Criminal Justice in Action 8th Edition by Larry K. Gaines – Test Bank

Description

Criminal Justice in Action 8th Edition by Larry K. Gaines – Test Bank

 Sample Questions

Instant Download With Answers

Chapter_02__Causes_of_Crime

 

True / False

 

1. An explanation of a happening or circumstance that is based on observation, experimentation, and reasoning is called a hypothesis.
2. a. True
3. False

 

ANSWER:                             False REFERENCES:      The Role of Theory LEARNING OBJECTIVES:  CJIA.GAMI.15.02.01 – 02.01

KEYWORDS:                       Bloom’s: Remember

OTHER:                               Bloom’s: Explain

 

 

2. Choice theorists believe the key to controlling crime is deterrence. a. True
3. False

 

ANSWER:                             True

REFERENCES:                    The Brain and the Body

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.02 – 02.02

KEYWORDS:                       Bloom’s: Remember

 

3. The criminal model of addiction asserts that drug abusers endanger society with their behavior and should be punished the same as those who commit non-drug-related offenses.
4. a. True
5. False

 

ANSWER:                             True

REFERENCES:                    The Link between Drugs and Crime

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.07 – 02.07

KEYWORDS:                       Bloom’s: Remember

 

4. Wolfgang, Figlio, and Sellin asserted that a small group of juveniles, 9 percent, were responsible for a disproportionate amount of violent crime.
5. a. True
6. False

 

ANSWER:                             True

REFERENCES:                    Criminology from Theory to Practice

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.08 – 02.08

KEYWORDS:                       Bloom’s: Remember

 

5. Trait theories suggest that certain biological or psychological traits can trigger criminal behavior in certain circumstances.
6. a. True
7. False

 

ANSWER:                             True

REFERENCES:                    The Brain and the Body

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.02 – 02.02

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

6. A correlation demonstrates a cause of behavior. a. True
7. False

 

ANSWER:                             False REFERENCES:         The Role of Theory LEARNING OBJECTIVES:  CJIA.GAMI.15.02.01 – 02.01

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

7. The methods and theories of the Chicago School stressed that humans are social creatures whose behavior reflects their environment.
8. a. True
9. False

 

ANSWER:                             True

REFERENCES:                    Bad Neighborhoods and Other Economic Disadvantages

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.04 – 02.04

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

8. Social conflict theories view criminal behavior as a result of contact with deviant family and friends. a. True
9. False

 

ANSWER:                             False

REFERENCES:                    Bad Neighborhoods and Other Economic Disadvantages

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.04 – 02.04

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

9. According to positivism, criminal behavior is determined by biological, psychological, and social forces and is beyond the control of the individual.
10. a. True
11. False

 

ANSWER:                             True

REFERENCES:                    The Brain and the Body

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.02 – 02.02

KEYWORDS:                       Bloom’s; Remembet

 

10. Social disorganization theory holds that crime is largely related to the quality of neighborhoods. a. True
11. False

 

ANSWER:                             True

REFERENCES:                    Bad Neighborhoods and Other Economic Disadvantages

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.04 – 02.04

KEYWORDS:                       Bloom’s: Remember

 

Multiple Choice

 

11. Strain theory has its roots in the concept of a. power. b. employment.
12. c. anomie. peers.

 

ANSWER:                             c

REFERENCES:                    Bad Neighborhoods and Other Economic Disadvantages

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.04 – 02.04

KEYWORDS:                       Bloom’s: Remember

 

 

12. The idea that certain people are more likely to be victims of crime than others is called a. repeat victimization. b. recidivism.
13. c. chronic offending. system revictimization.

 

ANSWER:                             c

REFERENCES:                    Criminology from Theory to Practice

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.08 – 02.08

KEYWORDS:                       Bloom’s: Remember

 

13. For the positivist, behavior is
14. a. the result of a rational decision making process the result of exposures to family and friends
15. c. influenced by the environment surrounding the offender beyond the control of the individual

 

ANSWER:                             d

REFERENCES:                    The Brain and the Body

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.02 – 02.02

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

14. Classical theorists believe that a crime was an expression of a person’s
15. a. conscience. ethics.
16. c. genetics. rational decision making process.

 

ANSWER:                             d

REFERENCES:                    The Brain and the Body

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.02 – 02.02

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

15. An explanation of a happening or circumstance based on observation, experimentation, and reasoning is a a. hypothesis. b. theory.
16. c. utilitarian view. positivist view.

 

ANSWER:                             b

REFERENCES:                    The Role of Theory

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.01 – 02.01

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

16. The Chicago School showed a correlation between crime and a. physiology. b. rational decision making.
17. c. neighborhood conditions. low levels of self-control.

 

ANSWER:                             c

REFERENCES:                    Bad Neighborhoods and Other Economic Disadvantages

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.04 – 02.04

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

17. Which of the following is not a main branch of social process theory?
18. a. Labeling theory Deviance theory c. Control theory d. Learning theory

 

ANSWER:                             b

REFERENCES:                    Life Lessons and Criminal Behavior

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.05 – 02.05

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

18. Which model holds that substance abusers are forced into petty crime to feed their addictions?
19. a. Criminal Medical
20. c. Addiction Treatment

 

ANSWER:                             b

REFERENCES:                    The Link between Drugs and Crime

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.07 – 02.07

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

19. Wolfgang, Figlio, and Sellin’s research regarding the “chronic 6 percent” has resulted in
20. a. harsher sentences for repeat offenders
21. mentoring programs for young offenders c. an increased emphasis on the victim
22. a concerted effort to avoid labeling juvenile delinquents

 

ANSWER:                             a

REFERENCES:                    Criminology from Theory to Practice

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.08 – 02.08

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

20. Which of the following is a social process theory?
21. a. Social disorganization theory Strain theory
22. c. Labeling theory Life course theory

 

ANSWER:                             c

REFERENCES:                    Life Lessons and Criminal Behavior

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.05 – 02.05

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

21. Which of the following is consistent with control theory?
22. a. Offenders learn deviant values from parents and peers
23. Individuals are restrained from offending by their relationships between parents and peers. c. Individuals must be taught to commit illegal activities
24. Individuals commit crimes after being labeled by society.

 

ANSWER:                             b

REFERENCES:                    Life Lessons and Criminal Behavior

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.06.05 – 06.05

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

22. In Bentham’s classical criminology, punishment aims to
23. a. incapacitate b. rehabilitate offenders.
24. c. return the victim to the state they were in before the d. give an incentive not to harm people.

 

ANSWER:                             d

REFERENCES:                    The Brain and the Body

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.07.02 – 07.02

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

23. Social conflict theory focuses on a. psychology. b. biology.
24. c. sociology. power.

 

ANSWER:                             d

REFERENCES:                    Bad Neighborhoods and Other Economic Disadvantages

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.06.04 – 06.04

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

24. Those who believe that abusers and addicts endanger society with their behavior and should be treated like any other criminals advocate which model of addiction?
25. a. medical model of addiction criminal model of addiction. c. social crime model d. habitual drug abuser model.

 

25. The theory that people adapt to the values of the subculture to which they belong is a. social learning theory. b. cultural deviance theory.
26. c. anomie. social control theory.

 

ANSWER:                             b

REFERENCES:                    Bad Neighborhoods and Other Economic Disadvantages

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.06.04 – 06.04

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

26. All of the following are true according to Beccaria, except that a. All decisions are the result of rational choice
27. Fear of punishment can deter the choice to commit crime
28. c. The more swift and certain a punishment is, the more effective it will be
29. Punishment must be designed to diagnose and treat the underlying causes of criminal behavior

 

ANSWER:                             d

REFERENCES:                    The Brain and the Body

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.07.02 – 07.02

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

27. Theories are based on all of the following except a. common sense. b. observation.
28. c. experimentation. reasoning.

 

ANSWER:                             a

REFERENCES:                    The Role of Theory

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.07.01 – 07.01

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

28. Researchers who study the causes of crime are called a. positivists. b. sociologists.
29. c. ideologists. criminologists.

 

ANSWER:                             d

REFERENCES:                    The Role of Theory

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.07.01 – 07.01

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

29. Social conflict theory includes
30. a. a foundation of rational b. issues of power and wealth.
31. c. the idea that the criminal justice system is out of d. a focus of community values.

 

ANSWER:                             b

REFERENCES:                    Bad Neighborhoods and Other Economic Disadvantages

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.06.04 – 06.04

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

30. The research published in Delinquency in a Birth Cohort asserted that of juvenile offenders were responsible for the majority of violent crime.
31. a. 1% 6%
32. c. 14% 22%

 

ANSWER:                             b

REFERENCES:                    Criminology from Theory to Practice

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.09.010 – 09.10

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

31. The belief that illegal drug abusers are a danger to society and should be punished accordingly is consistent with a. The medical model of addiction.
32. The enslavement theory of addiction. c. The criminal model of addiction.
33. The systemic model of addiction.

 

ANSWER:                             c

REFERENCES:                    The Link between Drugs and Crime

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.07 – 02.07

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

32. is widely referred to as “the father of criminology.”
33. a. Edward Sutherland. Cesare Lombroso. c. Travis Hirschi. d. Emile Durkheim.

 

33. Biochemical explanations of misbehavior include all of the following except a. testosterone.
34. postpartum psychosis.
35. c. attention deficit/hyperactivity d. male hormones.

 

ANSWER:                             c

REFERENCES:                    The Brain and the Body

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.03 – 02.03

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

34. To understand the basics of addiction and physical dependence, one must understand the role of a. testosterone in the brain. b. serotonin in the brain.
35. c. androgen in the brain. dopamine in the brain.

 

ANSWER:                             d

REFERENCES:                    The Link between Drugs and Crime

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.07 – 02.07

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

35. Practitioners of life course criminology assert that the strongest predictors of future criminal behavior can be found by evaluating
36. a. childhood
37. family structure and interaction.
38. c. the mental and physical health of the d. neighborhood conditions.

 

ANSWER:                             a

REFERENCES:                    Life Lessons and Criminal Behavior

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.06 – 02.06

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

36. Gottfredson and Hirschi believe that low self-control can be primarily attributed to a. school failure. b. poor parenting.
37. c. mental deficiencies. hormones.

 

37. Rational choice theory is an updated version of a. classical theory. b. anomie theory.
38. c. ego theory. control theory.

 

ANSWER:                             a

REFERENCES:                    The Brain and the Body

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.02 – 02.02

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

38. Labeling an individual a. is evil.
39. affects one’s self concept.
40. c. can only be applied by the d. cannot be reversed.

 

ANSWER:                             b

REFERENCES:                    Life Lessons and Criminal Behavior

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.05 – 02.05

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

39. When considering the relationship between drugs and crime, the systemic model asserts that a. individuals act violently or criminally as a result of the drugs they have ingested.
40. drug abusers commit crimes to get the funds to purchase drugs.
41. c. the criminal justice response to drug addicted individuals leads to their repeated d. violence is a by-product of the interpersonal relationships within the drug-using community.

 

ANSWER:                             d

REFERENCES:                    The Link between Drugs and Crime

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.07 – 02.07

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

40. Which neurotransmitter regulates moods, appetite, and memory?
41. a. Serotonin
42. Norepinephrine c. Testosterone
43. Dopamine

 

ANSWER:                             a

REFERENCES:                    The Brain and the Body

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GIMA.15.02.03 – 02.03

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

James Holmes was a twenty­four­year­old graduate student, having spent a year at the University of Colorado’s Center for Neuroscience, when he opened fire in a movie theater in Aurora, Colorado, on July 20, 2012. During his shooting spree, he killed twelve moviegoers and wounded fifty-eight others. About a month before the incident, Holmes abruptly quit the graduate program after performing poorly on an oral exam. Following the incident, one fellow graduate student remarked that Holmes was a silent loner who “always seemed to be off in his own world, which did not involve other people.”

41. Given the information in the preface,which approach would probably yield the strongest explanation for Holmes’s violence?
42. a. psychological
43. biological
44. c. sociological
45. historical

 

ANSWER:                             a

REFERENCES:                    The Brain and the Body

PREFACE NAME:               2.0

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.01 – 02.01

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Apply

 

 

42. Which of the statements below would not support a psychological explanation for Holmes’ crimes?
43. a. Holmes had abruptly quit the graduate
44. A psychiatrist had expressed concerns about Holmes’s mental well­being to the school’s threat assessment

team.

1. c. Holmes was described as a silent loner who “always seemed to be off in his own “
2. Holmes had recently visited a dentist.

 

ANSWER:                             d

REFERENCES:                    The Brain and the Body

PREFACE NAME:               2.0

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.01 – 02.01

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Apply

 

43. If you were to create a profile of a “student shooter” based on the information in the preface, which information would not be included?
44. a. male
45. the occurrence of a “significant disruption” in their lives, such as failed a test c. socially awkward and isolated
46. female

 

ANSWER:                             d

REFERENCES:                    The Brain and the Body

PREFACE NAME:               2.0

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.01 – 02.01

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Apply

 

44. If subsequently it was shown that Holmes had elevated levels of testosterone in his blood, then which approach might have the most explanatory powers?
45. a. psychological
46. biological
47. c. sociological
48. historical

 

ANSWER:                             b

REFERENCES:                    The Brain and the Body

PREFACE NAME:               2.0

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.01 – 02.01

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Apply

 

45. The fact that Holmes had been stockpiling weapons before having done poorly on his oral exam contradicts which indictor of a potential “school shooter”?
46. a. male
47. the occurrence of a “significant disruption” in their lives c. socially awkward and isolated
48. a graduate student

 

ANSWER:                             b

REFERENCES:                    The Brain and the Body

PREFACE NAME:               2.0

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.01 – 02.01

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Apply

 

On May 1, 2012, police struggled to control anticapitalism protesters in Seattle, Washington. The protest coincided with protests in many North American cities on the day (May 1) the Soviet Union had designated as a holiday to celebrate the hoped for triumph of communism.

46. The best explanation for the presence of the anticapitalism protestors would be which theory?
47. a. conflict theory
48. social disorganization theory
49. c. learning theory
50. labeling theory

 

ANSWER:                             a

REFERENCES:                    Bad Neighborhoods and Other Economic Disadvantages

PREFACE NAME:               2.2

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.04 – 02.04

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Apply

 

47. According to social conflict theories, what is the solution to the problem of crime? Hint: The protestors would support this solution as well.
48. a. Eliminate disparities in income and
49. Find jobs for all who seek employment.
50. c. Install profit motives at every level of the
51. Allow unfettered opportunities for individuals to create wealth.

 

ANSWER:                             a

REFERENCES:                    Bad Neighborhoods and Other Economic Disadvantages

PREFACE NAME:               2.2

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.04 – 02.04

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Apply

 

48. Which statement would most closely conform with the analysis offered by social conflict theorists?
49. a. Inequality is the root of most
50. The commission of crime is not a personal choice.
51. c. Crime can be solved by eliminating high tax
52. Making everybody rich would not solve the problem of crime as even minor differences in wealth will always exist.

 

ANSWER:                             a

REFERENCES:                    Bad Neighborhoods and Other Economic Disadvantages

PREFACE NAME:               2.2

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.04 – 02.04

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Apply

 

49. Some of the protestors in Seattle were anarchists, who the police expected to cause trouble. They did, which supports which theory?
50. a. social disorganization theory
51. strain theory
52. c. cultural deviance theory
53. labeling theory

 

ANSWER:                             d

REFERENCES:                    Bad Neighborhoods and Other Economic Disadvantages

PREFACE NAME:               2.2

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.04 – 02.04

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Apply

 

50. Pushing against police barricades and not listening to police instructions, as was the case in Seattle, is illegal.

Which approach would be the most useful in explaining this behavior by relatively affluent adults?

1. a. strain theory
2. social disorganization theory
3. c. cultural deviance theory
4. learning theory

 

ANSWER:                             c

REFERENCES:                    Bad Neighborhoods and Other Economic Disadvantages

PREFACE NAME:               2.2

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.04 – 02.04

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Apply

 

Wayne Treacy had faced a maximum of 50 years behind bars for the 2010 attack on Josie Ratley, during which he was wearing steel-toed boots and left her with permanent brain injuries. Instead, the teenager was sentenced to 20 years in prison despite evidence he suffers from severe mental illness. In 2012, Rasesh Patel of Lakeland, Florida, told investigators that his wife, Neha, was suffering from postpartum psychosis when she drowned their one-year-old son in a bathtub.

51. If Treacy had showed signs of antisocial behavior when he was younger, this would suggest as an explanation.
52. a. learning theory
53. continuity theory of crime c. causation theory
54. rational choice theory

 

ANSWER:                             b

REFERENCES:                    Life Lessons and Criminal Behavior

PREFACE NAME:               2.1

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.05 – 02.05

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Apply

 

 

52. Since the defense lawyer for Treacy claimed his client suffered a form of temporary insanity, which academic approach comports with that legal defense?
53. a. Learning theory
54. Continuity theory of crime c. Causation theory
55. Positivism

 

ANSWER:                             d

REFERENCES:                    Life Lessons and Criminal Behavior

PREFACE NAME:               2.1

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.05 – 02.05

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Apply

 

53. If Neha’s mother had suffered from postpartum depression, as the lawyers of Patel claim she did, then this would be an example of all of the following except
54. a. genetics
55. trait theory
56. c. causation
57. choice theory

 

ANSWER:                             d

REFERENCES:                    Life Lessons and Criminal Behavior

PREFACE NAME:               2.1

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.05 – 02.05

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Apply

 

54. Even if Neha’s mother did pass a gene inclining her daughter to possess certain feelings, theory would nevertheless argue the decision to murder was a choice.
55. a. labeling
56. social conflict
57. c. control
58. choice

 

ANSWER:                             d

REFERENCES:                    Life Lessons and Criminal Behavior

PREFACE NAME:               2.1

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.05 – 02.05

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Apply

 

55. If Neha had resisted the urge to murder because others she knew continuously commented she was a “good” mother, this would be an example of which theory at work?
56. a. labeling
57. social conflict
58. c. control
59. choice

 

ANSWER:                             a

REFERENCES:                    Life Lessons and Criminal Behavior

PREFACE NAME:               2.1

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.05 – 02.05

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Apply

 

Completion

 

56. Shaw and McKay popularized the idea of ecology in criminology through their theory.

 

ANSWER:                             social disorganization

REFERENCES:                    Bad Neighborhoods and Other Economic Disadvantages

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.04 – 02.04

KEYWORDS:                       Bloom’s: Remember

 

 

57. From the early days of this country, the general presumption of criminal law has been that behavior is a consequence of .

 

ANSWER:                             free will REFERENCES:   The Role of Theory LEARNING OBJECTIVES:  CJIA.GAMI.15.02.01 – 02.01

KEYWORDS:                       Bloom’s: Remember

 

58. The is the part of the personality which is directly related to the conscience and determines which actions are right or wrong.

 

ANSWER:                             superego REFERENCES:                                              The Brain and the Body LEARNING OBJECTIVES:  CJIA.GAMI.15.02.01 – 02.01

KEYWORDS:                       Bloom’s: Remember

 

59. Criminal activity in males has been linked to the elevated levels of the hormone .

 

ANSWER:                             testosterone REFERENCES:                                              The Brain and the Body LEARNING OBJECTIVES:  CJIA.GAMI.15.02.01 – 02.01

KEYWORDS:                       Bloom’s: Remember

 

60. A proposition that can be tested by researchers or observers to determine if it is valid is a .

 

ANSWER:                             hypothesis REFERENCES:                                              The Role of Theory LEARNING OBJECTIVES:  CJIA.GAMI.15.02.01 – 02.01

KEYWORDS:                       Bloom’s: Remember

 

61. The  model of addiction believes that addicts are mentally or physically ill.

 

ANSWER:                             medical

REFERENCES:                    The Link between Drugs and Crime

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.07 – 02.07

KEYWORDS:                       Bloom’s: Remember

 

62. A school of criminology which asserts that individuals have free will to engage in any behavior, including criminal behavior is .

 

ANSWER:                             classical criminology REFERENCES:                                              The Brain and the Body LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.02 – 02.02

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

63. Janet Lauritsen, a criminologist at the University of Missouri–St. Louis, found that children from two­parent

homes had less tendency toward criminality than children from           homes.

 

ANSWER:                             one-parent

REFERENCES:                    Life Lessons and Criminal Behavior

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.06 – 02.06

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

64. Learning theory has recently expanded to include the growing influence of the .

 

ANSWER:                             media

REFERENCES:                    Life Lessons and Criminal Behavior

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.05 – 02.05

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

65. Labeling can lead to a prophecy.

 

ANSWER:                             self-fulfilling

REFERENCES:                    Life Lessons and Criminal Behavior

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.06.05 – 06.05

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

66. The study of behavior patterns of childhood predicting adult criminality is part of  criminology.

 

ANSWER:                             life course

REFERENCES:                    Life Lessons and Criminal Behavior

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.05 – 02.05

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

67. Strain has its roots in                          which is derived from the Greek word for “without norms.”

 

ANSWER:                             Anomie

REFERENCES:                    Bad Neighborhoods and Other Economic Disadvantages

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.04 – 02.04

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

68. Career criminals are also known as . .

 

ANSWER:                             chronic offenders

REFERENCES:                    Criminology from Theory to Practice

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.08 – 02.08

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

69. The model of addiction holds that addicts endanger society and should be punished in the same manner as other drug offenders.

 

ANSWER:                             criminal

REFERENCES:                    The Link between Drugs and Crime

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.07 – 02.07

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

70. is a highly addictive stimulant to the central nervous system manufactured from legal, over-the- counter substances.

 

ANSWER:                             Methamphetamine

REFERENCES:                    The Link between Drugs and Crime

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.07 – 02.07

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

71. results from the lack of available means to achieve life goals.

 

ANSWER:                             Strain

REFERENCES:                    Bad Neighborhoods and Other Economic Disadvantages

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GIMA.15.02.04 – 02.04

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

72. is a hypothesis that society creates crime and criminals by declaring certain behavior and certain people as deviant.

 

ANSWER:                             Labeling

REFERENCES:                    Life Lessons and Criminal Behavior

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.05 – 02.05

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

73. is an important variable in life course criminology.

 

ANSWER:                             Self-control

REFERENCES:                    Life Lessons and Criminal Behavior

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.05 – 02.05

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

74. Studies indicate that individuals with low           are at a greater risk of victimization.

 

ANSWER:                             self-control

REFERENCES:                    Life Lessons and Criminal Behavior

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.05 – 02.05

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

75. is a neurotransmitter in the brain which is highly correlated with addiction and physical dependency.

 

ANSWER:                             Dopamine REFERENCES:                                              The Brain and the Body LEARNING OBJECTIVES:  CJIA.GAMI.15.02.01 – 02.01

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

76. Practitioners of                                     believe that lying, stealing, bullying, and other conduct problems that occur in childhood are the strongest predictors of future criminal behavior.

 

ANSWER:                             life course criminology REFERENCES:                                              Life Lessons and Criminal Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.06 – 02.06

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

77. The theory of crime essentially says that once negative behavior patterns have been established, they cannot be changed.

 

ANSWER:                             continuity

REFERENCES:                    Life Lessons and Criminal Behavior

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.06 – 02.06

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

78. The use of drugs that results in physical or psychological problems for the user, as well as disruption of personal relationships and employment is called               .

 

ANSWER:                             drug abuse

REFERENCES:                    The Link between Drugs and Crime

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.07 – 02.07

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

79.              are medical drugs that require a physician’s permission for purchase.

 

ANSWER:                              Prescription drugs

REFERENCES:                    The Link between Drugs and Crime

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.07 – 02.07

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

80. is the study of the development and functioning of groups of people who live together within a society.

 

ANSWER:                             Sociology

REFERENCES:                    Bad Neighborhoods and Other Economic Disadvantages

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.07 – 02.07

KEYWORDS:                       Bloom’s: Remember

 

Essay

 

81. Discuss the difference between a hypothesis and a theory in the context of criminology.

 

ANSWER:                             ∙ A hypothesis is a statement of relationship between two researchers, which can be tested.

∙ A theory is a hypothesis that has been tested and accepted by researchers as a plausible explanation for criminal behavior.

REFERENCES:                    The Role of Theory

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.01 – 02.01

KEYWORDS:                       Bloom’s: Apply

 

 

82. Explain why classical criminology is based on choice theory.

 

ANSWER:                             ∙ Choice theory hold that those who commit crimes choose to do so.

∙ Classical criminology is based on a model of a person rationally making a choice

before committing a crime – weighing the benefits against the costs.

REFERENCES:                    The Brain and the Body

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.02 – 02.02

KEYWORDS:                       Bloom’s: Apply

 

83. Contrast positivism with classical criminology.

 

ANSWER:                             ∙ Classical criminologists believe that criminals choose to commit crimes, after a rational decision making process through which they weigh the benefits of the criminal activity with the potential costs.

∙ Positivists believe that criminal behavior is not the result of rational decision making, rather it is determined by psychological, biological, or social forces.

REFERENCES:                    The Brain and the Body

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.02 – 02.02

KEYWORDS:                       Bloom’s: Apply

 

84. List and briefly describe the three theories of social structure.

 

ANSWER:                             ∙ Social disorganization theory purposes that crime is caused by zones of disorganization within communities.

∙ Strain theory argues that crime is causes by the strain people experience as they are unable to meet their goals of wealth through legal means.

∙ Cultural deviance theory asserts that people adapt their behavior to the values of the subculture to which they belong.

REFERENCES:                    Bad Neighborhoods and Other Economic Disadvantages

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.04 – 02.04

KEYWORDS:                       Bloom’s: Apply

 

85. List and briefly describe the three branches of social process theory.

 

ANSWER:                             ∙ Learning theory contends that offenders learn criminal behavior from their family and peers.

∙ Control theory holds that the bonds people form with family and peers serve to prevent criminal offending.

∙ Labeling theory suggests that assigning and individual a negative label will result in that person becoming what he or she has been labeled.

REFERENCES:                    Life Lessons and Criminal Behavior

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.05 – 02.05

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Apply

 

86. Why do life course theorists believe the key to criminal offending lies in childhood?

 

ANSWER:                             ∙ Life course theorists believe there is a link between childhood behavior and criminal offending, and that the roots of criminality can be identified in the childhood behaviors of lying, stealing, and bullying.

REFERENCES:                    Life Lessons and Criminal Behavior

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.06 – 02.06

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Apply

 

87. What are neurotransmitters and discuss the three neurotransmitters that seem to be particularly related to aggressive behavior.

 

 

ANSWER:                             1. Serotonin, which regulates moods, appetite, and memory.

2. 2. Norepinephrine, which regulates sleep-wake cycles and controls how we respond

to anxiety, fear, and stress.

3. 3. Dopamine, which regulates perceptions of pleasure and

 

 

REFERENCES:                    The Brain and the Body

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.03 – 02.03

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Apply

 

88. Contrast the medical model of addiction with the criminal model of addiction.

 

ANSWER:                             ∙ Those who subscribe to the medical model of addiction believe that addicts are not criminals, but mentally or physically ill individuals who are forced into petty crimes to support their drug habits.

∙ Those in favor of the criminal model of addiction believe that abusers and addicts pose a danger to society and should be treated just like any other criminal offender.

REFERENCES:                    The Link between Drugs and Crime

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.07 – 02.07

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Apply

 

89. Explain the theory of the chronic offender and its importance for the criminal justice system.

 

ANSWER:                             ∙ Wolfgang’s research in the 1970’s resulted in the theory that chronic offenders are

responsible for the majority of violent criminal offending.

∙ As a result of this research, law enforcement and prosecutors have developed strategies to identify and convict chronic offenders.

∙ Habitual offenders laws which assign longer sentences to repeat offenders are also a result of chronic offender research.

REFERENCES:                    Criminology from Theory to Practice

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.08 – 02.08

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Apply

 

90. Explain the steps in the scientific method.

 

ANSWER:                             Observation: Crime occurs.  The study of crime, or criminology, is rich with different reasons as to why people commit crimes. However, criminologists, or those who study the causes of crime, warn against using models or profiles to predict violent behavior.

Hypothesis: A possible explanation for an observed occurrence that can be tested by further investigation.

Test: Correlation between two variables means that they tend to vary together. Causation, in contrast, means that one variable is responsible for the change in the other.

Verification: Four of my neighbors have the same morning class.

Theory: A theory is an explanation of a happening or circumstance that is based on observation, experimentation, and reasoning

Prediction.  Predict what will occur in the future.  Predictions are tests of your theory.

REFERENCES:                    The Role of Theory

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.02.01 – 02.01

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Apply

 

Chapter_04__Inside_Criminal_Law

 

 

True / False

 

1. The due process clause basically requires that government not act unfairly or arbitrarily. a. True
2. False

 

ANSWER:                             True

REFERENCES:                    Procedural Safeguards

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.10 – 04.10

KEYWORDS:                       Bloom’s: Remember

 

 

2. Insanity is a valid justification defense. a. True
3. False

 

ANSWER:                             False

REFERENCES:                    Defenses Under Criminal Law

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.06 – 04.06

KEYWORDS:                       Bloom’s: Remember

 

3. The necessity defense asserts that circumstances required the defendant to commit the illegal act. a. True
4. False

 

ANSWER:                             True

REFERENCES:                    Defenses Under Criminal Law

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.08 – 04.08

KEYWORDS:                       Bloom’s: Remember

 

4. English traditions are the exclusive source of common law. a. True
5. False

 

ANSWER:                             False

REFERENCES:                    The Development of American Criminal Law

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.01 – 04.01

KEYWORDS:                       Bloom’s: Remember

 

5. The primary functions of the law are to protect citizens from harm and to maintain and promote social values. a. True
6. False

 

ANSWER:                             True

REFERENCES:                    The Purpose of Criminal Law

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.03 – 04.03

KEYWORDS:                       Bloom’s: Remember

 

6. A state of being aware that a risk does exist and then disregarding that risk is recklessness. a. True
7. False

 

ANSWER:                             True

REFERENCES:                    The Elements of a Crime

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.04 – 04.04

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

7. The Bill of Rights is comprised of the ten Amendments to the Constitution. a. True
8. False

 

ANSWER:                             True

REFERENCES:                    Procedural Safeguards

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.01 – 04.01

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Understand

 

8. Criminal law specifies that there must be concurrence between the guilty act and the guilty intent. a. True
9. False

 

ANSWER:                             True

REFERENCES:                    The Elements of a Crime

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.04 – 04.04

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

9. Statutory law does not include ordinances passed by cities and counties. a. True
10. False

 

ANSWER:                             False

REFERENCES:                    The Development of American Criminal Law

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.01 – 04.01

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

10. Case law effectively establishes a single legal interpretation of a statute across multiple jurisdictions. a. True
11. False

 

ANSWER:                             False

REFERENCES:                    The Development of American Criminal Law

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.01 – 04.01

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

Multiple Choice

 

11. Alcohol intoxication can be used as a defense when
12. a. it does not involve large amounts. it is involuntary.
13. c. there is a designated driver. no injuries are sustained by victims.

 

ANSWER:                             b

REFERENCES:                    Defenses Under Criminal Law

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.06 – 04.06

KEYWORDS:                       Bloom’s: Remember

 

 

12. Which of the following is not one of the functions of criminal law?
13. a. Teach societal boundaries
14. Rehabilitate criminal offenders c. Express public morality
15. Protection of citizens from criminal harm

 

ANSWER:                             b

REFERENCES:                    The Purpose of Criminal Law

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.03 – 04.03

KEYWORDS:                       Bloom’s: Remember

 

13. The amendment protects against double jeopardy. a. Fourth   b. Sixth
14. c. Fifth Seventh

 

ANSWER:                             c

REFERENCES:                    Procedural Safeguards

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.09 – 04.09

KEYWORDS:                       Bloom’s: Remember

 

14. The rules, orders, and decisions of regulatory agencies are known as a. statutory law b. case law
15. c. bureaucratic law administrative law

 

ANSWER:                             d

REFERENCES:                    The Development of American Criminal Law

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.01 – 04.01

KEYWORDS:                       Bloom’s: Remember

 

15. Mens rea may be categorized as a. premeditated and deliberate. b. reckless or negligent.
16. c. with malice
17. purposeful, knowing, negligent, or reckless.

 

ANSWER:                             d

REFERENCES:                    The Elements of a Crime

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.04 – 04.04

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

16. makes it possible to convict a person of a crime he or she did not actually commit. a. Criminal liability                              b. Strict liability
17. c. Accomplice liability Attendant circumstances

 

ANSWER:                             c

REFERENCES:                    The Elements of a Crime

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.05 – 04.05

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

17. Many states use the concept of to impose harsher penalties on certain crimes. a. accomplice liability                             b. attendant circumstances
18. c. strict liability concurrence

 

ANSWER:                             b

REFERENCES:                    The Elements of a Crime

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.05 – 04.05

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

18. The amendment requires states to adhere to the Bill of Rights. a. First    b. Sixth
19. c. Ninth Fourteenth

 

ANSWER:                             d

REFERENCES:                    Procedural Safeguards

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.09 – 04.09

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

19. The M’Naughten rule is
20. a. a test for measuring b. case law use at pretrial.
21. c. admission of intoxication test results at d. evidence exclusions under Mapp v. Ohio.

 

ANSWER:                             a

REFERENCES:                    Defenses Under Criminal Law

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.06 – 04.06

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

20. Which of the following is not a justification defense?
21. a. Duress Involuntary intoxication c. Necessity d. Entrapment

 

ANSWER:                             b

REFERENCES:                    Defenses Under Criminal Law

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.08 – 04.08

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

21. The purpose of the social function of law is to
22. a. socialize offenders. reflect values and norms of society. c. rehabilitate offenders. d. preserve common law.

 

ANSWER:                             b

REFERENCES:                    The Purpose of Criminal Law

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.03 – 04.03

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

22. Statutory law includes all of the following except
23. a. state and federal statutes. county ordinances. c. city ordinances. d. case law.

 

ANSWER:                             d

REFERENCES:                    The Development of American Criminal Law

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.01 – 04.01

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

23. One of the earliest known examples of written law was a. the Code of Hammurabi. b. the Mosaic Code.
24. c. English common law. the Bill of Rights.

 

ANSWER:                             a

REFERENCES:                    The Development of American Criminal Law

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.01 – 04.01

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

24. Lex talionis is the concept of a. equity. b. causation.
25. c. retribution. concurrence.

 

ANSWER:                             c

REFERENCES:                    The Development of American Criminal Law

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.01 – 04.01

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

25. All of the following are requirements for the defense of duress, except:
26. a. the threat must be of serious bodily harm or death the threat must be induced by a public official
27. c. the threat must be immediate and inescapable
28. the harm threatened must be greater than the harm caused by the crime

 

ANSWER:                             b

REFERENCES:                    Defenses Under Criminal Law

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.08 – 04.08

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

26. The legal function of the law is to
27. a. protect and punish. protect and rehabilitate. c. rehabilitate and release. d. rehabilitate and teach.

 

ANSWER:                             a

REFERENCES:                    The Purpose of Criminal Law

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.01 – 04.01

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

27. Hate crime laws make a person’s                 an important attendant circumstance to his or her criminal act.
28. a. motive mens rea. c. ethnicity d. negligence

 

ANSWER:                             a

REFERENCES:                    The Elements of a Crime

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.05 – 04.05

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

28. Public backlash against the insanity defense led to enacting
29. a. the substantial capacity test. the irresistible impulse test. c. “guilty but mentally ill” statutes. d. the Durham rule.

 

ANSWER:                             c

REFERENCES:                    Defenses Under Criminal Law

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.06 – 04.06

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

29. Unlawful pressure brought to bear on a person, causing the person to perform an act that he or she would not otherwise perform is .
30. a. duress mistake
31. c. necessity entrapment

 

ANSWER:                             a

REFERENCES:                    Defenses Under Criminal Law

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.08 – 04.08

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

30. In criminal law, prevents unfair practices such as forced confessions, denial of counsel, or unreasonable searches.
31. a. substantive due process procedural due process c. stare decisis d. Lex talionis

 

ANSWER:                             b

REFERENCES:                    The Development of American Criminal Law

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.02 – 04.02

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

31. A wrongful mental state is known as . a. actus reus          b. corpus delicit
32. c. mens rea stare decisis

 

ANSWER:                             c

REFERENCES:                    The Elements of a Crime

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.04 – 04.04

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

32. The Amendment contains the prohibition against double jeopardy. a. 4th          b. 5th
33. c. 6th 8th

 

ANSWER:                             b

REFERENCES:                    Procedural Safeguards

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.01 – 04.01

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

33. The Amendment provides that no person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law.
34. a. 4th 5th c. 6th d. 8th

 

ANSWER:                             b

REFERENCES:                    Procedural Safeguards

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.01 – 04.01

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

34. Ultimately, it is the                        which determines whether an individual’s due process has been violated.
35. a. United States Supreme Court Federal Legislature c. Prosecutor d. President

 

ANSWER:                             a

REFERENCES:                    Procedural Safeguards

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.10 – 04.10

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

35. The Model Penal Code sets forth a. case law decisions.
36. general principles of criminal responsibility. c. administrative laws and rules.
37. common law.

 

ANSWER:                             b

REFERENCES:                    The Development of American Criminal Law

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.01 – 04.01

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

36. According to criminal law, there must be between the guilty act and the guilty intent. a. concurrence
37. compatibility c. coincidence d. connection

 

ANSWER:                             a

REFERENCES:                    The Elements of a Crime

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.04 – 04.04

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

37. The facts surrounding a criminal event that must be proved to convict the defendant of the underlying crime are called
38. a. attendant circumstances
39. concurrence c. strict liability d. culpability

 

ANSWER:                             a

REFERENCES:                    The Elements of a Crime

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.04 – 04.04

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

38. A law is a statute that provides for greater sanctions against those who commit crimes motivated by bias against an individual or a group based on race, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, disability, or age.
39. a. hate crime
40. inchoate
41. c. strict liability targeted

 

ANSWER:                             a

REFERENCES:                    The Elements of a Crime

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.05 – 04.05

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

39. A plot by two or more people to carry out an illegal or harmful act is called a a. conspiracy
40. corpus delicti
41. c. inchoate offenses targeted

 

ANSWER:                             a

REFERENCES:                    The Elements of a Crime

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.05 – 04.05

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

40. The body of law developed from custom or judicial decisions in English and U.S. courts and not attributable to a legislature is called
41. a. case law b. common law
42. c. administrative laws and d. precedent

 

ANSWER:                             b

REFERENCES:                    The Development of American Criminal Law

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.01 – 04.01

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

According to police investigators, Rickie Lee Fowler was angry about being  thrown out of a family member’s house in California’s San Bernardino Mountains. As retaliation, Fowler started one of the largest wildfires in state history. Known as the Old Fire, the 91,000-acre blaze lasted nine days, destroyed 1,003 homes, and caused the deaths of

five men. Fowler was eventually convicted on two counts of arson and five counts of murder. In January 2013, a jury sentenced him to be executed. “You’re not going to find a better case than this for the death penalty,” said San Bernardino County deputy district attorney Robert Bullock.

41. Murder is defined as the willful killing of another human being. Murder, punishable by death, must be both premeditated and what else?
42. a. deliberate
43. without malice c. justifiable
44. spontaneous

 

ANSWER:                             a

REFERENCES:                    The Elements of a Crime

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.04.04 – 04.05

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Understand

 

 

42. Of the five men killed in the Old Fire, how many did Rickie Lee Fowler intend to kill?
43. a. zero one c. three d. five

 

ANSWER:                             a

REFERENCES:                    The Elements of a Crime

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.04.04 – 04.05

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Understand

 

43. What fact would suggest that Fowler had malice aforethought toward the victims of Old Fire?
44. a. Fowler was angry at being thrown out a a family member’s
45. Fowler with deliberately started the Old Fire blaze.
46. c. Fowler purposefully retaliated against the family member with whom he had an
47. None of these choices

 

ANSWER:                             d

REFERENCES:                    The Elements of a Crime

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.04.04 – 04.05

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Understand

 

44. What fact would not matter in the murder charges against Fowler?
45. a. The five victims died due to heart attacks, not due to burns or smoke
46. One of the victims died a week after the event.
47. c. The Old Fire burned 1,003
48. Fowler intentionally started the Old Fire.

 

ANSWER:                             c

REFERENCES:                    The Elements of a Crime

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.04.04 – 04.05

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Understand

 

45. The fact that Fowler was angry at his family might be grounds for what legal defense?
46. a. substantial-capacity test
47. infancy
48. c. irresistible-impulse
49. insanity

 

ANSWER:                             c

REFERENCES:                    The Elements of a Crime

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.04.04 – 04.05

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Understand

 

In 2012, a San Diego County, California man named Richard Fox killed his girlfriend by accidentally shooting her with a homemade cannon.

46. What criminal charge would Richard Fox likely face, given the description of the incident?
47. a. First degree murder
48. Manslaughter
49. c. Negligent discharge of an explosive Reckless discharge of an explosive

 

ANSWER:                             c

REFERENCES:                    The Elements of a Crime

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.04.04 – 04.05

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Understand

 

47. Based on just the preface, what statement below would best describe Fox’ mental state?
48. a. Mens rea would apply in this
49. An attempt was demonstrated by the firing of the cannon.
50. c. Concurrence was demonstrated by the firing of the cannon and the death of the d. Mens rea would not apply in this case.

 

ANSWER:                             d

REFERENCES:                    The Elements of a Crime

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.04 – 04.04

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Apply

 

48. For Fox not to be charged with murder, the district attorney must have believed what part of Fox’s account?
49. a. Fox was not angry at his girlfriend
50. The discharge of the cannon was an accident. c. Fox deployed the cannon as a weapon.
51. Fox had been drinking heavily before the cannon was fired.

 

ANSWER:                             b

REFERENCES:                    Elements of a Crime

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.04 – 04.04

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Analyze

 

49. Felony-murder rules tend to negate what aspect of criminal justice?
50. a. mens rea
51. attempt
52. c. concurrence
53. All of these choices

 

ANSWER:                             d

REFERENCES:                    The Elements of a Crime

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.03 – 04.03

 

50. Which charge, given the description in the preface, might the district attorney have charged Fox with?
51. a. First degree murder
52. Voluntary manslaughter c. Involuntary manslaughter d. Recklessness

 

Between 2008 and 2013 American Predator drones—remote controlled, unmanned aircraft armed with missiles— killed upwards of 3,000 suspected terrorists in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Yemen. The most controversial target has been Islamist cleric Anwar al-Awlaki, who failed to survive a drone strike in Yemen on September 30, 2011. Awlaki had been linked to more than a dozen terrorist operations, including a plot to blow up cargo airplanes bound for the United States. He was also a United States citizen. Because of Awlaki’s citizenship, critics argued that his death by drone attack was illegal, given that the U.S. Constitution forbids the execution of American citizens without due process of law. Legal expert Glenn Greenwald noted that there had been no effort to charge Awlaki with

committing any crime, and he had not been afforded a trial to prove his innocence. “[Awlaki] was simply ordered killed by the president: his judge,  jury and executioner,” Greenwald said.

51. If Awlaki were to have been charged with terrorist activities, as an enemy combatant where would his case be heard?
52. a. State criminal court
53. Federal criminal court
54. c. Federal civil court
55. Military tribunals

 

ANSWER:                             d

REFERENCES:                    Procedural Safeguards

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.09 – 04.09

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Apply

 

 

52. If Awlaki had engaged in piracy rather than terrorism, what venue would these cases be heard? Hint: Pirates are not enemy combatants.
53. a. State criminal court
54. Federal criminal court
55. c. Federal civil court
56. Military tribunals

 

ANSWER:                             b

REFERENCES:                    Procedural Safeguards

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.09 – 04.09

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Apply

 

53. Given the circumstances of Awlaki’s death, which of the following would apply in his case?
54. a. Due process clause
55. Procedural criminal law
56. c. Bill of Rights
57. None of these choices

 

54. The use of the category “enemy combatant” has had what effect on individual rights?
55. a. It expanded them to apply to all people under US
56. It restricted them to apply to only US citizens.
57. c. It expanded them to apply to all foreigners, including those taken on the
58. It restricted them from applying to those battlefield prisoners, even if they are US citizens.

 

ANSWER:                             d

REFERENCES:                    Procedural Safeguards

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.10 – 04.10

KEYWORDS:                       Bloom’s: Apply

 

55. What is the legal difference between a US citizen committing armed robbery and a US enemy combatant fighting

American forces on a foreign battlefield?

1. a. The robbery suspect used a gun, thus making it a civil
2. The armed robber, it may be said, took up arms against the US Government.
3. c. The enemy combatant took up arms against the US
4. There are no differences between the two.

 

ANSWER:                             c

REFERENCES:                    Procedural Safeguards

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.10 – 04.10

KEYWORDS:                       Bloom’s: Apply

 

Completion

 

56. is the failure to exercise the standard of care that a reasonable person would exercise in similar circumstances.

 

ANSWER:                             Negligence REFERENCES:                                              The Elements of a Crime LEARNING OBJECTIVES:  CJIA.GAMI.15.04.05 – 04.05

KEYWORDS:                       Bloom’s: Remember

 

 

57. The primary legal function of the law is to maintain social order by protecting citizens from

                                        .

 

ANSWER:                             criminal harm

REFERENCES:                    The Purpose of Criminal Law

 

58. Legislatures enact .

 

ANSWER:                             statutes

REFERENCES:                    The Development of American Criminal Law

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.01 – 04.01

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

59. Through its , the American Law Institute seeks to bring uniformity to U.S. law.

 

ANSWER:                             Model Penal Code

REFERENCES:                    The Development of American Criminal Law

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.01 – 04.01

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

60. is the guilty act.

 

ANSWER:                             Actus reus REFERENCES:                                              The Elements of a Crime LEARNING OBJECTIVES:  CJIA.GAMI.15.04.04 – 04.04

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

61. Strict liability allows a finding of guilt even if is lacking.

 

ANSWER:                             intent

REFERENCES:                    The Elements of a Crime

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.05 – 04.05

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

62. Precedents are rules of law announced in .

 

ANSWER:                             court decisions

REFERENCES:                    The Development of American Criminal Law

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.02 – 04.02

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

63. Infancy is a defense in which the individual’s wrongdoing is excluded because he/she is too                               to understand the consequences of his/her actions.

 

ANSWER:                             young

REFERENCES:                    Defenses Under Criminal Law

 

64. The law that defines the acts the government will punish is called .

 

ANSWER:                             substantive criminal law REFERENCES:                                              Procedural Safeguards LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.09 – 04.09

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

65. is unlawful pressure brought upon a person causing them to perform an act they would not otherwise have performed.

 

ANSWER:                             Duress

REFERENCES:                    Defenses Under Criminal Law

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.08 – 04.08

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

66. A wrongful mental state, or intent, is called .

 

ANSWER:                             mens rea REFERENCES: The Elements of a Crime LEARNING OBJECTIVES:  CJIA.GAMI.15.04.04 – 04.04

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

67. The rules that define how the rights and duties of individuals can be enforced is criminal law.

 

ANSWER:                             procedural REFERENCES:                                              Procedural Safeguards LEARNING OBJECTIVES:  CJIA.GAMI.15.04.09 – 04.09

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

68. An act that is deemed criminal because it could do harm, which laws try to prevent, is called a(n)

                              .

 

ANSWER:                             inchoate offense REFERENCES:     The Elements of a Crime LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.06 – 04.06

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

69. The Amendment provides that no person should be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.

 

ANSWER:                             Fourteenth REFERENCES:                                              Procedural Safeguards LEARNING OBJECTIVES:  CJIA.GAMI.15.04.09 – 04.09

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

70. The practice of deciding new cases with reference to precedents is known as .

 

ANSWER:                             Stare decisis

REFERENCES:                    The Development of American Criminal Law

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.02 – 04.02

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

71. due process requires that the laws used in accusing and convicting offenders be fair.

 

ANSWER:                             Substantive REFERENCES:                                              Procedural Safeguards LEARNING OBJECTIVES:  CJIA.GAMI.15.04.09 – 04.09

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

72. An offense is conduct deemed criminal without actual harm being done, provided that the harm that would have occurred is one the

law tries to prevent.

 

ANSWER:                             Inchoate REFERENCES:  The Elements of a Crime LEARNING OBJECTIVES:  CJIA.GAMI.15.04.06 – 04.06

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

73. is a court decision that serves as example of authority for deciding subsequent cases.

 

ANSWER:                             Precedent

REFERENCES:                    The Development of American Criminal Law

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.02 – 04.02

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

74. Statutory rape is an example of a liability law.

 

ANSWER:                             strict

REFERENCES:                    The Elements of a Crime

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.05 – 04.05

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Remember

 

75. due process mandates that the law must be carried out in a method that is fair and orderly.

 

ANSWER:           Procedural REFERENCES:  Procedural Safeguards KEYWORDS:                            Bloom’s: Remember

 

76. An act that is deemed is less serious than one that is purposefully committed.

 

ANSWER:                             reckless REFERENCES: The Elements of a Crime LEARNING OBJECTIVES:  CJIA.GAMI.15.04.05 – 04.05

KEYWORDS:                       Bloom’s: Remember

 

77. The Fourth Amendment protection from unreasonable and seizures.

 

ANSWER:                             searches REFERENCES:                                              Procedural Safeguards LEARNING OBJECTIVES:  CJIA.GAMI.15.04.09 – 04.09

KEYWORDS:                       Bloom’s: Remember

 

78. The Fourth Amendment requirement that no warrants for a search or an arrest can be issued without

                .

 

ANSWER:                             probable cause REFERENCES:                                              Procedural Safeguards LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.09 – 04.09

KEYWORDS:                       Bloom’s: Remember

 

79.                 is a homicide in which the offender had no intent to kill her or his victim.

 

ANSWER:                             Involuntary manslaughter REFERENCES:                    The Elements of a Crime LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.05 – 04.05

KEYWORDS:                       Bloom’s: Remember

 

80.               is a homicide in which the intent to kill was present in the mind of the offender, but malice was lacking.

 

ANSWER:                             Voluntary manslaughter REFERENCES:                    The Elements of a Crime LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.05 – 04.05

KEYWORDS:                       Bloom’s: Remember

 

Essay

 

81. Explain precedent and the importance of stare decisis.

 

ANSWER:                             ∙ Precedent is the concept that one case decision becomes the authority for deciding future cases with similar facts.

∙ Under the doctrine of stare decisis, judges in a particular jurisdiction are bound to follow precedents in the same jurisdiction.

∙ Stare decisis leads to efficiency in the judicial system. REFERENCES:                    The Development of American Criminal Law LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.02 – 04.02

KEYWORDS:                       Bloom’s: Understand

 

82. List the four written sources of United States criminal law.

 

ANSWER:                             ∙ The four written sources of American criminal law are (1) the U.S. Constitution and state constitutions, (2) statutes passed by congress and the state legislatures, (3) administrative agency regulations, and (4) case law.

REFERENCES:                    The Development of American Criminal Law

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.01 – 04.01

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Understand

 

83. Name and explain the two basic functions of criminal law.

 

ANSWER:                             ∙ The primary function of criminal law is to protect citizens from harm and to punish criminal offenders.

∙ The second function of criminal law is to maintain and teach social values.

REFERENCES:                    The Purpose of Criminal Law

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.03 – 04.03

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Understand

 

84. Delineate the elements required to establish mens rea.

 

ANSWER:                             ∙ The elements required to establish mens rea include (1) purpose, (2) knowledge, (3)

negligence, and (4) recklessness. REFERENCES:                    The Elements of a Crime LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.04 – 04.04

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Understand

 

85. Explain how the doctrine of strict liability applies to criminal law.

 

ANSWER:                             ∙Strict liability laws hold offenders accountable for their actions, even if there is no criminal intent.

REFERENCES:                    The Elements of a Crime

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.05 – 04.05

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Understand

 

86. Identify and explain four excuse defenses against a criminal charge.

 

ANSWER:                             ∙ The first excuse defense is (1) infancy. According to common law, an individual must be old enough to understand the nature of his or her actions and their associated consequences before they can be held accountable.

∙ (2) Insanity is a defense which asserts that the defendant lacks the mental capacity to understand or control his or her actions.

∙ (3) Intoxication is an excuse defense which suggests the defendant was under the influence of a controlled substance and thus not responsible for his or her actions.

∙ The final defense is (4) mistake. Mistake of law suggests that the offender was unaware of the law while mistake of fact asserts that the defendant honestly did not know that he or she was breaking the law.

REFERENCES:                    Defenses Under Criminal Law

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.06 – 04.06

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Understand

 

87. Identify and explain four justification defenses against a criminal charge.

 

ANSWER:                             ∙ The defense of (1) duress assumes that the defendant was forced by another to commit the crime under threat of death or serious injury.

∙ (2) Self-defense asserts that the defendant acted in defense of life or property.

∙ (3) Necessity argues that the defendant committed the harm to prevent an even greater harm from occurring.

∙ Finally, the defense of (4) entrapment argues that the criminal behavior was induced by a public official.

REFERENCES:                    Defenses Under Criminal Law

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.08 – 04.08

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Understand

 

88. Distinguish between substantive and procedural criminal law.

 

ANSWER:                             ∙ Substantive criminal law defines which acts are considered criminal, and their associated punishments.

∙ Procedural criminal law describes the process by which they law should be carried out in order to protect the rights of individuals from the power of government.

REFERENCES:                    Procedural Safeguards

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.09 – 04.09

 

89. Explain the importance of the due process clause in the criminal justice system.

 

ANSWER:                             ∙ The due process clause is designed to limit the power of government by outlining the procedures that must be followed during the criminal justice process.

REFERENCES:                    Procedural Safeguards

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.10 – 04.10

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Understand

 

90. What are the legal requirements of first degree murder?

 

ANSWER:                             1. When the crime is premeditated, or contemplated beforehand by the offender, instead of being a spontaneous act of violence.

2. 2. When the crime is deliberate, meaning that it was planned and decided on after a process of decision making. Deliberation does not require a lengthy planning process. A person can be found guilty of first degree murder even if she or he made the decision to kill only seconds before committing the

REFERENCES:                    The Elements of a Crime

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CJIA.GAMI.15.04.10 – 04.10

KEYWORDS:                        Bloom’s: Understand