protects the brain from most viruses. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Blood-Brain Barrier
OBJ: 3 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- Which of the following molecules would be able to passively cross the blood-brain barrier?
| a. | small, uncharged molecules |
| b. | large, charged molecules |
| c. | glucose |
| d. | amino acids |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Blood-Brain Barrier
OBJ: 3 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- Molecules that can cross the blood-brain barrier are usually:
| a. | large, uncharged molecules, such as lactose. |
| b. | large, charged molecules. |
| c. | neurotransmitters, such as dopamine. |
| d. | molecules that can dissolve in the fats of the capillary walls. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Blood-Brain Barrier
OBJ: 3 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- The major disadvantage of a blood-brain barrier is that:
| a. | many chemicals can easily diffuse into the brain. |
| b. | it requires so much glucose to maintain it. |
| c. | certain required chemicals must be actively transported. |
| d. | viruses can’t escape. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Blood-Brain Barrier
OBJ: 3 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- Glucose enters the brain via which type of transport?
| a. | indirect transport |
| b. | direct transport |
| c. | passive transport |
| d. | active transport |
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Blood-Brain Barrier
OBJ: 3 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
KEY: NEW
- Compared to passive transport, the major disadvantage of active transport is that it:
| a. | cannot transport chemicals out of the brain. |
| b. | requires expenditure of energy. |
| c. | transports glucose into the brain. |
| d. | transports viruses into the brain. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Blood-Brain Barrier
OBJ: 3 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- What is the main source of nutrition for vertebrate neurons?
| a. | Fats |
| b. | Glucose |
| c. | Sodium |
| d. | Complex carbohydrates |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Nourishment in Vertebrate Neurons OBJ: 3 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- Why do neurons rely so heavily on glucose as their source of nutrition?
| a. | Neurons lack the enzymes necessary to metabolize other fuels. |
| b. | Glucose is the only fuel that can be used even in the absence of vitamins. |
| c. | Glucose is not used extensively by other parts of the body. |
| d. | Other fuels do not readily cross the blood-brain barrier. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Nourishment in Vertebrate Neurons OBJ: 3 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- What are two requirements for the brain to metabolize glucose?
| a. | thiamine and oxygen |
| b. | vitamin C and nitrogen |
| c. | niacin and bicarbonate |
| d. | riboflavin and iron |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Nourishment in Vertebrate Neurons OBJ: 3 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- Why does the brain need thiamine?
| a. | to enable glucose to cross the blood-brain barrier |
| b. | as a source of fuel in case there is not enough glucose |
| c. | as a building block for making proteins |
| d. | to enable it to metabolize glucose |
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Nourishment in Vertebrate Neurons OBJ: 3 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- If the brain does not have enough thiamine, what is it unable to do?
| a. | maintain its blood-brain barrier |
| b. | pump glucose across the blood-brain barrier |
| c. | produce certain neurotransmitters |
| d. | metabolize glucose |
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Nourishment in Vertebrate Neurons OBJ: 3 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
- Which group is most likely to suffer from a thiamine deficiency?
| a. | alcoholics |
| b. | heroin addicts |
| c. | diabetics |
| d. | infants |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Nourishment in Vertebrate Neurons OBJ: 3 TOP: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System
Chapter 4: Anatomy of the Nervous System
TRUE/FALSE
- Neurons that directly convey messages to muscles and glands are part of the central nervous system.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Terminology to Describe the Nervous System OBJ: 1 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System MSC: www
- If you fell asleep on a sunny beach lying on your stomach, then your dorsal side would likely be sunburned.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Terminology to Describe the Nervous System OBJ: 1 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- The elbow is more distal to the shoulder than the hand.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Terminology to Describe the Nervous System OBJ: 1 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- Cell bodies of motor neurons are located outside of the spinal cord.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Spinal Cord
OBJ: 2 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
MSC: www
- A tract in the spinal cord would most likely be found in the white matter.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: The Spinal Cord
OBJ: 2 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
MSC: www
- The parasympathetic nervous system activates the “fight or flight” response.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Autonomic Nervous System OBJ: 3 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System MSC: www
- The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems generally have opposing actions on the major internal organs.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Autonomic Nervous System OBJ: 3 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- Ganglia in the parasympathetic system are arranged in a chain near the spinal cord.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Autonomic Nervous System OBJ: 3 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- Parasympathetic neurons use acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Autonomic Nervous System OBJ: 3 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- The hindbrain consists of the medulla, the pons, and the cerebellum.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Hindbrain
OBJ: 4 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- Damage to the medulla is frequently fatal.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Hindbrain
OBJ: 4 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- Some cranial nerves include both sensory and motor components.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Hindbrain
OBJ: 4 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- Cranial Nerve II is called the optic nerve.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Hindbrain
OBJ: 4 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
MSC: www
- The function of the cerebellum is limited to balance and coordination.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Hindbrain
OBJ: 4 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
MSC: www
- Substantia nigra gives rise to the dopamine-containing pathway that facilitates readiness for movement.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Midbrain
OBJ: 5 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- The limbic system is important for motivation and emotional behaviors.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Forebrain
OBJ: 6 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
MSC: www
- Although relatively small, the hypothalamus is very important for a large range of motivated behaviors.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Forebrain
OBJ: 6 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- Deterioration of the basal ganglia may lead to Parkinson’s disease.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Forebrain
OBJ: 6 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- The choroid plexus reabsorbs the cerebrospinal fluid.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Ventricles
OBJ: 3 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
MSC: www
- Cerebrospinal fluid provides the major cushion for the brain.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Ventricles
OBJ: 3 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- Hydrocephalus is caused by inflammation of the meninges.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Ventricles
OBJ: 3 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- Damage to the right hemisphere of the cortex would most likely cause loss of sensory or motor control on the left side of the body.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Organization of the Cerebral Cortex OBJ: 1 TOP: 4.2 The Cerebral Cortex
- The human cerebral cortex contains up to eight distinct layers of cell bodies.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Organization of the Cerebral Cortex OBJ: 1 TOP: 4.2 The Cerebral Cortex
- Damage to the striate cortex of the right hemisphere causes blindness in the left visual field.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: The Occipital Lobe
OBJ: 1 TOP: 4.2 The Cerebral Cortex
- The parietal lobe lies between the occipital lobe and the central sulcus.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Parietal Lobe
OBJ: 1 TOP: 4.2 The Cerebral Cortex MSC: www
- The prefrontal cortex is important for working memory.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Frontal Lobe
OBJ: 1 TOP: 4.2 The Cerebral Cortex
- Many cells in association areas of the brain respond to more than one sensory modality.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: How Do the Parts Work Together?? OBJ: 2 TOP: 4.2 The Cerebral Cortex
- The “binding problem” refers to the question of how various brain regions produce a single perception of a single object.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: How Do the Parts Work Together?? OBJ: 2 TOP: 4.2 The Cerebral Cortex
- The primary function of the cerebral cortex appears to be elaboration of sensory material.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: How Do the Parts Work Together?? OBJ: 2 TOP: 4.2 The Cerebral Cortex
- Bumps and depressions in the skull are closely related to how well-developed the underlying brain areas are.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Correlating Brain Anatomy with Behavior OBJ: 3 TOP: 4.3 Research Methods
- Electroencephalography records neural signals generated by the activity of populations of neurons.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Recording Brain Activity OBJ: 1 TOP: 4.3 Research Methods MSC: www
- Humans have a higher brain-to-body ratio than all other species.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Brain Size and Intelligence OBJ: 3 TOP: 4.3 Research Methods
MULTIPLE CHOICE
- What are the two parts of the central nervous system?
| a. | autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system |
| b. | cerebrum and cerebellum |
| c. | sympathetic division and parasympathetic division |
| d. | brain and spinal cord |
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Terminology to Describe the Nervous System OBJ: 2 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System MSC: www
- The central nervous system is composed of:
| a. | the brain and spinal cord. |
| b. | all the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. |
| c. | the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. |
| d. | the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Terminology to Describe the Nervous System OBJ: 2 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- Which division of the nervous system is composed of the autonomic and somatic nervous systems?
| a. | Central |
| b. | Parasympathetic |
| c. | Peripheral |
| d. | Sympathetic |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Terminology to Describe the Nervous System OBJ: 2 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- Together, the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system make up the _____ nervous system.
| a. | peripheral |
| b. | central |
| c. | sympathetic |
| d. | dorsal |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Terminology to Describe the Nervous System OBJ: 2 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System MSC: www
- Which division of the nervous system consists of neurons bringing messages from the senses to the central nervous system?
| a. | Autonomic |
| b. | Sympathetic |
| c. | Somatic |
| d. | Parasympathetic |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Terminology to Describe the Nervous System OBJ: 2 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- The somatic division of the nervous system carries signals from the _____ to the _____.
| a. | senses; central nervous system |
| b. | organs; autonomic nervous system |
| c. | organs; sympathetic nervous system |
| d. | senses; peripheral nervous system |
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Terminology to Describe the Nervous System OBJ: 2 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- Nerves from the central nervous system convey information to the muscles and glands by way of the:
| a. | autonomic nervous system. |
| b. | somatic nervous system. |
| c. | sympathetic nervous system. |
| d. | parasympathetic nervous system. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Terminology to Describe the Nervous System OBJ: 2 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- When someone tickles you, the tickling sensation will be carried by neurons that are part of the _____ nervous system.
| a. | central |
| b. | parasympathetic |
| c. | somatic |
| d. | autonomic |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Terminology to Describe the Nervous System OBJ: 2 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- An axon in your hand causes contraction of a muscle fiber in your finger as you write. This neuron belongs to which branch of the nervous system?
| a. | Central |
| b. | Somatic |
| c. | Sympathetic |
| d. | Parasympathetic |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Terminology to Describe the Nervous System OBJ: 2 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- Which division of the nervous system consists of neurons that control the heart, intestines, and other organs?
| a. | Internal |
| b. | Afferent |
| c. | Somatic |
| d. | Autonomic |
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Terminology to Describe the Nervous System OBJ: 2 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- Which plane shows brain structures as they would be seen from the front?
| a. | Coronal |
| b. | Sagittal |
| c. | Horizontal |
| d. | Transverse |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Terminology to Describe the Nervous System OBJ: 1 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- Which plane shows brain structures as they would be seen from above?
| a. | Coronal |
| b. | Sagittal |
| c. | Horizontal |
| d. | Commuter |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Terminology to Describe the Nervous System OBJ: 1 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- Which plane shows brain structures as they would be seen from the side?
| a. | Coronal |
| b. | Sagittal |
| c. | Horizontal |
| d. | Commuter |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Terminology to Describe the Nervous System OBJ: 1 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- Which of the following means “toward the side, away from the midline”?
| a. | Lateral |
| b. | Medial |
| c. | Proximal |
| d. | Ventral |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Terminology to Describe the Nervous System OBJ: 1 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- Which of the following means “toward the back”?
| a. | Dorsal |
| b. | Medial |
| c. | Proximal |
| d. | Ventral |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Terminology to Describe the Nervous System OBJ: 1 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- In anatomy, the opposite of medial is:
| a. | lateral. |
| b. | dorsal. |
| c. | ventral. |
| d. | rostral. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Terminology to Describe the Nervous System OBJ: 1 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- If one structure is on the left side of the body and another is on the right, they are said to be ____ to each other.
| a. | medial |
| b. | lateral |
| c. | ipsilateral |
| d. | contralateral |
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Terminology to Describe the Nervous System OBJ: 1 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- What is the name given to a cluster of neurons inside the CNS?
| a. | Lamina |
| b. | Column |
| c. | Nucleus |
| d. | Ganglion |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Terminology to Describe the Nervous System OBJ: 2 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- What is the name given to a cluster of neurons outside the CNS?
| a. | Lamina |
| b. | Column |
| c. | Tract |
| d. | Ganglion |
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Terminology to Describe the Nervous System OBJ: 2 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System MSC: www
- The basal ganglia are a related cluster of cell bodies in the central nervous system. Technically, the basal ganglia should have been name the basal:
| a. | tract. |
| b. | lamina. |
| c. | gyrus. |
| d. | nuclei. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: The Spinal Cord
OBJ: 2 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- The spinal cord communicates with:
| a. | sense organs and muscles below the level of the head. |
| b. | all sense organs and muscles in the human body. |
| c. | dorsal root ganglia only. |
| d. | ventral root ganglia only. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Spinal Cord
OBJ: 2 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- The cell bodies of sensory neurons that are in clusters of neurons outside the spinal cord are called:
| a. | sensory nuclei |
| b. | sensory clusters |
| c. | ventral root ganglia |
| d. | dorsal root ganglia |
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Spinal Cord
OBJ: 2 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
MSC: www
- According to the Bell-Magendie law:
| a. | ventral roots of the spinal cord carry sensory information. |
| b. | dorsal roots of the spinal cord carry motor information. |
| c. | ventral and dorsal roots both carry sensory and motor information. |
| d. | ventral roots carry motor information while dorsal roots carry sensory information. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Spinal Cord
OBJ: 2 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- After damage to the dorsal roots of the spinal cord, an individual will suffer what kind of loss?
| a. | Sensation from the affected body area |
| b. | Control of the peripheral muscles in the affected body area |
| c. | Control of organs in the affected body area |
| d. | Control of the muscles on the opposite side of the body |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: The Spinal Cord
OBJ: 2 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- After damage to the ventral roots of the spinal cord, an individual will suffer what kind of loss?
| a. | Sensation from the affected body area |
| b. | Control of the peripheral muscles in the affected body area |
| c. | Control of organs in the affected body area |
| d. | Control of the muscles on the opposite side of the body |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: The Spinal Cord
OBJ: 2 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- If the ipsilateral dorsal and ventral roots were cut, which of the following would be true?
| a. | Sensation would be lost on one side, and motor control on the other. |
| b. | Sensation would be lost on both sides. |
| c. | Motor control would be lost on both sides. |
| d. | Sensation and motor control would be lost on one side. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: The Spinal Cord
OBJ: 2 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- Cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in the:
| a. | spinal cord. |
| b. | dorsal root ganglia. |
| c. | white matter. |
| d. | ventral roots. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Spinal Cord
OBJ: 2 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- Suppose a virus damaged only the dorsal roots of the spinal cord, but not the ventral roots. What would happen to the sensory and motor abilities of the affected area?
| a. | Loss of sensation, but preserved motor control |
| b. | Loss of both sensation and motor control |
| c. | Loss of motor control, but preserved sensation |
| d. | Unaffected sensation and motor control |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: The Spinal Cord
OBJ: 2 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- Axons of motor neurons would most likely be found in which of the following?
| a. | Gray matter |
| b. | White matter |
| c. | Dorsal roots |
| d. | Tracts |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Spinal Cord
OBJ: 2 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- Cell bodies of motor neurons would most likely be found in which of the following?
| a. | Gray matter |
| b. | White matter |
| c. | Dorsal roots |
| d. | Tracts |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Spinal Cord
OBJ: 2 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- Where would you find the dorsal root ganglia?
| a. | At the base of the brain |
| b. | In the gray matter of the spinal cord |
| c. | In the white matter of the spinal cord |
| d. | Outside, but near, the spinal cord |
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Spinal Cord
OBJ: 2 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- A cross section of the spinal cord indicates that gray matter is:
| a. | densely packed with myelinated axons. |
| b. | composed mostly of unmyelinated axons. |
| c. | densely packed with cell bodies and dendrites. |
| d. | composed only of dendrites. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Spinal Cord
OBJ: 2 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- In the spinal cord, white matter is comprised mostly of _____, while gray matter is mostly _____.
| a. | cell bodies; myelinated axons |
| b. | dendrites; myelinated axons |
| c. | myelinated axons; cell bodies |
| d. | cell bodies; dendrites |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Spinal Cord
OBJ: 2 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- Gray matter in the brain and spinal cord is mainly composed of what structures?
| a. | cell bodies and dendrites |
| b. | myelinated axons |
| c. | unmyelinated axons |
| d. | ganglia |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Spinal Cord
OBJ: 2 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
MSC: www
- If the spinal cord is cut at a given segment, the brain loses sensation at:
| a. | that segment only. |
| b. | that segment and all segments above it. |
| c. | that segment and all segments below it. |
| d. | all other segments. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Spinal Cord
OBJ: 2 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- The autonomic nervous system:
| a. | only receives information from the heart, intestines, and other organs. |
| b. | only sends information to the heart, intestines, and other organs. |
| c. | receives and sends information to the heart, intestines, and other organs. |
| d. | conveys messages from the sense organs to the central nervous system. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Autonomic Nervous System OBJ: 3 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- Which part of the nervous system prepares the body for “fight or flight” activities?
| a. | Sympathetic |
| b. | Somatic |
| c. | Parasympathetic |
| d. | Peripheral |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Autonomic Nervous System OBJ: 3 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- Erection of the hairs, known in humans as “goose bumps,” is caused by activation of which branch of the nervous system?
| a. | Parasympathetic |
| b. | Sympathetic |
| c. | Central |
| d. | Peripheral |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Autonomic Nervous System OBJ: 3 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- The sweat glands, adrenal glands, and muscles that constrict blood vessels have input from only the ____ nervous system.
| a. | sympathetic |
| b. | parasympathetic |
| c. | central |
| d. | dorsal root |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Autonomic Nervous System OBJ: 3 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- Seeing a snake come out of the drain in the bathtub might increase your heart rate, dilate your pupils, cause you to sweat, and raise the hair on your neck. These responses are due to the activity of the _____ nervous system.
| a. | sympathetic |
| b. | parasympathetic |
| c. | somatic |
| d. | motor |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: The Autonomic Nervous System OBJ: 3 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- Which activity is increased by the sympathetic nervous system?
| a. | Salivation |
| b. | Heart rate |
| c. | Digestive activity |
| d. | Body temperature |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Autonomic Nervous System OBJ: 3 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System MSC: www
- You are walking after dark. A sudden noise frightens you. Your heart pounds, your pulse races, and your breathing rate increases. These responses are due to your:
| a. | parasympathetic nervous system. |
| b. | sympathetic nervous system. |
| c. | somatic nervous system. |
| d. | immune system. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: The Autonomic Nervous System OBJ: 3 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- Which of the following would be the most likely effect of taking a drug that blocks sympathetic nervous system activity?
| a. | Increased blood pressure |
| b. | Sweating |
| c. | Slowed digestion |
| d. | Decreased heart rate |
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: The Autonomic Nervous System OBJ: 3 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- Sympathetic ganglia:
| a. | are located inside the spinal cord. |
| b. | act more independently than do parasympathetic ganglia. |
| c. | are closely linked and often act as a single system. |
| d. | have short postganglionic fibers extending to internal organs. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Autonomic Nervous System OBJ: 3 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System MSC: www
- What is unique about the autonomic activity of the sweat glands?
| a. | They receive only parasympathetic input. |
| b. | They receive only sympathetic input. |
| c. | They only work when it’s hot outside. |
| d. | Both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system increase sweating. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Autonomic Nervous System OBJ: 3 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- What, generally, is the relationship between the activity of the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems?
| a. | The sympathetic controls internal organs while the parasympathetic controls peripheral organs. |
| b. | The sympathetic usually has specific, localized effects, while the parasympathetic has broad effects. |
| c. | They usually have opposite effects on the same organ. |
| d. | The sympathetic is involved in voluntary behavior, while the parasympathetic is involved in involuntary behavior. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Autonomic Nervous System OBJ: 3 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- Digestive activity is increased by the activation of which branch of the autonomic nervous system?
| a. | The parasympathetic |
| b. | The sympathetic |
| c. | Both the parasympathetic and sympathetic |
| d. | Neither the parasympathetic nor the sympathetic |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Autonomic Nervous System OBJ: 3 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- Sympathetic is to ____ as parasympathetic is to ____.
| a. | central nervous system; peripheral nervous system |
| b. | voluntary behavior; involuntary behavior |
| c. | arousal; relaxation |
| d. | neurotransmitters; hormones |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: The Autonomic Nervous System OBJ: 3 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- One principle of the autonomic nervous system is the concept of ____.
| a. | synergy |
| b. | dual innervation |
| c. | a relay center |
| d. | a limbic system |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Autonomic Nervous System OBJ: 3 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- Which kinds of activities are produced from activation of the parasympathetic nervous system?
| a. | fight-or-flight |
| b. | increased heart rate and blood pressure |
| c. | a decrease in digestion |
| d. | calmness and relaxation |
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Autonomic Nervous System OBJ: 3 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- The parasympathetic nervous system has:
| a. | long preganglionic and long postganglionic axons. |
| b. | long preganglionic and short postganglionic axons. |
| c. | short preganglionic and short postganglionic axons. |
| d. | short preganglionic and long postganglionic axons. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Autonomic Nervous System OBJ: 3 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System MSC: www
- In the parasympathetic nervous system, the preganglionic fibers are _____, and the postganglionic fibers are _____.
| a. | long, long |
| b. | long, short |
| c. | short, long |
| d. | short, short |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Autonomic Nervous System OBJ: 3 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the sympathetic system?
| a. | Is found in the thoracic and lumbar cord |
| b. | Has long post-ganglionic fibers |
| c. | Releases ACh at the ganglion |
| d. | Releases DA at the ganglion |
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Autonomic Nervous System OBJ: 3 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- Which neurotransmitter is used by the parasympathetic nervous system?
| a. | Dopamine |
| b. | Serotonin |
| c. | Acetylcholine |
| d. | Norepinephrine |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Autonomic Nervous System OBJ: 3 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- Acetylcholine is the only neurotransmitter released by:
| a. | the sympathetic nervous system’s postganglionic synapses. |
| b. | the parasympathetic nervous system’s postganglionic axons. |
| c. | intrinsic neurons in the spinal cord. |
| d. | intrinsic neurons of the hippocampus. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Autonomic Nervous System OBJ: 3 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System MSC: www
- Which neurotransmitter is most often used by postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system?
| a. | Dopamine |
| b. | Serotonin |
| c. | Acetylcholine |
| d. | Norepinephrine |
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Autonomic Nervous System OBJ: 3 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- Most of the postganglionic synapses of the sympathetic nervous system use:
| a. | GABA. |
| b. | norepinephrine. |
| c. | acetylcholine. |
| d. | serotonin. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Autonomic Nervous System OBJ: 3 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- Sympathetic is to ____ as parasympathetic is to ____.
| a. | serotonin; dopamine |
| b. | dopamine; serotonin |
| c. | acetylcholine; norepinephrine |
| d. | norepinephrine; acetylcholine |
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Autonomic Nervous System OBJ: 3 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- One way that over-the-counter cold remedies work is by:
| a. | increasing parasympathetic activity. |
| b. | decreasing sympathetic activity. |
| c. | increasing sympathetic activity. |
| d. | blocking all autonomic activity. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Autonomic Nervous System OBJ: 3 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- A general effect of over-the-counter cold remedies is that they:
| a. | stimulate dopamine receptors. |
| b. | decrease activity of the somatic nervous system. |
| c. | increase activity of the parasympathetic nervous system. |
| d. | increase activity of the sympathetic nervous system. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Autonomic Nervous System OBJ: 3 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- Given their effects on the nervous system, one side effect of over-the-counter cold remedies is increased:
| a. | digestive activity. |
| b. | salivation. |
| c. | heart rate. |
| d. | sinus flow. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Autonomic Nervous System OBJ: 3 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- What consists of the medulla, the pons, and the cerebellum?
| a. | Hindbrain |
| b. | Reticular formation |
| c. | Midbrain |
| d. | Forebrain |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Hindbrain System
OBJ: 4 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- The term rhombencephalon refers to the:
| a. | brainstem. |
| b. | hindbrain. |
| c. | midbrain. |
| d. | forebrain. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Hindbrain System OBJ: 4 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- The hindbrain consists of the:
| a. | tectum, tegmentum, and reticular formation. |
| b. | thalamus and hypothalamus. |
| c. | spinal cord and cranial nerves. |
| d. | medulla, pons, and cerebellum. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Hindbrain System OBJ: 4 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System MSC: www
- What structure is composed of the medulla, pons, the midbrain, and certain central structures of the forebrain?
| a. | Limbic system |
| b. | Thalamus |
| c. | Brain stem |
| d. | Cerebellum |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Hindbrain System OBJ: 4 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- Reflexive changes in heart rate and breathing when you are exercising, for example, are regulated by which of the following?
| a. | Thalamus |
| b. | Forebrain |
| c. | Medulla |
| d. | Pons |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Hindbrain System OBJ: 4 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- The medulla is considered part of the brain rather than the spinal cord because it:
| a. | developed later in evolution. |
| b. | is contained in the skull. |
| c. | develops from a separate group of neurons. |
| d. | is composed only of interneurons. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Hindbrain System OBJ: 4 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- Breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing, and sneezing are all controlled by which structure?
| a. | Medulla |
| b. | Thalamus |
| c. | Cerebellum |
| d. | Pons |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Hindbrain System
OBJ: 4 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- As axons from the spinal cord enter the skull, which structure do they enter?
| a. | Midbrain |
| b. | Forebrain |
| c. | Medulla |
| d. | Cerebellum |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Hindbrain System OBJ: 4 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- Damage to which hindbrain structure would be most life-threatening?
| a. | Occipital cortex |
| b. | Medulla |
| c. | Cerebellum |
| d. | Corpus callosum |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: The Hindbrain System OBJ: 4 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- Which of the following structures is part of the brain stem?
| a. | Basal ganglia |
| b. | Pons |
| c. | Cerebellum |
| d. | Frontal lobe |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Hindbrain System OBJ: 4 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- The medulla controls a number of reflexes through:
| a. | the midbrain. |
| b. | the forebrain. |
| c. | cranial nerves. |
| d. | skeletal nerves. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Hindbrain System OBJ: 4 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- The term pons (meaning “bridge”) is named as such because:
| a. | the sensory and motor neurons connect with each other. |
| b. | passing axons skip over the pons. |
| c. | axons within the pons cross over from one side to the other. |
| d. | neurons compete with one another, as in the game of bridge. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Hindbrain System OBJ: 4 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- The pons acts as a bridge between:
| a. | the hindbrain and the forebrain. |
| b. | the thalamus and the hypothalamus. |
| c. | one side of the nervous system and the other. |
| d. | the thalamus and the cerebral cortex. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Hindbrain System OBJ: 4 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
MSC: www
- Functionally, cranial nerves carry which kind of information?
| a. | Motor and sensory |
| b. | Motor only |
| c. | Sensory only |
| d. | Sympathetic only |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Hindbrain System OBJ: 4 TOP: 4.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
- Which major functions are controlled by the cranial nerves?
| a. | Activation of the sympathetic nervous system |
| b. | Sensation and muscle control of the head |
| c. | Skeletal muscles of the trunk |
| d. | Skeletal muscles of the extremities |
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