Criminal Justice in America 6th international Edition By George F. Cole – test Bank

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Criminal Justice in America 6th international Edition By George F. Cole – test Bank

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Chapter 2

Crime and Justice in America

 

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

1. Crimes such as murder or assault that are traditionally considered to be wrong in themselves are known as:

a.	mala prohibita
b.	misdemeanors
c.	transgressions
d.	mala in se
e.	criminogenic

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   Page 37          OBJ:   2-1

 

 

2. Crimes such as gambling or prostitution that are not “wrong in themselves” but are prohibited by government, are known as:

a.	mala prohibita
b.	misdemeanors
c.	positivist
d.	victimology
e.	mala in se

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   Page 37          OBJ:   2-1

 

 

3. The type of crime, often termed “street crime” or “ordinary crime,” involving criminal acts that are the least profitable and least protected is also known as:

a.	political crime
b.	crimes without victims
c.	visible crime
d.	organized crime
e.	occupational crime

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   Page 38          OBJ:   2-1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4. Which of the following is an example of a visible crime?

a.	murder
b.	espionage
c.	public drunkenness
d.	price fixing
e.	treason

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   Page 38          OBJ:   2-2

 

 

 

5. Which of the following is an example of an occupational crime?

a.	murder
b.	espionage
c.	illegal drug sales
d.	embezzlement
e.	prostitution

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   Page 39          OBJ:   2-2

 

 

6. Crimes that are committed by groups with a defined organizational structure and hierarchy are known as:

a.	political crimes
b.	crimes without victims
c.	visible crimes
d.	organized crimes
e.	occupational crimes

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   Page 39          OBJ:   2-2

 

 

7. Which of the following offenses fall into the category of cyber crime?

a.	distributing illegal pornography via the Internet
b.	sending spam in order to obtain bank account and credit card numbers
c.	emailing viruses meant to corrupt computer systems
d.	hacking into a bank account to steal money
e.	all of these can be classified as cyber crime

 

 

ANS:  E                    REF:   Page 41          OBJ:   2-2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

8. The term “hate crime” refers to:

a.	violent crimes motivated by a bias against individuals of a particular race, ethnicity, sexuality, or religion
b.	all crimes motivated by a bias against individuals of a particular race, ethnicity, sexuality, or religion
c.	only crimes in which a bias against individuals of a particular race, ethnicity, sexuality, or religion is verbally expressed
d.	all violent crimes in which the perpetrator and victim are of two different races
e.	all violent crimes in which the perpetrator is sufficiently angered to be incapable of acting rationally

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   Page 42          OBJ:   2-2

 

 

9. The concept that much more crime occurs than is reported to police is known as which of the following?

a.	invisible crime
b.	the dark figure of crime
c.	lost crime
d.	mala in se
e.	mala prohibita

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   Page 43          OBJ:   2-3

 

 

10. Which of the following is a statistical summary of crimes reported to the police?

a.	the NCVS
b.	the DBR
c.	the UCR
d.	NIBRS
e.	the BIS

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   Page 43          OBJ:   2-3

 

 

11. Of the following crimes, which crime are people least likely to report?

a.	Homicide
b.	Motor vehicle theft
c.	Rape
d.	Robbery
e.	Aggravated assault

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   Page 43          OBJ:   2-3

 

 

 

 

12. A source of crime data from interviews conducted to gather on unreported as well as reported crimes is called…

a.	the National Crime Victimization Survey
b.	the National Burglary Registry
c.	the Uniform Crime Reports
d.	the National Incident-Based Reporting System
e.	the Bureau of Information Systems

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   Pages 45-46   OBJ:   2-3

 

 

13. Why does the NCVS not measure homicide?

a.	homicide is excluded from the NCVS as a Part I offense
b.	homicide victims cannot be surveyed
c.	not all homicides are identified as such, so rates are unreliable
d.	homicide is measured by the UCR
e.	there is little physical evidence of homicide

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   Page 46          OBJ:   2-3

 

 

 

14. According to Cole and Smith, which is not an explanation for the recent drop in both violent

and property crime?

a.	the aging of the baby boomers
b.	increased use of security systems
c.	a dramatic decline in the use of crack cocaine
d.	greater awareness of the societal costs of crime
e.	aggressive police efforts to keep handguns off the streets.

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   Pages 46-47   OBJ:   2-3

 

 

15. Which of the following statements concerning instruments of crime measurement is TRUE?

a.	The UCR is the most accurate.
b.	The NCVS is the most accurate.
c.	Both the UCR and the NCVS are equally accurate.
d.	Both the UCR and the NCVS blur and distort measurement.
e.	The UCR and the NCVS, if taken together, create an accurate picture.

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   Pages 43-46   OBJ:   2-3

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

16. According to the lifestyle exposure model, which of the following groups is most likely to be victimized?

a.	elderly white females
b.	elderly white males
c.	elderly black females
d.	young black males
e.	young white males

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   Page 50          OBJ:   2-4

 

 

17. Which of the following statements concerning race and crime victims is TRUE?

a.	Most violent crime is interracial.
b.	Whites are most likely to be victims of violent crime.
c.	Most victims and offenders are from different social classes.
d.	Whites are not fearful of being victimized by black strangers.
e.	African-Americans and other minorities are most likely to be victims of violent crimes.

 

 

ANS:  E                    REF:   Page 51          OBJ:   2-4

 

 

18. These individuals are at highest risk of victimization for violent crime, according to the

lifestyle-exposure model?

a.	Older, White Females
b.	Middle-aged, African-American males
c.	Young, African-American males
d.	Middle-aged, White males
e.	Young, White females

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   Page 51          OBJ:   2-4

 

 

19. Which of the following statements does NOT reflect a major principle of classical

criminology?

a.	Criminal behavior is rational.
b.	People who commit crimes weigh the costs and benefits.
c.	Fear of punishment keeps most people in check.
d.	Punishment should be tailored to each individual person.
e.	The criminal justice system must be predictable, with laws and punishments known to the public.

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   Page 56          OBJ:   2-6

 

 

 

 

 

 

20. Which type of criminology studied the body, mind, and environment of the offender using

the scientific method?

a.	classical
b.	neoclassical
c.	positivist
d.	victimology
e.	criminogenic

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   Page 56          OBJ:   2-6

 

 

21. Researchers who focus on the genetic predispositions to criminal behavior are working under

these theoretical perspectives of behavior:

a.	Classical theories
b.	Psychological theories
c.	Sociological theories
d.	Life course theories
e.	Biological theories

 

 

ANS:  E                    REF:   Page 57          OBJ:   2-6

 

 

22. According to Sigmund Freud’s theory of personality, which stage of life is held to be most

significant?

a.	fetal development
b.	early childhood
c.	adolescence
d.	middle age
e.	old age

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   Page 57          OBJ:   2-6

 

 

23. The social process theory which holds that all members of society have the capacity to commit crime, but that most are restrained by social norms, is known as:

a.	labeling theory
b.	learning theory
c.	control theory
d.	normal theory
e.	political theory

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   Page 59          OBJ:   2-6

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

24. The concept of anomie refers to:

a.	The process by which offenders are labeled as criminal
b.	A breakdown in the rules or norms of a society
c.	The biological factors that increase the likelihood of crime
d.	Political influences on crime policy
e.	The conflict between economic classes

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   Page 58          OBJ:   2-6

 

 

25. Which of the following arguments does NOT explain the current trend in female arrest and conviction rates?

a.	With the expansion of job opportunities available to women, fewer women need to resort to crime to support themselves.
b.	As women and men become more equal, gender differences in criminality decrease.
c.	The increase in job opportunities available to women also increases their opportunities to commit crime.
d.	Women are less likely to receive preferential treatment from police and prosecutors than in the past.
e.	All of these arguments contribute to explaining the current trend in female arrest and conviction rates.

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   Page 62          OBJ:   2-7

 

 

TRUE/FALSE

 

1. Robberies and other visible crimes are among the least profitable criminal activities.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Page 38          OBJ:   2-2

 

 

2. Misdemeanors are usually punished by sentences of more than one year in prison.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Page 37          OBJ:   2-1

 

 

3. Visible crimes are typically committed by older career criminals.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Page 38          OBJ:   2-2

 

 

4. Most types of occupational crime are profitable and do not come to the public’s attention.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Page 39          OBJ:   2-2

 

 

5. Organized crime has been observed in all American immigrant groups as one of the first steps on the so-called “ladder of social mobility.”

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Page 39          OBJ:   2-2

 

 

6. Relatively few political crimes take place in western democracies compared with other countries.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Page 40          OBJ:   2-2

 

 

7. It is fairly easy to track crime for criminal justice research purposes because of the wide availability of accurate data.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Pages 43-46   OBJ:   2-3

 

 

8. The UCR and NCVS do not provide a clear picture of the amount of crime because of the differences in the way that each measures crime.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Pages 43-46   OBJ:   2-3

 

 

9. Most people do not report auto theft to the police.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Page 43          OBJ:   2-3

 

 

 

10. The NCVS incorporates a survey of businesses to assess their rate of victimization.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Page 46          OBJ:   2-3

 

 

11. Males aged 16-24 are the most crime-prone demographic group.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Page 47          OBJ:   2-4

 

 

12. Both the UCR and NCVS indicate that crime in the U.S. has been decreasing since 1993.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Page 46          OBJ:   2-3

 

13. An individual whose lifestyle includes visiting nightclubs and staying out late has an

increased risk of victimization over someone who stays home in the evenings.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Page 50          OBJ:   2-4

 

 

14. Race is a key factor in exposure to crime, in that White citizens are more likely to be victimized than Black citizens.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Page 50          OBJ:   2-4

 

 

15. Sexual assault victims are most likely to be assaulted by someone they know.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Page 52          OBJ:   2-4

 

 

16. Politicians’ statements may contribute to fear of crime.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Page 53          OBJ:   2-5

 

 

17. Explanations of criminal behavior in the 1970’s focused on the influence of the devil on

individual behavior.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Page 55          OBJ:   2-6

 

 

18. Classical criminology holds that criminal behavior is irrational.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Page 56          OBJ:   2-6

 

 

19. Positivist criminologists believe that scientific methods can be effectively used to discover

the causes of crime and to treat deviants.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Page 56          OBJ:   2-6

 

 

20. Proposals for chemical castration of repeat sex offenders are based upon sociological

explanations of crime.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Page 57          OBJ:   2-6

 

 

21. The term “anomie” applies to a situation in which the rules or norms that guide behavior

have been strengthened or reinforced.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Page 58          OBJ:   2-6

 

 

22. Control theories emphasize that individuals exhibit criminal behavior due to the social

processes inherent in the criminal justice system.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Page 59          OBJ:   2-6

23. Life course theories of criminal behavior attempt to identify important developmental

pathways to criminal behavior.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Page 60          OBJ:   2-6

 

 

24. Most theories about crime are based on men’s behavior.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Page 60          OBJ:   2-7

 

 

25. Recent data indicates that women’s involvement in violent crimes is skyrocketing.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Pages 61-62   OBJ:   2-7

 

 

COMPLETION

 

1. Crimes that are prohibited by government but are not necessarily wrong by nature are called ____________________.

 

ANS:  mala prohibita

 

REF:   Page 37          OBJ:   2-1

 

 

 

2. Crimes that are traditionally considered wrong by nature are called ____________________.

 

ANS:  mala in se

 

REF:   Page 37          OBJ:   2-1

 

 

3. Offenders convicted of ____________________ typically serve less than one year in jail.

 

ANS:  misdemeanors

 

REF:   Page 37          OBJ:   2-1

 

 

4. ____________________ crimes are those crimes that are committed in the context of a legal business or profession.

 

ANS:  Occupational

 

REF:   Page 39          OBJ:   2-2

 

 

5. Gambling, prostitution and drug use are sometimes referred to as crimes without ____________________.

 

ANS:  victims

 

REF:   Page 40          OBJ:   2-2

 

 

6. ____________________ crimes are committed by or against a government.

 

ANS:  Political

 

REF:   Page 40          OBJ:   2-2

 

 

7. The ____________________ measures crime based on victim interviews.

 

ANS:  National Crime Victimization Survey

 

REF:   Pages 45-46   OBJ:   2-3

 

 

8. ____________________ crime is often referred to as “street crime.”

 

ANS:  Visible

 

REF:   Page 38          OBJ:   2-2

 

 

 

9. The large numbers of crimes that are not reported is known as the ____________________.

 

ANS:  dark figure of crime

 

REF:   Page 43          OBJ:   2-3

 

 

10. The field of criminology that focuses on the role of the victim is known as ____________________.

 

ANS:  victimology

 

REF:   Page 47          OBJ:   2-5

 

 

 

 

 

 

11. The ____________________ model holds that where someone lives and how a person spends leisure time determines the likelihood of becoming a victim of crime.

 

ANS:  lifestyle-exposure

 

REF:   Page 50          OBJ:   2-4

 

 

12. ____________________ criminology maintains that human behavior is controlled by physical, mental, and social factors.

 

ANS:  Positivist

 

REF:   Page 56          OBJ:   2-6

 

 

13. Freud theorized that the personality is made up of three parts: the id, the ego, and the ____________________.

 

ANS:  superego

 

REF:   Page 57          OBJ:   2-6

 

 

14. The idea that criminal law is an instrument used by the rich to control the poor is most characteristic of  ____________________ theory.

 

ANS:  social conflict

 

REF:   Page 60          OBJ:   2-6

 

 

15. ____________________ theory suggests that criminal behavior is the result of the social definition of certain acts as criminal or deviant.

 

ANS:  labeling

 

REF:   Page 59          OBJ:   2-6

 

 

ESSAY

 

1. Based on the definition of occupational crime, would the abuse of a suspect in a police station be considered an occupational crime or a visible crime?  Does this mean we should blame the government or the individual for such an offense?

 

REF:   Pages 38-39                                    OBJ:   2-2

 

2. Some have argued that offenses that are mala prohibita should be illegal because they lead to crimes considered to be mala in se.  Give an example of one type of crime that can lead to another, and explain how the crime fits into the mala prohibita and mala in se categories.  Which type of crime should we be more worried about, and why?

 

REF:   Page 37                                           OBJ:   2-1

 

 

3. Should the acts of terrorism committed in Oklahoma City and on 9/11 be considered “crime” or “terrorism”?  Why does it matter how we define these acts (or does it)?

 

REF:   Page                                                OBJ:   2-3

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4. Provide the definition of hate crime and give an example of something that can be defined as

a hate crime. Should the law provide for additional penalties in cases that could be classified as hate crimes?  Why or why not?

 

REF:   Page 42                                           OBJ:   2-2

 

 

5. Researchers have found that women who work as prostitutes are more likely to be victims of crime than other women. Using the lifestyle-exposure model, provide three reasons why these individuals are at increased risk of victimization. What steps might they take to reduce their risk?

 

REF:   Pages 50-52                                    OBJ:   2-4

 

 

6. Since the mid-1990s, crime rates have been steadily decreasing in the United States. At the same time, Americans believe there is a serious crime problem in the United States. Discuss two reasons why this occurs in the U.S., and why individual perceptions are affected by these factors.

 

REF:   Page 53                                           OBJ:   2-3

 

 

7. Some states have eliminated education programs for inmates in their prisons.  Which theoretical perspective that explains criminal behavior would argue that educational programs in prison are beneficial? If prison programs are cut, what recommendations would a theorist in this field make for reducing crime among prison releasees?

 

REF:   Pages 56, 58                                    OBJ:   2-7

 

TEST BANK

Chapter 4

Police

 

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

1. The medieval English system in which groups of families agreed to uphold the law, keep order, and bring violators, to court was known as:

a.	tithing
b.	the frankpledge
c.	the watch system
d.	the hue and cry
e.	familia

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   Page 99          OBJ:   4-1

 

 

2. Police forces throughout the United States are characterized by:

a.	fragmentation and a national orientation
b.	consolidation and a national orientation
c.	fragmentation and a local orientation
d.	consolidation and a local orientation
e.	none of these

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   Page 99          OBJ:   4-6

 

 

3. In homage to the home secretary who supported passage of the act creating the London police force, the first English police officers were known as:

a.	peelers
b.	robbers
c.	berts
d.	bobbies
e.	sir

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   Page 100        OBJ:   4-1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4. Which historical era of policing involved close ties between police and local leaders of government?

a.	the political era
b.	the professional era
c.	the community policing era
d.	the reform era
e.	the federalist era

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   Page 101        OBJ:   4-1

 

 

 

5. The political era of policing was characterized by which of the following?

a.	civil service selection of officers
b.	the introduction of automobile patrol and two-way radios
c.	hiring of officers through connections to elected officials
d.	urban riots
e.	equal opportunity for minority officers

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   Page 101        OBJ:   4-1

 

 

6. Which of the following statements is not consistent with the model of professional policing?

a.	Laws should be enforced equally.
b.	Police forces should use new technology.
c.	Police forces should be actively involved in politics.
d.	Personnel procedures should be based on merit.
e.	The main task of the police should be fighting crime.

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   Page 102        OBJ:   4-1

 

 

7. In their article “Broken Windows: The Police and Neighborhood Safety,” James Q. Wilson and George Kelling argued that police should focus more on:

a.	fighting crime by concentrating resources on the most important offenders
b.	maintaining order by being attentive to “little problems”
c.	ending corruption within the police force
d.	being more involved with local political leaders
e.	using the newest technologies to catch criminals

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   Page 104        OBJ:   4-5

 

 

8. When police arrest subway fare-beaters, loiterers, and panhandlers, they are focusing upon:

a.	quality of life crimes
b.	quantity of arrest crimes
c.	common law crimes
d.	mens rea crimes
e.	felonies

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   Page 104        OBJ:   4-1

9. The Federal Bureau of Investigation rose to prominence under the leadership of:

a.	James Q. Wilson
b.	Franklin Roosevelt
c.	Sir Robert Peel
d.	J. Edgar Hoover
e.	Henry Fielding

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   Page 106        OBJ:   4-2

 

 

 

10. Which of the following areas is not an emphasis of the FBI?

a.	organized crime
b.	street crime
c.	terrorism
d.	political corruption
e.	foreign intelligence

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   Page 107        OBJ:   4-2

 

 

11. Which of the following tests must recruits pass to become a police officer?

a.	psychological tests
b.	background check
c.	fitness test
d.	physical exam
e.	all of these

 

 

ANS:  E                    REF:   Pages 110-111          OBJ:               4-3

 

 

12. Which of the following statements about women in policing is true?

a.	Women have been serving as police officers since the early 1800s.
b.	Smaller police departments generally have a higher proportion of women who are sworn officers.
c.	Female officers tend to view the police role differently from male officers.
d.	Many people still believe that women are not tough enough to confront dangerous criminals.
e.	Most women in police work have not met the expectations of their superiors.

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   Page 113        OBJ:   4-3

 

 

13. The process in which members learn the symbols, beliefs, and values of a group is known as:

a.	working personality
b.	spiritualization
c.	socialization
d.	isolation
e.	internal affairs

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   Page 114        OBJ:   4-4

14. The symbols, beliefs, and attitudes shared by members of a subgroup within a larger society are collectively referred to as a:

a.	subculture
b.	subcommunity
c.	suboccupation
d.	subprofessionals
e.	subwork

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   Page 115        OBJ:   4-4

 

 

15. The set of emotional and behavioral characteristics developed by members of an occupational group in response to a work situation and environmental influences is known as:

a.	authoritative personality
b.	adaptive personality
c.	socialization
d.	subculture
e.	working personality

 

 

ANS:  E                    REF:   Page 115        OBJ:   4-4

 

 

16. Which two elements of police work define the working personality?

a.	danger and authority
b.	danger and isolation
c.	danger and independence
d.	authority and isolation
e.	isolation and independence

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   Page 115        OBJ:   4-4

 

 

17. Which of the following is not a type of stress experienced by police officers?

a.	Departmental
b.	External
c.	Personal
d.	Operational
e.	Organization

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   Page 118        OBJ:   4-4

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

18. The police function involving a broad mandate to prevent behavior that disturbs the peace or involves face-to-face conflict is called:

a.	law enforcement
b.	order maintenance
c.	service
d.	departmental
e.	community action

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   Page 119        OBJ:   4-5

 

 

19. Who decides how an individual officer should define and handle a situation involving the application of the law?

a.	U. S. Supreme Court
b.	police commissioners
c.	U. S. attorney generals
d.	supervising officers
e.	the officer on the scene

 

 

ANS:  E                    REF:   Page 119        OBJ:   4-7

 

 

20. The idea that crime control does not rest solely with the police is in line with the concept of:

a.	police political involvement
b.	community crime prevention
c.	public discretion
d.	the service function of police
e.	mandatory arrest laws

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   Page 120        OBJ:   4-7

 

 

21. Police officers who provide first aid, rescue animals, or help the homeless are fulfilling which of the following police functions?

a.	law enforcement
b.	order maintenance
c.	service
d.	departmental
e.	community action

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   Page 120        OBJ:   4-5

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

22. According to public opinion polls, which police function do citizens believe is most important?

a.	law enforcement
b.	order maintenance
c.	service
d.	departmental
e.	community action

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   Page 120        OBJ:   4-5

 

 

23. _______________________ are categorized by a division of labor, a chain of command, and rules to guide the activities of staff.

a.	Police officers
b.	Bureaucracies
c.	Jurisdictions
d.	Subcultures
e.	Beats

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   Page 121        OBJ:   4-5

 

 

24. Which of James Q. Wilson’s styles of policing is marked by professionalism and emphasis on law enforcement?

a.	watchman
b.	service
c.	progressive
d.	authoritarian
e.	legalistic

 

 

ANS:  E                    REF:   Page 125        OBJ:   4-7

 

 

25. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the service style of policing?

a.	different treatment for different individuals
b.	strict enforcement of laws
c.	discreet and informal procedures
d.	issuing of warnings
e.	common in middle-class suburban communities

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   Page 125        OBJ:   4-7

 

 

 

 

 

TRUE/FALSE

 

1. Detectives were the first official law enforcement positions created in the expanding western rural areas.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Page 102        OBJ:   4-1

 

 

2. The professional model of policing places a high value on the use of technology.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Page 102        OBJ:   4-1

 

 

3. The Progressives, whose ideas inspired the professional era of policing, were lower-class radical socialists who opposed the prior political system of policing on the grounds it reinforced existing inequalities in society.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Page 102        OBJ:   4-1

 

 

4. The police forces of the political era relied heavily on patronage.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Page 101        OBJ:   4-1

 

 

5. Increasing the number of patrol officers in a given area has been found to significantly

reduce the crime rate in that area.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Page 120        OBJ:   4-5

 

 

6. Supporters of the community policing model believe that crime clearance rates can easily be increased.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Page 104        OBJ:   4-7

 

 

7. Advocates of the community policing approach believe in focusing on only the most serious crimes, in order to avoid infringing the liberty of community members.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Page 104        OBJ:   4-7

 

 

8. Federal law enforcement agencies in the U. S. are part of the legislative branch of government.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Page 106        OBJ:   4-2

 

 

9. After September 11^th, 2001, an increased focus on fighting terrorism at the national level has led to an increased reliance on state and local law enforcement agencies in cases that might formerly have been handled by the FBI.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Page 107        OBJ:   4-2

 

 

10. Since September 11^th, U.S. law enforcement has decreased its presence in foreign countries in order to provide fewer targets for attack.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Page 107        OBJ:   4-2

 

 

11. Native American tribes are separate, sovereign nations with a significant degree of legal autonomy within the United States.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Page 108        OBJ:   4-2

 

 

12. Public support for police budgets is greatest when police departments stress the service function.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Page 120        OBJ:   4-7

 

 

13. Police organizations are organized hierarchically, in a fashion similar to military organizations.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Page 121        OBJ:   4-6

 

 

14. Traffic units are responsible for identifying and apprehending suspects, as well as collecting evidence against them.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Page 123        OBJ:   4-6

 

 

15. The watchman style of policing stresses order maintenance.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Page 125        OBJ:   4-7

 

 

16. Police officers have considerable discretion.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Page 123        OBJ:   4-7

 

 

 

 

17. Research indicates that citizen attitudes toward the police are largely independent of race.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Page 117        OBJ:   4-7

 

 

18. Police officers in the U.S. generally have a higher level of education today than in the past.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Page 112        OBJ:   4-3

 

 

19. Physical conditioning tests for police officers are no longer standard, as they are considered a form of discrimination.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Page 110        OBJ:   4-3

 

 

20. Municipal police departments usually pay higher salaries than positions in federal agencies.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Pages 111-112          OBJ:               4-2

 

 

21. About 1 in 5 police officers in the U.S. today is a member of a racial or ethnic minority group.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Page 112        OBJ:   4-3

 

 

22. Most citizens have positive things to say about the work of female police officers.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Page 114        OBJ:   4-3

 

 

23. “Rookies” require little socialization into the police subculture.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Page 114        OBJ:   4-4

 

 

24. The nature of police work can make officers very suspicious of citizens whom they encounter.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   Page 116        OBJ:   4-4

 

 

25. Suburban middle-class communities often experience the legalistic style of policing.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   Page 125        OBJ:   4-7

 

 

 

 

COMPLETION

 

1. The ____________________ system required that groups of ten families agree to uphold the law.

 

ANS:  frankpledge

 

REF:   Page 99          OBJ:   4-1

 

 

2. The ____________________ era of policing occurred as settlers started arriving in North America.

 

ANS:  colonial

 

REF:   Page 100        OBJ:   4-1

 

 

3. The ____________________ era of policing aimed to separate the police department from the political system.

 

ANS:  professional

 

REF:   Page 102        OBJ:   4-1

 

 

4. The argument that “little problems” can lead to larger crime problems for neighborhoods if they are not addressed is known as the ____________________ theory.

 

ANS:  broken windows

 

REF:   Page 104        OBJ:   4-7

 

 

5. The greatest number of police departments is found at the ____________________ level.

 

ANS:  local

 

REF:   Pages 105, 108OBJ: 4-2

 

 

6. The FBI is a part of the Department of ____________________.

 

ANS:  Justice

 

REF:   Page 106        OBJ:   4-2

 

7. The process during which newcomers to a group or subculture learn its informal values as well as its formal rules is known as  ____________________.

 

ANS:  socialization

 

REF:   Page 114        OBJ:   4-4

 

 

8. A ____________________ consists of the beliefs, symbols, values, and attitudes shared by members of a smaller group within a larger society.

 

ANS:  subculture

 

REF:   Page 115        OBJ:   4-4

 

 

9. The complex set of emotional and behavioral characteristics developed by members of an occupational group is known as  ____________________.

 

ANS:  working personality

 

REF:   Page 115        OBJ:   4-4

 

 

10. The two most important elements of the police working personality are ____________________ and ____________________.

 

ANS:  danger, authority

 

REF:   Page 115        OBJ:   4-4

 

 

11. The physical threats and dangers police confront on the job, such as pursuing criminals or facing down armed gunmen, are sources of ____________________ stress.

 

ANS:  external

 

REF:   Page 118        OBJ:   4-4

 

 

12. The ____________________ is responsible for law enforcement in unincorporated rural areas of the United States.

 

ANS:  sheriff

 

REF:   Page 108        OBJ:   4-2

 

 

 

13. ____________________ officers have the most discretion.

 

ANS:  Patrol

 

REF:   Page 119        OBJ:   4-2

 

 

14. The function of the police that includes providing first aid and helping people is known as the ____________________ function.

 

ANS:  service

 

REF:   Page 120        OBJ:   4-5

 

 

15. The ____________________ style of police is marked by professionalism and an emphasis on law enforcement.

 

ANS:  legalistic

 

REF:   Page 125        OBJ:   4-7

 

 

ESSAY

 

1. What political values and social conditions are currently shaping American policing? Discuss how the current President as well as public opinion come together to affect police behavior.

 

REF:   Pages 103-105                                          OBJ:               4-7

 

 

2. Which of the styles of policing described by James Q. Wilson do you think is most likely to help reduce crime?  Provide some examples of how this style would reach this goal.

 

REF:   Page 125                                         OBJ:   4-7

 

 

3. There is significant evidence that minority citizens in the United States have less faith in the police than Caucasian citizens do.  Why do you think this difference exists?  Use information provided in the chapter to justify your position.

 

REF:   Page 117                                         OBJ:   4-7

 

4. What basic functions do police perform for American society?  How do these functions, and their relative frequency and importance, differ from the public’s perceptions of the priorities and responsibilities of police?

 

REF:   Page 118-120                                 OBJ:   4-5

5. What problems are created by the existence of police discretion?  Can police discretion be controlled, and to what extent is advisable to do so?

 

REF:   Page 125                                         OBJ:   4-4

 

 

6. Why are there so few female officers in most police departments?  What can be done to increase the numbers of female officers?

 

REF:   Page 113                                         OBJ:   4-3

 

 

7. How does isolation help to define the police officer’s working personality?

 

REF:   Page 117                                         OBJ:   4-4