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Criminal Justice in Action The Core 6th Edition by Larry K. Gaines – Test Bank
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Chapter 2—Measuring and Explaining Crime
MULTIPLE CHOICE
- Since its inception in 1930, the ____ has attempted to measure the overall rate of crime in the United States by organizing “crimes known to the police.”
| a. | National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) |
| b. | National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) |
| c. | Self-report surveys |
| d. | Uniform Crime Report (UCR) |
ANS: D REF: p. 33 OBJ: LO 1
- The Uniform Crime Report (UCR) reports on three measurements. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
| a. | The number of persons arrested |
| b. | The number of crimes reported by victims, witnesses, or the police themselves |
| c. | The number of officers and support law enforcement specialists |
| d. | The number of Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents that compile the UCR |
ANS: D REF: p. 33 OBJ: LO 1
- The UCR is prepared annually by:
| a. | The United States Census Bureau |
| b. | The Department of Homeland Security |
| c. | The Federal Bureau of Investigation |
| d. | The United States Secret Service |
ANS: C REF: p. 33 OBJ: LO 1
- When the UCR presents crime data as a rate, they are reporting:
| a. | The amount of crime per 100,000 people |
| b. | The amount of change that has occurred since the previous year |
| c. | The total number of crimes |
| d. | The frequency with which a particular crime is committed within a 24 hour period |
ANS: A REF: p. 33 OBJ: LO 1
- The UCR is comprised of agency data which represents __________ of the American
population.
| a. | 95% |
| b. | 88% |
| c. | 76% |
| d. | 65% |
ANS: A REF: p. 33 OBJ: LO 1
- Which of the following is a Part II offense?
| a. | Driving under the influence |
| b. | Burglary |
| c. | Arson |
| d. | Motor vehicle theft |
ANS: A REF: p. 34 OBJ: LO 2
- Crimes that, due to their seriousness and frequency are recorded by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to give a general idea of the “crime picture” in the United States in any given year, are known as:
| a. | Part I offenses |
| b. | Part II offenses |
| c. | Part III offenses |
| d. | Part IV offenses |
ANS: A REF: p. 34 OBJ: LO 2
- Which of the following is a Part I offense?
| a. | Driving under the influence |
| b. | Embezzlement |
| c. | Drug abuse violations |
| d. | Larceny/theft |
ANS: D REF: p. 34 OBJ: LO 2
- In the 1980s, the Department of Justice began seeking ways to improve its data system. The result was the ____.
| a. | National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) |
| b. | National Crime Victimization (NCVS) |
| c. | Self-report surveys |
| d. | Uniform Crime Report (UCR) |
ANS: A REF: p. 35 OBJ: LO 2
- Supporters report that ____ gives victims a voice in the criminal justice process.
| a. | National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) |
| b. | Victim surveys |
| c. | Self-report surveys |
| d. | The Uniform Crime Report (UCR) |
ANS: B REF: p. 36 OBJ: LO 3
- ____ is a phrase used to describe the actual amount of crime that takes place.
| a. | “Hidden figure of crime” |
| b. | “Dark prediction of crime” |
| c. | “Dark figure of crime” |
| d. | “Hidden prediction of crime” |
ANS: C REF: p. 35 OBJ: LO 3
- Self-report surveys are designed to gather crime data from:
| a. | Victims |
| b. | Participants’ their own involvement in crime |
| c. | People with knowledge of other people’s criminal activity |
| d. | Law enforcement officers’ involvement with their own illegal activity while on the job |
ANS: B REF: p. 37 OBJ: LO 3
- In what form of data collection are persons asked directly, through personal interviews or questionnaires or over the telephone, about specific criminal activity to which they may have been a party?
| a. | National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) |
| b. | National Victimization Survey (NCVS) |
| c. | Self-report surveys |
| d. | Uniform Crime Report (UCR) |
ANS: C REF: p. 37 OBJ: LO 3
- The “dark figure of crime” appears to be:
| a. | Much higher than suggested by the UCR |
| b. | Much lower than suggested by the UCR |
| c. | Slightly lower than suggested by the UCR |
| d. | Consistent with the UCR |
ANS: A REF: p. 38 OBJ: LO 3
- In the twentieth century crime declined most between ______.
| a. | 1930-1940 |
| b. | 1990-2000 |
| c. | 1950-1960 |
| d. | 1970-1980 |
ANS: B REF: p. 39 OBJ: LO 4
- While traditionally overlooked in criminological research, __________________ are the fastest growing minority group in the U.S. prison population.
| a. | African Americans |
| b. | Asians |
| c. | Hispanics |
| d. | American Indians |
ANS: C REF: p. 42 OBJ: LO 4
- Which of the following is true about the relationship between class and crime?
| a. | The highest crime rates in the United States are consistently recorded in the low-income, urban neighborhoods |
| b. | Poverty causes crime |
| c. | The majority of residents in low-income neighborhoods are criminals |
| d. | Lower-income citizens are more likely to commit white-collar crimes |
ANS: A REF: p. 40-41 OBJ: LO 4
- The number of women in prisons and jails is ____ over time.
| a. | Remaining stable |
| b. | Decreasing steadily |
| c. | Increasing rapidly |
| d. | Slowly increasing |
ANS: C REF: p. 42 OBJ: LO 4
- The study of crime is referred to as ____.
| a. | Criminal justice |
| b. | Criminology |
| c. | Psychology |
| d. | Sociology |
ANS: B REF: p. 43 OBJ: LO 5
- Researchers who study the causes of crime are:
| a. | Victimologists |
| b. | Criminologists |
| c. | Psychologists |
| d. | Sociologists |
ANS: B REF: p. 43 OBJ: LO 5
- What are criminological theories primarily concerned with?
| a. | Assisting the criminal justice professional |
| b. | Constructing grounds to explain the behavior of criminal justice professionals |
| c. | Determining the reasons behind criminal behavior |
| d. | Providing support to criminal psychologists |
ANS: C REF: p. 44 OBJ: LO 5
- A theory is:
| a. | A relationship between two variables in which they vary together |
| b. | An educated guess by a criminologist about the relationship between two variables |
| c. | A statement in which a variable is denoted as the cause of change in another variable |
| d. | An explanation for a phenomenon based on observation, experimentation, and reasoning |
ANS: D REF: p. 44 OBJ: LO 5
- A proposition that can be tested by researchers to determine if it is valid is a(n):
| a. | Hypothesis |
| b. | Scientific method |
| c. | Theory |
| d. | Correlation |
ANS: A REF: p. 44 OBJ: LO 5
- A theory of crime in which offenders weigh the possible benefits of criminal activity against the costs of being apprehended is:
| a. | Choice theory |
| b. | Social disorganization theory |
| c. | Social process theory |
| d. | Trait theory |
ANS: A REF: p. 44 OBJ: LO 5
- According to Jack Katz, the emotional or sensual rush a criminal experiences upon the successful completion of a crime is referred to as:
| a. | “Crime adrenalin” |
| b. | “Criminal benefit” |
| c. | “Rush sensation” |
| d. | “Seduction of crime” |
ANS: D REF: p. 44 OBJ: LO 5
- Choice theorists believe the best way to deter crime is to:
| a. | Increase the severity of the punishment for offending |
| b. | Provide counseling and treatment for those individuals at risk for offending |
| c. | Establish programs to strengthen communities |
| d. | Divert juvenile offenders from the criminal justice system |
ANS: A REF: p. 45 OBJ: LO 5
- Which theory suggests that certain biological or psychological traits in individuals could incline them toward criminal behavior given a certain set of circumstances?
| a. | Choice theory |
| b. | Social process theory |
| c. | Social structure theory |
| d. | Trait theory |
ANS: D REF: p. 45 OBJ: LO 6
- Which of the following is NOT one of the three neurotransmitters that seem particularly related to aggressive behavior?
| a. | Serotonin |
| b. | Norepinephrine |
| c. | Dopamine |
| d. | Testosterone |
ANS: D REF: p. 46 OBJ: LO 6
- Epidemiologist Paul Goldstein has devised three models to explain the relationship between drugs and crime. Which of the below is NOT one of them?
| a. | Chronic offender model |
| b. | Psychopharmacological model |
| c. | Economically impulsive model |
| d. | Systemic model |
ANS: A REF: p. 54 OBJ: LO 6
- Which theory believes that deviant behavior is more likely in communities where social institutions such as the family, schools, and the criminal justice system fail to exert control over the population?
| a. | Choice theory |
| b. | Social disorganization theory |
| c. | Social process theory |
| d. | Trait theory |
ANS: B REF: p. 47 OBJ: LO 6
- Shaw and McKay studied high-crime neighborhoods and discovered that these “zones” were characterized by ____, or a breakdown in schools, families, and community groups.
| a. | Chaos |
| b. | Conflict |
| c. | Disorganization |
| d. | Disruption |
ANS: C REF: p. 47 OBJ: LO 6
- According to ____, criminal offending is the result of interactions with parents, friends and peer groups.
| a. | Choice theory |
| b. | Social disorganization theory |
| c. | Social process theory |
| d. | Trait theory |
ANS: C REF: p. 48 OBJ: LO 6
- A theory that sees crime as a form of learned behavior is ____.
| a. | Labeling theory |
| b. | Learning theory |
| c. | Social process theory |
| d. | Trait theory |
ANS: B REF: p. 48 OBJ: LO 6
- A theory that contends that if someone is labeled “delinquent” or “criminal” by authority figures, there is a better chance that the person will consider himself or herself as such and continue the criminal behavior is:
| a. | Labeling theory |
| b. | Learning theory |
| c. | Social process theory |
| d. | Trait theory |
ANS: A REF: p. 48-49 OBJ: LO 6
- Learning theory was popularized by:
| a. | Cesare Lombroso |
| b. | Clifford Shaw |
| c. | Edwin Sutherland |
| d. | Henry McKay |
ANS: C REF: p. 48 OBJ: LO 6
- Because adult criminals are seen as too “hardened” to unlearn their criminal behavior, crime prevention policies associated with ____ theory focus on juvenile offenders.
| a. | Choice |
| b. | Social disorganization |
| c. | Social process |
| d. | Social conflict |
ANS: C REF: p. 49 OBJ: LO 6
- Social conflict theory focuses on ____ as a key component in explaining crime.
| a. | Choice |
| b. | The community |
| c. | Learning |
| d. | Power |
ANS: D REF: p .49 OBJ: LO 6
- What is the school of criminology that is often associated with a critique of our capitalist economic system?
| a. | Labeling |
| b. | Social conflict |
| c. | Social disorganization |
| d. | Social process |
ANS: B REF: p. 49-51 OBJ: LO 6
- The theory that certain people are more likely to be victims of crime, and therefore part victimization is a strong predictor of future victimization is ___________________.
| a. | Repeat victimization |
| b. | System revictimization |
| c. | Victim profiling |
| d. | Routine activities theory |
ANS: A REF: p. 52 OBJ: LO 7
- According to ________________crime occurs when three factors are present: a likely offender, a suitable target, and the absence of a capable guardian.
| a. | Choice theory |
| b. | Social disorganization |
| c. | Social process theory |
| d. | Routine activity theory |
ANS: D REF: p. 51 OBJ: LO 7
- To understand the basics of addiction and physical dependence, you must understand the role of _ ____________ in the brain.
| a. | Serotonin |
| b. | Norepinephrine |
| c. | Dopamine |
| d. | Histamine |
ANS: C REF: p. 54 OBJ: LO 7
- A model that holds that drug abusers commit crimes as a direct result of the drugs they have ingested is _________________.
| a. | The psychopharmacological model |
| b. | The economically impulsive model |
| c. | The physical addiction model |
| d. | The systemic model |
ANS: A REF: p. 54 OBJ: LO 7
- A delinquent or criminal who commits multiple offenses and is considered part of a small group of wrongdoers who are responsible for a majority of the antisocial activity in any given community is a:
| a. | Constant criminal |
| b. | Chronic offender |
| c. | Career offender |
| d. | Persistent perpetrator |
ANS: B REF: p. 55 OBJ: LO 8
- According to Wolfgang, Figlio, and Sellin, what percent of juvenile offenders has been shown to be responsible for a disproportionate amount of violent crime?
| a. | 6% |
| b. | 10% |
| c. | 14% |
| d. | 80% |
ANS: A REF: p. 55 OBJ: LO 8
- A chronic offender is also referred to as a ____.
| a. | Career criminal |
| b. | Constant criminal |
| c. | Chronic victim |
| d. | Persistent perpetrator |
ANS: A REF: p. 55
TRUE/FALSE
- The UCR presents crime data collected annually from local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies.
ANS: T REF: p. 33 OBJ: LO 1
- The crime rate is expressed per 10,000 people.
ANS: F REF: p. 33 OBJ: LO 1
- There are seven Part II offenses listed in the UCR.
ANS: F REF: p. 34 OBJ: LO 2
- Part I offenses are recorded by the FBI to give a general idea of the “crime picture” in the United States.
ANS: T REF: p. 34 OBJ: LO 2
- The National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS) is an annual measure of victimization in the United States.
ANS: F REF: p. 36 OBJ: LO 2
- Victim surveys are used to collect data from criminals and victims of crime.
ANS: F REF: p. 36 OBJ: LO 3
- The dark figure of crime refers to those offenses that are committed, but are unknown to the police.
ANS: T REF: p. 36 OBJ: LO 3
- Crime is an overwhelmingly male activity.
ANS: T REF: p. 42 OBJ: LO 4
- A correlation between variables means that one variable causes change in another variable.
ANS: F REF: p. 43 OBJ: LO 5
- There are currently no theories that associate physical characteristics with criminality.
ANS: F REF: p. 45-46 OBJ: LO 6
- Trait theorists believe that crime is best addressed by punishing criminal offenders.
ANS: F REF: p. 46 OBJ: LO 6
- Social conflict theories say that the “labeling” of someone as a delinquent increases the chance that the person will see himself or herself as a delinquent and continue with criminal behaviors.
ANS: F REF: p. 48 OBJ: LO 6
- Victimology is a school of criminology that studies why certain people are the victims of crimes and the optimal role for victims in the criminal justice system.
ANS: T REF: p. 51 OBJ: LO 7
- All individuals are at equal risk of being victimized by crime.
ANS: F REF: p. 53 OBJ: LO 7
- As a reaction to the research of the “chronic 6%,” law enforcement agencies and district attorneys’ offices have devised specific strategies to apprehend and prosecute repeat offenders.
ANS: T REF: p. 55 OBJ: LO 8
COMPLETION
- The ___________________________ refers to the actual amount of crime that takes place.
ANS: Dark figure of crime REF: p. 36 OBJ: LO 3
- ____________ denotes national or cultural background.
ANS: Ethnicity REF: p. 42 OBJ: LO 4
- A proposition that can be tested by researchers to determine if it is valid is a(n) ____________________.
ANS: Hypothesis REF: p. 44 OBJ: LO 5
- The hormone _______________________ has been associated with aggression.
ANS: Testosterone REF: p. 46 OBJ: LO 6
- The theory that certain people are more likely to be subject to criminal activity because of past victimization is ___________________.
ANS: Repeat victimization REF: p. 52 OBJ: LO 7
ESSAY
- Describe the Uniform Crime Report (UCR). Who compiles this crime measurement source, when was it created, and what does it include?
ANS:
| o | The UCR was created in 1930. |
| o | The UCR has attempted to measure the overall rate of crime in the United States by organizing “crimes known to the police.” |
| o | The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) relies on voluntary participation of local law enforcement agencies. |
| o | Three basic measurements include number of persons arrested; number of crimes reported by victims, witnesses, or police themselves; and number of officers and support law enforcement specialists. |
REF: p. 33-34 OBJ: LO 1
- What is meant by “the dark figure of crime?” Are there sources that help to reveal this “dark figure?”
ANS:
| o | The “dark figure of crime” is a term used to describe the actual amount of crime that takes place. |
| o | The “figure” is “dark,” or impossible to detect, because a great number of crimes are never reported to the police. |
| o | Victim surveys help reveal the actual amount of crime that occurs, but may not be reported to police. |
| o | For reasons of shame, embarrassment, lack of knowledge about the crime, or fear of reprisal, a victim may not report a crime to police, thus causing “the dark figure of crime” to exist. |
| o | Higher victimization rates are revealed through victimization surveys than through the UCR, indicating the existence of “the dark figure of crime.” |
REF: p. 36-37 OBJ: LO 3
- Discuss the difference between a hypothesis and a theory in the context of criminology. Why is the scientific method an important part of criminology?
ANS:
| o | A hypothesis is a possible explanation for an observed occurrence that can be tested by further investigation. |
| o | A theory is an explanation of a happening or circumstance that is based on observation, experimentation, and reasoning. |
| o | If criminologists find a hypothesis to be valid, it may be accepted as a theory. This process is known as the scientific method. |
| o | Scientific method allows criminologists to systematically and scientifically explore the validity if their various explanations for criminal offending. |
REF: p. 43-44 OBJ: LO 5
- Discuss Social Process theories. Include descriptions of two particular theories found within this school of criminology.
ANS:
| o | Social process theories are a school of criminology that considers criminal behavior to be the predictable result of a person’s interaction with his or her environment. |
| o | According to these theories, everybody has the potential for wrongdoing. |
| o | Those who act on this potential are conditioned to do so by family or peer groups or by institutions such as the media. |
| o | Learning theory is the hypothesis that delinquents and criminals must be taught both the practical and emotional skills necessary to partake in illegal activity. |
| o | Labeling theory is the hypothesis that society creates crime and criminals by labeling certain behavior and certain people as deviant; the stigma that results from this social process excludes a person from the community, thereby increasing the chances that she or he will adopt the label as her or his identity and engage in a pattern of criminal behavior. |
REF: p. 47-49 OBJ: LO 6
- Discuss Delinquency in a Birth Cohort, as published by Marvin Wolfgang, Robert Figlio, and Thorsten Sellin, including reference to the policy implications that have followed this research.
ANS:
| o | This text established the idea of the chronic offender, or career criminal. |
| o | This work also showed that a small group of juvenile offenders (6%) were responsible for a disproportionate amount of the violent crime attributed to a group of nearly 10,000 young males. |
| o | Further research has supported the idea of a “chronic 6%.” |
| o | Law enforcement agencies and district attorneys’ offices have devised specific strategies to apprehend and prosecute repeat offenders. |
| o | Habitual offender laws have provided harsher sentences for repeat offenders. |
REF: p. 55 OBJ: LO 8
Chapter 4—Law Enforcement Today
MULTIPLE CHOICE
- Early policing efforts were for the most part performed by:
| a. | Educated employees |
| b. | Paid persons |
| c. | Professionals |
| d. | Volunteers |
ANS: D REF: p. 97 OBJ: LO 1
- The governor of each colony hired a ____ in each county to oversee the formal aspects of law enforcement, such as selecting juries and managing jails and prisons.
| a. | Constable |
| b. | Coroner |
| c. | Sheriff |
| d. | Watchman |
ANS: C REF: p. 97 OBJ: LO 1
- In which city was the first organized police department formed?
| a. | Atlanta |
| b. | Boston |
| c. | New York City |
| d. | Philadelphia |
ANS: B REF: p. 97 OBJ: LO 1
- The policing efforts in the first American cities were directed at:
| a. | Crime control |
| b. | Controlling certain groups of people (mostly slaves and Native Americans) |
| c. | Controlling politicians |
| d. | Controlling vagrants |
ANS: B REF: p. 105 OBJ: LO 1
- Early police officers likely gained their positions as a result of:
| a. | Earning a college education |
| b. | Receiving training in the area of policing |
| c. | Demonstrating their skills in investigation |
| d. | Political connections |
ANS: D REF: p. 98 OBJ: LO 1
- Many of our American policing institutions have their roots in _______________ tradition.
| a. | French |
| b. | English |
| c. | Spanish |
| d. | German |
ANS: B REF: p. 97 OBJ: LO 1
- During the ____ of policing, corruption was rampant.
| a. | Community era |
| b. | Technological era |
| c. | Political era |
| d. | Reform era |
ANS: C REF: p. 98 OBJ: LO 2
- The ____ lasted from approximately 1840 until 1930.
| a. | Community era |
| b. | Traditional era |
| c. | Political era |
| d. | Reform era |
ANS: C REF: p. 98 OBJ: LO 2
- The patronage system is associated with which era of policing?
| a. | The colonial era |
| b. | The political era |
| c. | The reform era |
| d. | The community era |
ANS: B REF: p. 98 OBJ: LO 2
- The findings of the ____ were seen as a call for the professionalism of American police and initiated the reform era of American policing.
| a. | Vollmer Commission |
| b. | Wickersham Commission |
| c. | Wilson Commission |
| d. | Hoover Commission |
ANS: B REF: p. 99 OBJ: LO 2
- All of the following were initiatives promoted by police chiefs during the reform era, EXCEPT:
| a. | The establishment of special units such as criminal investigation and vice |
| b. | The reorganization of police departments in major cities to include midlevel management positions such as assistant chiefs |
| c. | Focusing on proactive strategies aimed at stopping crimes before they were committed |
| d. | Utilizing technological innovations such as patrol cars, radio communications, and public records systems |
ANS: C REF: p. 99-101 OBJ: LO 2
- All of the following were recommendations of the Wickersham Commission, EXCEPT:
| a. | Higher personnel standards |
| b. | A centralized police administration |
| c. | Improved use of technology |
| d. | Increased use of foot patrol |
ANS: D REF: p. 99 OBJ: LO 2
- A style of policing that emphasizes centralized police organizations, increased use of technology, and a limitation of police discretion through regulations and guidelines was known as the:
| a. | Patronage system |
| b. | Professional model |
| c. | Spoils system |
| d. | Watchmen system |
ANS: B REF: p. 99 OBJ: LO 2
- Who is known as “the father of modern police administration?”
| a. | August Vollmer |
| b. | George Wickersham |
| c. | O. W. Wilson |
| d. | Sir Robert Peel |
ANS: A REF: p. 99 OBJ: LO 2
- The professional model of policing was promoted by:
| a. | August Vollmer |
| b. | Sir Robert Peel |
| c. | O.W. Wilson |
| d. | Herbert Hoover |
ANS: C REF: p. 99 OBJ: LO 2
- August Vollmer believed that police could prevent crime by involving themselves in the lives of potential criminals, which led to him establishing the first ____ in the nation.
| a. | Criminal justice college |
| b. | Gang crime unit |
| c. | Juvenile crime unit |
| d. | Special victims unit |
ANS: C REF: p. 99 OBJ: LO 2
- The community era of policing began in the year:
| a. | 1845 |
| b. | 1930 |
| c. | 1968 |
| d. | 2000 |
ANS: C REF: p. 101 OBJ: LO 2
- The third era in American policing, the ____, may have started with several government initiatives, including the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act.
| a. | Community era |
| b. | Patronage era |
| c. | Political era |
| d. | Progressive or reform era |
ANS: A REF: p. 101 OBJ: LO 2
- Attempting to stop crimes before they are committed is a form of ____ policing.
| a. | Social |
| b. | Interactive |
| c. | Proactive |
| d. | Reactive |
ANS: C REF: p. 101 OBJ: LO 2
- What was the major drawback of the reform era?
| a. | Community policing was redesigned based on the new model of policing |
| b. | Crime rates increased drastically |
| c. | Relations with the community suffered |
| d. | Salaries for the rank and file were reduced, which did not allow for hiring of the best people |
ANS: C REF: p. 101 OBJ: LO 2
- Which of the following is not one of the four basic responsibilities of the police as pinpointed by Bittner?
| a. | To create laws |
| b. | To enforce laws |
| c. | To provide services |
| d. | To prevent crime |
ANS: A REF: p. 103 OBJ: LO 3
- The police responsibility of “preserving the peace” is strongly related to:
| a. | Preventing crime |
| b. | Providing public service |
| c. | Enforcing the law |
| d. | Fighting crime |
ANS: A REF: p. 105 OBJ: LO 3
- The most controversial role of the police is to:
| a. | Enforce laws |
| b. | Provide services |
| c. | Prevent crime |
| d. | Preserve the peace |
ANS: C REF: p. 103 OBJ: LO 3
- In the public mind, the primary goal of the police officer is to _____________________.
| a. | Enforce laws |
| b. | Provide services |
| c. | Prevent crime |
| d. | Preserve the peace |
ANS: A REF: p. 103 OBJ: LO 3
- Which of the following is NOT one of the services provided by police?
| a. | Directing traffic |
| b. | Performing emergency medical procedures |
| c. | Providing directions to tourists |
| d. | Arresting offenders |
ANS: D REF: p. 104 OBJ: LO 3
- The majority of all police officers work in:
| a. | Federal agencies |
| b. | Large departments like New York City and Chicago |
| c. | Small and medium-size police departments |
| d. | State police agencies |
ANS: C REF: p. 106 OBJ: LO 4
- With few exceptions, county sheriffs are:
| a. | Appointed by the governor |
| b. | Appointed by the major and the city council |
| c. | Elected by a popular vote |
| d. | Promoted from within the sheriff’s agency |
ANS: C REF: p. 106 OBJ: LO 4
- Of the three levels of law enforcement, ____ have the broadest authority to apprehend criminal suspects, maintain order, and provide services to the community.
| a. | Municipal police agencies |
| b. | County sheriff’s department |
| c. | State police agencies |
| d. | Federal police agencies |
ANS: A REF: p. 106 OBJ: LO 4
- Most sheriffs’ departments are assigned their duties by ____ law.
| a. | City |
| b. | County |
| c. | State |
| d. | Federal |
ANS: C REF: p. 107 OBJ: LO 4
- In certain rare circumstances, such as when the sheriff is arrested or otherwise forced to leave his post, the ____ becomes the leading law enforcement officer of the county.
| a. | Coroner |
| b. | Local police chief |
| c. | Mayor |
| d. | State governor |
ANS: A REF: p. 108 OBJ: LO 4
- The first statewide police organization was the:
| a. | New York State Police |
| b. | Massachusetts State Police |
| c. | Texas Rangers |
| d. | New Mexico Mounted Police |
ANS: C REF: p. 108 OBJ: LO 4
- Which of the following is NOT under the direction of the Department of Homeland Security?
| a. | U.S. Customs and Border Protection |
| b. | The Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) |
| c. | U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement |
| d. | The U.S. Secret Service |
ANS: B REF: p. 109 OBJ: LO 5
- Which agency was originally created for combating currency counterfeiters?
| a. | Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) |
| b. | Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) |
| c. | U.S. Marshals Service |
| d. | U.S. Secret Service |
ANS: D REF: p. 110 OBJ: LO 5
- Which agency is considered to be the primary federal law enforcement agency in the United States?
| a. | Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) |
| b. | Department of Justice (DOJ) |
| c. | Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) |
| d. | Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) |
ANS: B REF: p. 111-112 OBJ: LO 5
- Which of the following agencies patrol the borders of the continental United States and American territories to ensure that immigrants do not enter the country illegally?
| a. | U.S. Marshals Service |
| b. | U.S. Immigrations and Customs Service (ICE) |
| c. | U.S. Department of Transportation |
| d. | U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) |
ANS: D REF: p. 109-110 OBJ: LO 5
- Which agency regulates all gun trade between the United States and foreign nations and collects taxes on all firearms importers, manufacturers, and dealers?
| a. | ATF |
| b. | DEA |
| c. | FBI |
| d. | U.S. Secret Service |
ANS: A REF: p. 111 OBJ: LO 5
- The Drug Enforcement Administration is housed in the:
| a. | Department of Justice |
| b. | Department of Homeland Security |
| c. | Department of Transportation |
| d. | Treasury Department |
ANS: A REF: p. 109 OBJ: LO 5
- The main duties of the ____ include providing security at federal courts, controlling property seized by federal courts, protecting government witnesses, transporting federal prisoners, and investigating violations of federal fugitive laws.
| a. | Department of Treasury |
| b. | U.S. Border Patrol |
| c. | U.S. Marshals |
| d. | U.S. Secret Service |
ANS: C REF: p. 113 OBJ: LO 5
- The oldest federal law enforcement agency is the:
| a. | Federal Bureau of Investigation |
| b. | U.S. Border Patrol |
| c. | U.S. Marshals |
| d. | U.S. Secret Service |
ANS: C REF: p. 113 OBJ: LO 5
- Which agency is charged with investigating over two hundred federal crimes, including kidnapping, bank robbery and gambling?
| a. | ATF |
| b. | DEA |
| c. | FBI |
| d. | U.S. Secret Service |
ANS: C REF: p. 111 OBJ: LO 6
- Which of the following is NOT one of the investigative priorities of the FBI?
| a. | Cyber crime |
| b. | Human trafficking |
| c. | Civil rights violations |
| d. | Terrorism |
ANS: B REF: p. 111 OBJ: LO 6
- If a private security officer witnesses a public offense, he or she can:
| a. | Make a citizen’s arrest |
| b. | Make a formal arrest just as law enforcement would |
| c. | Do nothing; notify police immediately |
| d. | Verbally order the suspect to remain until police arrive |
ANS: A REF: p. 114 OBJ: LO 7
- As a general rule, private security officers are intended to:
| a. | Arrest criminals |
| b. | Investigate criminal offenses |
| c. | Deter crime with their presence |
| d. | Replace law enforcement |
ANS: C REF: p. 114 OBJ: LO 7
- Which of the following is a condition that may prevent finding qualified and highly motivated individuals for the work of private security?
| a. | Low pay |
| b. | A lack of job openings |
| c. | The intensity of training and qualification standards |
| d. | Fear of injury on the job |
ANS: A REF: p. 115 OBJ: LO 7
- Which of the following is a reason for continued growth in the field of private security?
| a. | The war on drugs and the resulting increase in gang violence |
| b. | The creation of federal regulations governing the security field |
| c. | An economic upswing |
| d. | Concern over a terrorist attack |
ANS: D REF: p. 116 OBJ: LO 7
TRUE/FALSE
- Policing in the United States and in England evolved along similar lines, and many of our policing institutions have their roots in English traditions.
ANS: T REF: p. 97 OBJ: LO 1
- The first American police department was formed in Philadelphia.
ANS: F REF: p. 97 OBJ: LO 1
- The patronage system was designed to root out corruption and provide for better police officers.
ANS: F REF: p. 98 OBJ: LO 2
- The community era of policing began in the 1930s.
ANS: F REF: p. 100 OBJ: LO 2
- Police strategy, prior to the community era, was considered reactive.
ANS: T REF: p. 99 OBJ: LO 2
- Police officers primarily see themselves as public servants.
ANS: F REF: p. 103 OBJ: LO 3
- The law enforcement goal of “preserving the peace” is highly related to the goal of “preventing crime.”
ANS: T REF: p. 105 OBJ: LO 3
- Common responsibilities of the sheriff include protecting the public, maintaining the county jail, keeping order in the county courthouse, and collecting taxes.
ANS: T REF: p. 107 OBJ: LO 4
- There is no basic difference between the state police and the highway patrol. Both are responsible for enforcing traffic laws on the roads and highways of the state.
ANS: F REF: p. 108 OBJ: LO 4
- U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) police the flow of goods and people across the United States’ international borders with Mexico and Canada.
ANS: F REF: p. 110 OBJ: LO 5
- At its inception, the United States Secret Service was primarily responsible for combating currency counterfeiters.
ANS: T REF: p. 110 OBJ: LO 5
- The Federal Bureau of Investigation is now part of the Department of Homeland Security.
ANS: F REF: p. 111 OBJ: LO 6
- The Federal Bureau of Investigation operates the largest crime laboratory in the world.
ANS: T REF: p. 111 OBJ: LO 6
- Like municipal police officers, private security officers have arrest powers.
ANS: F REF: p. 114 OBJ: LO 7
- The United States has strict federal regulations regarding the use of private security.
ANS: F REF: p. 115 OBJ: LO 7
COMPLETION
- The father of modern police administration is _________________________.
ANS: August Vollmer REF:p. 99 OBJ: LO 2
- The primary law enforcement officer in a county is the ______________.
ANS: Sheriff REF: p. 107 OBJ: LO 4
- Protecting witnesses who put themselves in danger by testifying against the targets of federal criminal investigations is the duty of ___________________________.
ANS: The U.S. Marshals Service REF: p. 113 OBJ: LO 5
- The FBI’s _________________________ provides lists of stolen vehicles and firearms, missing license plates, and other information useful to local and state law enforcement officials.
ANS: National Crime Information Center (NCIC) REF: p. 111 OBJ: LO 6
- The primary purpose of private security is to _______________________.
ANS: Deter crime REF: p. 114 OBJ: LO 7
ESSAY
- Describe the first systems of law enforcement in Colonial America.
ANS:
| o | Early colonial police had their roots in English tradition. | |
| o | Following the American revolution, citizens relied on volunteers in the form of constables and night watchmen. | |
| o | The governor of each colony hired a sheriff in each county to oversee the formal aspects of law enforcement. There were few requirements for the position. | |
| o | In 1801, Boston became the first city to hire a formal night watch. They were also the first to create a formal police department in 1838. | |
REF: p. 97 OBJ: LO 1
- How did the patronage system impact policing?
ANS:
| o | The patronage system, also known as the “spoils” system, occurred during the Political Era of policing (1840-1930). |
| o | During this time, corruption was rampant, and officers commonly relied on bribery to supplement their salaries. |
| o | Law enforcement officers were often controlled by local politicians, who used them to influence their constituencies. |
REF: p. 98-99 OBJ: LO 2
- List and explain the four basic responsibilities of police. Which of the four do you believe is the most critical and why?
ANS:
| o | One role is to enforce laws in the role of the crime fighter. Police have a clear mandate to seek out and apprehend those who have violated the law. |
| o | Another role is to provide services, especially providing services for the community, which include directing traffic, performing emergency medical procedures, counseling those involved in domestic disputes, providing directions to tourists, and finding lost children. |
| o | A third role is to prevent crime, which may include dissuading criminals simply through a police presence; in general it involves providing a deterrent effect. |
| o | A fourth role is to preserve the peace. Police have the authority to use the power of arrest or even force; the policeman takes on the role of “handling situations.” |
REF: p. 103 OBJ: LO 3
- List and describe some of the most important law enforcement agencies under the control of the department of homeland security.
ANS:
| o | Transportation Security Administration |
| o | U.S. Customs and Border Protection |
| o | U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement |
| o | U.S. Secret Service |
| o | Federal Air Marshals Program |
| o | Federal Emergency Management Administration |
REF: p. 109-113 OBJ: LO 5
- Analyze the importance of private security today.
ANS:
| o | Police do not have the resources to respond to every crime. Private security personnel serve as extra “eyes and ears” to observe crime and notify authorities. |
| o | The presence of private security officers may deter would-be criminals from offending. |
| o | In emergency situations, private security officers may make “citizen’s arrests.” |
REF: p. 114 OBJ: LO 7
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