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Criminology Freda Adler 9th Edition- Test Bank
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Chapter 02
Defining Crimes and Measuring Criminal Behavior
Multiple Choice Questions
- _______________ allows scientists to test hypotheses about how two or more variables are related.
A.Experimentation
B. Case study
C. Survey
D. Nonparticipant observation
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- A(n) ______________ is an analysis of all pertinent aspects of one unit of study, such as an individual, an institution, a group, or a community.
A.experiment
B. case study
C. survey
D. participant observation
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- For the purposes of research, which group is not considered a vulnerable population?
A.the mentally ill
B. children
C. adult females
D. those with low social status
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- _____ are severe crimes, subject to punishments of a year or more in prison or to capital punishment.
A.Felonies
B. Misdemeanors
C. Violations
D. Torts
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- According to the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR), which of the following crimes is considered to be a crime against property?
A.motor vehicle theft
B. robbery
C. aggravated assault
D. traffic violations
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- Which of the following statements is not true about the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)?
A.They include data on reported crimes.
B. They provide crime rates.
C. They include the number of offenses cleared by arrest.
D. They differentiate between completed acts and attempted acts.
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- The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) measures the extent of victimization by
A.rape and robbery.
B. homicide.
C. arson and traffic violations.
D. suicide.
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- Part II offenses of the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) are excluded from the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) for all of the following reasons except
A. Many of them are considered victimless.
B. They are not that serious.
C. Often the victims are willing participants.
D. The victims do not know that they have been victimized.
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- What are some of the limitations of the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)?
A.The NCVS includes only seven offenses.
B. The data reported suffers from the fact that memories may fade over time.
C. Some individual variations in interviewing and recording style occur, resulting in variation in the information recorded.
D. all of these
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- Self-report surveys reveal which of the following?
A.Only a small percentage of the general population commits crime.
B. Boys and girls commit the same amount of offenses.
C. Unrecorded offenders commit a wide variety of offenses, rather than specializing in one type of offense.
D. There is no relationship between violence and educational attainment.
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- Which of the following is a limitation of self-report surveys?
A.They represent a wide range of criminal acts.
B. Respondents may not tell the truth.
C. The samples are never biased.
D. The information they yield applies to individuals of many age ranges.
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- Which of the following is true of criminal acts?
A.Nationwide crime rates vary by season.
B. Most crimes are committed in small cities and suburbs.
C. Most personal thefts are committed at night.
D. On school days, juvenile violent crimes rate peak in the morning.
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- Which of the following statements is true of the relationship between age and crime?
A.In any given year, approximately half of all arrests are of individuals above age 30.
B. Gang membership is ordinarily confined to individuals under age 14.
C. People age 65 and over account for less than one percent of all arrests.
D. Juveniles account for over 40 percent of arrests for Index crimes.
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- The decline in criminal activities with age is known as _____.
A.midlife crisis
B. the aging-out phenomenon
C. life-course persistent offending
D. the age effect
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- The life-course perspective argues that
A.the factors that influence people’s entrance into criminal activity and the factors that induce them to give up criminal activity are the same.
B. all offenders commit fewer crimes as they grow older because they have less strength, less mobility, and so on.
C. the frequency of criminal involvement depends on such social factors as economic situation, peer pressure, and lifestyle.
D. the decrease in crime rates after adolescence implies that the number of crimes committed by all individual offenders declines.
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- To learn how the causes of crime vary at different ages, Alfred Blumstein and his colleagues suggest that criminologists study
A.age.
B. gender.
C. socioeconomic status.
D. criminal careers.
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- Males traditionally commit more of which of the following crimes than females?
A.prostitution
B. shoplifting
C. welfare fraud
D. aggravated assault
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- What type of data source suggests that the gender differences in crime may be narrowing?
A.self-report surveys
B. police statistics
C. victimization surveys
D. Uniform Crime Reports
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- Which one of the seven ingredients of crime requires that the actor achieve the result through his or her own effort?
A.the act requirement
B. the legality requirement
C. the harm requirement
D. the causation requirement
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- Which one of the seven ingredients of crime requires that the criminal act must be accompanied by an equally criminal mind?
A.the punishment requirement
B. the concurrence requirement
C. the guilty mind requirement
D. the causation requirement
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True / False Questions
- The facts and observations that researchers gather for the purpose of a particular study are called secondary data.
FALSE
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- Investigators who engage in participant observation take part in many of the activities of the groups in order to gain acceptance, but they generally make clear the purpose of their participation.
TRUE
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- For the purposes of research, individuals that are under penal supervision are considered to be members of a “vulnerable population,” and special provisions regarding informed consent and the protection of privacy must be taken when involving them in research.
TRUE
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- All law enforcement agencies in the United States are required to contribute information on crime in their jurisdictions to the FBI for the Uniform Crime Reports.
FALSE
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- According to the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR), traffic violations are Part II crimes.
FALSE
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Essay Questions
- Describe the seven basic requirements for a human event to qualify as a crime according to Jerome Hall.
Answers will vary.
- Explain what “typologies of crime” are, why typologies of crime are important, and provide examples that are discussed in the text.
Answers will vary.
- Discuss the three major reasons for measuring characteristics of crime and criminals. Then discuss three of the five methods of collecting data noted in the text, mentioning each method’s strengths and weaknesses.
Answers will vary.
- Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the Uniform Crime Reports, the National Crime Victimization Survey, and various self-report surveys in estimating the nature and extent of crime in the United States.
Answers will vary.
- Explain how age, gender, race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic level are related to offending and their representation in the criminal justice system.
Answers will vary.
Chapter 04
Biological and Psychological Perspectives
Multiple Choice Questions
- In the United States, explanations of criminal behavior have been dominated by what type of theories?
A.psychological
B. biological
C. sociological
D. philosophical
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- _____ develop from two separate eggs, both fertilized at the same time, and they share about half their genes.
A.Dizygotic twins
B. Conjoined twins
C. Monozygotic twins
D. Monoamniotic twins
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- _____, classified as “attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,” produces asocial behavioral patterns such as impulsivity, hyperactivity, aggressiveness, low self-esteem, and temper outbursts.
A.Pervasive developmental disorder
B. Neuroticism
C. Psychosis
D. Minimal brain dysfunction
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- The psychoanalytic theory of criminality attributes delinquent and criminal behavior to at least three possible causes. Which of the following is not one of those causes?
A.a conscience so overbearing that it arouses feelings of guilt
B. an overactive superego or conscience
C. a conscience so weak that it cannot control the individual’s impulses
D. the need for immediate gratification
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- Freud proposed that the __________ acts as a moral code or conscience.
A.id
B. ego
C. supraego
D. superego
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- According to the moral reasoning theory developed by Kohlberg, individuals who examine customs and social rules according to their own sense of universal human rights, moral principles, and duties are at the _____________ level.
A.preconventional
B. premoral
C. conventional
D. postconventional
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- The moral developmental theory was pioneered by
A.Sigmund Freud.
B. Lawrence Kohlberg.
C. John Bowlby.
D. Sheldon Glueck.
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- The moral developmental theory posits that most delinquents and criminals reason at the ____________ level.
A.preconventional
B. premoral
C. conventional
D. postconventional
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- Which of the following is not one of the features of Bowlby’s theory of attachment?
A.specificity
B. duration
C. ontogeny
D. neurological function
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- Which leading proponent of social learning theory introduced the concept of “behavioral modeling”?
A.Emile Durkheim
B. Ronald Akers
C. Albert Bandura
D. Lawrence Kohlberg
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- Albert Bandura named violent or aggressive behaviors observed in others as
A.instructional instigators.
B. modeling instigators.
C. delusional instigators.
D. aversive instigators.
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- Differential association-reinforcement theory suggests that
A.the persistence of criminal behavior depends on whether or not it is rewarded or punished.
B. violence and aggression are learned behaviors, not necessarily expressed until they are elicited.
C. delinquent behavior is learned through the same psychological processes as any other behavior.
D. none of these
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- Hans J. Eysenck claims that all human personality may be seen in three dimensions. What are those dimensions?
A.id, ego, and superego
B. conditioning, cortical arousal, behavior modeling
C. preconventional, conventional, postconventional
D. psychoticism, extroversion, neuroticism
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- Hans J. Eysenck found that differences in conditionability are dependent on certain physiological factors, the most important of which is _____.
A.cortical arousal
B. cardiac output
C. blood glucose levels
D. amygdala activation
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- According to Hans J. Eysenck’s conditioning theory, individuals that score high on measures of ___________ are aggressive, egocentric, and impulsive.
A.extroversion
B. psychoticism
C. introversion
D. neuroticism
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- ___________________________ is the error in thinking or mistaken belief that occurs when one identifies a cause for criminal behavior and then assumes that any behavior resulting from that cause must be excused by law.
A.Fundamental psycholegal error
B. Fundamental criminal law error
C. Fundamental criminological error
D. Fundamental sociological error
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- Studies on the extra chromosome in people with _____ syndrome have investigated the possible relationship between criminal behavior and chromosomal abnormality.
A.XX
B. XY
C. XXY
D. XYY
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- According to studies of twins,
A.there is no evidence that genetic factors explain criminality.
B. there is some support for the hypothesis that some genetic influences increase the risk of criminality.
C. there is a strong causal relationship between genetics and crime.
D. there has not been enough research comparing monozygotic twins to dizygotic twins to make any conclusions.
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- The results of adoption studies
A.support the claim that the criminality of biological parents has more influence on the child than does that of the adoptive parents.
B. support the claim that the criminality of the adoptive parents has more influence on the child than does the criminality of the biological parents.
C. suggest that neither the criminality of the biological parents nor the criminality of the adoptive parents affects the child.
D. are not reliable, as none of the adoption studies to date have been deemed methodologically sound.
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- After evaluating the existing literature on the relationship between IQ and crime, Travis Hirschi and Michael Hindelang concluded that
A.IQ is not an important factor for predicting crime.
B. IQ is an important factor in predicting crime but is not as important as social class.
C. IQ is an important factor in predicting crime but is not as important as race.
D. IQ is an even more important factor in predicting crime than either social class or race.
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- The idea of “conditioned free will” implies that
A.individuals are conditioned to recognize right from wrong.
B. individuals make choices in regard to a particular action within a range of possibilities that is “preset” yet flexible.
C. individuals weigh the consequences and rewards of committing a criminal act before engaging in illegal behavior.
D. individuals are conditioned to think that they have free will when they actually do not.
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- Which of the following is not a biochemical factor?
A.food allergies
B. hypoglycemia
C. brain lesions
D. hormones
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True / False Questions
- Freud posited that an individual’s psychological well-being is dependent on a healthy interaction between the ego, id, and super id.
FALSE
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- Social learning theory maintains that delinquent behavior is learned through the same psychological processes as any other behavior.
TRUE
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- Differential association-reinforcement theory suggests that delinquent behavior is the result of intra-group personality dynamics.
FALSE
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- Today, moral insanity is called psychopathy, sociopathy, or antisocial personality.
TRUE
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- Biocriminology is the study of the psychological aspects of physical disorders.
FALSE
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- Studies have found that violent and impulsive male offenders had a higher rate of hypoglycemia than noncriminal controls.
TRUE
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Essay Questions
- Discuss the psychoanalytic theory of criminality. Make sure to include a discussion of Freud’s contributions to the psychological perspective on criminality.
Answers will vary.
- Explain the seven features of John Bowlby’s theory of attachment.
Answers will vary.
- Discuss the three phases of moral development and which phase is most related to delinquency and criminality according to Lawrence Kohlberg and his colleagues.
Answers will vary.
- Discuss the two parts of Eysenck’s conditioning theory which defines the relationship between personality and criminality.
Answers will vary.
- The concept of “biocriminology” is offensive to many people. Discuss the criticisms of biocriminology.
Answers will vary.
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