Drug Use and Abuse A Comprehensive Introduction International Edition, 8th Edition by Howard Abadinsky – Test Bank

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Drug Use and Abuse A Comprehensive Introduction International Edition, 8th Edition by Howard Abadinsky – Test Bank

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Chapter 02

TEST BANK

 

 

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

1. _____________ is popular among drug enthusiasts, and some users snort heroin and smoke crack in combination.
2. drug crossing
3. criss-crossing
4. drug spiking
5. potentiating

 

ANS: B                       REF: 31                       LO: 2

 

2. In reaction to emotional memories burned into it by the intensity of the drug euphoria, the __________ operates outside of conscious control to cause intense cravings.
3. hypothalamus
4. medial forebrain bundle
5. blood-brain barrier
6. amygdala

 

ANS: D                       REF: 34                       LO: 3

 

3. The __________ acts as a gatekeeper to prevent certain substances from entering brain tissue.
4. hypothalamus
5. medial forebrain bundle
6. blood-brain barrier
7. amygdala

 

ANS: C                       REF: 31-32                 LO: 1

 

4. The _________________ controls such basic drives as sexual activity.
5. hypothalamus
6. medial forebrain bundle
7. blood-brain barrier
8. amygdala

 

ANS: A                       REF: 34                       LO: 3

 

 

5. Neurotransmitter levels are controlled by chemicals in the presynaptic terminal which are known as _________.
6. agonists
7. catecholamines
8. monoamine oxidases (MAO)
9. antagonists

 

ANS: C                       REF: 27                       LO: 1

 

6. Substances that stimulate receptor sites are known as __________.
7. agonists
8. catecholamines
9. monoamine oxidases (MAO)
10. antagonists

 

ANS: A                       REF: 27                       LO: 1

 

7. One of the last parts of the brain to mature deals with the ability to _______________..
8. make sound judgments
9. control movement
10. communicate
11. all of the above

 

ANS: A                       REF: 23                       LO: 1

 

8. The term kindling is an alternative term for __________.
9. reverse tolerance
10. sensitization
11. tolerance
12. selective tolerance

 

ANS: A                       REF: 33                       LO: 3

 

9. Increased sensitivity to the same or lesser dosage of a drug over time is known as _____.
10. reverse tolerance
11. sensitization
12. tolerance
13. selective tolerance

 

ANS: A                       REF: 33                       LO: 3

 

 

10. When determining risk versus reward, the _______________ tends to emphasize benefits while discounting dangers.
11. adult brain
12. adolescent neurons
13. adolescent brain
14. adult neurons

 

ANS: C                       REF: 24                       LO: 1

 

11. Psychoactive drugs are absorbed into the bloodstream and quickly carried to the _______ nervous system.
12. central
13. autonomic
14. sympathetic
15. parasympathetic

 

ANS: A                       REF: 31                       LO: 1

 

12. Brain imaging and other technologies show that the addicted brain is _____________ from the nonaddictive brain.
13. somewhat different
14. not different
15. distinctly different
16. comparatively different

 

ANS: C                       REF: 34                       LO: 3

 

13. A ___________ is the basic working unit of the central nervous system.
14. neuron
15. cell body
16. synapsis
17. neurotransmitter

 

ANS: A                       REF: 24                       LO: 1

 

14. __________ where neurotransmitters attach cause chemical substances to interact and produce pharmacological actions.
15. Transmitting neurons
16. Axon terminals
17. Receptor sites
18. Receiving neurons

 

ANS: C                       REF: 27                       LO: 1

 

 

15. An important part of the cell body are __________, which appear as branches of a tree and receive messages from other neurons.
16. Serotonin
17. Norepinephrine
18. Dendrites
19. Dopamine

 

ANS: C                       REF: 24                       LO: 1

 

16. Neurotransmitters are broken down by MAO or recycled by the sending neuron in a process called ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­______________.
17. reuptake
18. transportation
19. homeoestase
20. synthesis

 

ANS: A                       REF: 27                       LO: 1

 

17. __________ activates nerve cell receptors to stimulate pleasurable feelings.
18. Serotonin
19. Norepinephrine
20. Dendrites
21. Dopamine

 

ANS: D                       REF: 26                       LO: 1

 

18. Depending on the type of _______________, electrical charges from the adjoining neuron are either inhibited or enhanced.
19. neurotransmitter
20. neuron
21. drug
22. drug cues

 

ANS: A                       REF: 27                       LO: 1

 

19. ___________, one of about 100 neurotransmitters found in the central nervous system, has received special attention because of its apparent role in the regulation of mood and affect and because of its role in motivation and reward processes.
20. Serotonin
21. Norepinephrine
22. Dendrites
23. Dopamine

 

ANS: D                       REF: 26                       LO: 1

 

20. The National Institute on Drug Abuse reports that infants who are born to heroin-abusing mothers frequently suffer from ________________________.
21. neonatal adaptation syndrome
22. neonatal abstinence syndrome
23. neonatal disability syndrome
24. neonatal syndrome of polyendocrinopathy

 

ANS: B                       REF: 35                       LO: 4

 

21. __________ trigger activity by moving across the synaptic gap to receptor sites on the dendrites on the other side.
22. Transporters
23. Synapses
24. Receptors
25. Neurotransmitters

 

ANS: D                       REF: 26                       LO: 1

 

22. __________, a part of neurons, are contact points for communication between neurons.
23. Transporters
24. Synapses
25. Receptors
26. Neurotransmitters

 

ANS: B                       REF: 24                       LO: 1

 

23. Many, if not most, people who have been exposed to ____________ or heroin, for example, find the initial experience distinctly unpleasant.
24. morphine
25. benzodiazepine
26. cocaine
27. serotonin

 

ANS: A                       REF: 28                       LO: 1

 

24. Consuming more than one type of psychoactive chemical is called _________.
25. multidrug use
26. criss-crossing
27. polydrug use
28. additive effects

 

ANS: C                       REF: 30           LO: 2

 

 

TRUE/FALSE

 

1. The greater the half-life of a drug, the more severe the withdrawal symptoms after use of the drug is discontinued.

 

ANS: F            REF: 32                       LO: 2

 

2. Cocaine use by pregnant women has been linked to various abnormalities in their infants because the substance reduces the supply of blood and oxygen to the fetus.

 

ANS: T            REF: 35                       LO: 4

 

3. Catecholamine, dopamine, norepinephrine, and endorphins are examples of polydrugs.

 

ANS: F            REF: 30                       LO: 2

 

4. Reuptake is the sending neuron’s process of recycling neurotransmitters.

 

ANS: T            REF: 27                       LO: 1

 

5. The continued use of certain drugs, particularly depressants, can produce tolerance.

 

ANS: T            REF: 33                       LO: 3

 

6. Neurons do not interlock but instead are separated by synapses.

 

ANS: T            REF: 24                       LO: 1

 

7. The hypothalamus regulates the release of hormones from the pituitary gland.

 

ANS: T            REF: 34                       LO: 3

 

8. Selective tolerance is also referred to as kindling.

 

ANS: F            REF: 33                       LO: 3

 

9. Homeostasis is a state of equilibrium achieved through the self-adjusting characteristics of the body.

 

ANS: T            REF: 33                       LO: 3

 

10. A neuron consists of a cell body (soma), the axon, synapses, and dendrites.

 

ANS: T            REF: 24                       LO: 1

 

 

COMPLETION

 

1. __________ is the basic building block for the advancement of human knowledge.

 

ANS: Theory                                       REF: 28                       LO: 1

 

2. Neurotransmitter level is controlled by chemicals in presynaptic terminals known as ______________________ (MAO) and transporters that recycle them for further use.

 

ANS: monoamine oxidases                 REF: 27                       LO: 1

 

3. A cell body is also called a __________.

 

ANS: soma                                          REF: 25                       LO: 1

 

4. With regular drug use, ___________ become less responsive to drugs that stimulate them.

 

ANS: receptors                                   REF: 27                       LO: 1

 

5. The __________ model emphasizes the involuntary nature of drug use—use based on a craving—that has found support in laboratory experiments with animals.

 

ANS: disease                                      REF: 28                       LO: 1

 

6. Understanding the biology of psychoactive drugs is complicated by the phenomenon of _______ use—abusers consuming more than one type of psychoactive chemical.

 

ANS: polydrug                                   REF: 30                       LO: 2

 

7. ____________develops as the body becomes progressively immune to the chemical effects of the drug at the cellular level.

 

ANS: Tolerance                                  REF: 33                       LO: 3

 

8. Children born to __________-addicted mothers, in addition to having a host of other physical problems, such as small size, anemia, heart disease, hepatitis, and pneumonia, also suffer from withdrawal symptoms.

 

ANS: heroin                                        REF: 35                       LO: 4

 

9. ___________ use by pregnant women has been linked to serious emotional difficulties in children which can hinder their social and psychological development.

 

ANS: Cocaine                                     REF: 35                       LO: 4

 

10. The neurological effects of mixing drugs can be additive, synergistic, potentiating, or

_______________.

.

ANS: antagonistic                               REF: 31                       LO:

 

 

ESSAY

 

1. Explain the three ways in which drugs can enter the bloodstream.

 

ANS: N/A                   REF: 32                       LO: 1

 

2. Explain homeostasis.

 

ANS: N/A                   REF: 33                       LO: 3

 

3. Explain the concept of reverse tolerance.

 

ANS: N/A                   REF: 33                       LO 3

 

4. Explain the additive, synergistic, potentiating, and antagonistic neurological effects of mixing drugs.

 

ANS: N/A                   REF: 31                       LO: 2

 

5. What are the symptoms of children who were born with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder?

 

ANS: N/A                   REF: 36-37                 LO: 4

Chapter 04

TEST BANK

 

 

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

1. In the presynaptic terminals of human beings, monoamine oxidases (MAO) control the level of _____________.
2. dopamine
3. serotonin
4. norepinephrine
5. neurotransmitters

 

ANS: D           REF: 70                       LO: 1

 

2. Some intravenous abusers combine cocaine with heroin—a practice known as ___________________.
3. speedballing
4. rocking
5. rushing
6. booty bumping

 

ANS: A           REF: 74                       LO: 3

 

3. Cocaine achieves its main immediate psychological effect—the high—by causing a buildup of ______________.
4. dopamine
5. serotonin
6. norepinephrine
7. neurotransmitters

 

ANS: A           REF: 72                       LO: 2

 

4. __________ kilo(s) of coca paste is/are converted one kilo of cocaine base.
5. One
6. One and one-half
7. Two
8. Two and one-half

 

ANS: D           REF: 71                       LO: 3

 

 

5. Because it requires less processing than cocaine, __________—called bazuco—is popular among low-income groups.
6. Coca Paste
7. Coca Base
8. Crack
9. All of these

 

ANS: A           REF: 74                       LO: 3

 

6. The purity of synthesized cocaine hydrochloride is about _____ percent.
7. 66
8. 95
9. 75
10. 82

 

ANS: B           REF: 71                       LO: 3

 

7. Coca base is treated with __________ to synthesize cocaine hydrochloride.
8. ether
9. acetone
10. hydrochloric acid
11. all of these

 

ANS: D           REF: 71                       LO: 3

 

8. Cocaine that has been “cut” for consumer sale in the U.S. typically has a purity level of less than _____ percent.
9. 20
10. 30
11. 40
12. 50

 

ANS: A           REF: 71                       LO: 3

 

9. Between ________ kilograms of coca leaves are required to make one kilo of coca paste.
10. 100 and 200
11. 200 and 350
12. 200 and 500
13. 450 and 600

 

ANS: C           REF: 71                       LO: 3

 

 

10. “Crazy medicine” is __________________________________________
11. mixture of cocaine and heroin.
12. mixture of methamphetamine and cocaine.
13. mixture of coca paste and caffeine.
14. mixture of methamphetamine and caffeine.

 

ANS: D           REF: 81                       LO: 4

 

11. Crack is made by cooking cocaine in a mixture of __________ and water.
12. ether
13. grain alcohol
14. sodium bicarbonate (baking soda)
15. all of these

 

ANS: C           REF: 75                       LO: 3

 

12. Because it constricts blood vessels when applied topically, cocaine is used ___________.
13. in surgery of the mucous membranes of the ear, nose, and throat
14. for procedures that require passing a tube through the nose and throat
15. for nose alteration procedures in plastic surgery
16. all of these

 

ANS: D           REF: 78                       LO: 2

 

13. Methamphetamine is a _____________________________.
14. Schedule I stimulant
15. Schedule II stimulant
16. Schedule III stimulant
17. Schedule IV stimulant.

 

ANS: B           REF: 82                       LO: 4

 

14. Researchers have found that the human liver combines _________________ and manufactures a third substance, cocaethylene, which intensifies cocaine’s euphoric effects while possibly increasing the risk of sudden death.
15. cocaine and amphetamines
16. cocaine and alcohol
17. heroin and amphetamines
18. heroin and barbiturates

 

ANS: B           REF: 79                       LO: 3

 

 

15. The effects of inhaled cocaine disappear in _____________.
16. thirty to forty-five minutes
17. thirty to sixty minutes
18. forty-five to sixty minutes
19. sixty to ninety minutes

 

ANS: D           REF: 71                       LO: 2

 

16. There are three types of methyl-amphetamine with ______________ having the greatest potential for abuse..
17. dextro-methamphetamine (D-methamphetamine)
18. levo-methamphetamine (L-methamphetamine)
19. ritalo-levo-methamphetamine (R,L- methamphetamine)
20. alpha-methamphetamine (A-methamphetamine)

 

ANS: A           REF: 80                       LO: 4

 

17. Resembling a normal cigarette, electronic cigarettes use a battery-powered device to deliver a smokeless and odorless dose of ________________.
18. nicotine
19. adrenalin
20. caffeine
21. glutamate

 

ANS: A           REF: 89                       LO: 6

 

18. The crack-using population today is more likely to be _________________.
19. adolescent males
20. adolescent females
21. older (late twenties or early thirties) males
22. older (late twenties or early thirties) females

 

ANS: C           REF: 76                       LO: 3

 

19. Because ________________ suppresses appetite, chronic heavy users generally fail to eat properly and thus develop various illnesses related to vitamin deficiencies and malnutrition.
20. bath saltz
21. cocaine
22. coca base
23. methamphetamine

 

ANS: D           REF: 84                       LO: 4

 

 

20. Much of the supply of ________________ is from China and India where chemical manufacturers have less government oversight.
21. cocaine
22. coca base
23. methamphetamine
24. bath saltz

 

ANS: D           REF: 87                       LO: 5

 

21. Women are more susceptible than men to _________-induced brain damage.
22. cocaine
23. nicotine
24. methamphetamine
25. bath saltz

 

ANS: B           REF: 80                       LO: 6

 

22. The Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act of 2009 ________ marketing cigarettes as “light” or “low tar” and prohibits candy- and fruit-flavored cigarettes.
23. allows
24. regulates
25. bans
26. subsidizes

 

ANS: C           REF: 91                       LO: 6

 

23. “The turkey bag method” is used to _______________.
24. melt methamphetamine to make ice rocks
25. cook cocaine mixed with talcum or lactose to make crack
26. synthesize amphetamines from a cocaine/lidocaine mix
27. all of these

 

ANS: A           REF: 80                       LO: 4

 

24. Snorting methamphetamine produces effects within __________ minutes.
25. three to five
26. six to twelve
27. fifteen to twenty-four
28. ten to fifteen

 

ANS: A           REF: 83                       LO: 4

 

 

25. Nicotine is a _____________— it constricts blood vessels.
26. nasaconstrictor
27. vasoconstrictor
28. heartconstrictor
29. anaconstrictor

 

ANS: B           REF: 92                       LO: 6

TRUE/FALSE

 

1. Cocaine blocks neurotransmitter reabsorption by preventing reuptake transporters from performing their usual function.

 

ANS: T            REF: 72                       LO: 2

 

2. The annual cost for a smoker in New York City with a pack-a-day cigarette habit is more than $4,500.

 

ANS: T            REF: 89                       LO: 6

 

3. The anesthetic properties of amphetamines are similar to those of cocaine.

 

ANS: F            REF: 94                       LO: 4

 

4. Tobacco smoke contains more than 4,000 chemicals.

 

ANS: T            REF: 88                       LO: 6

 

5. Because of its purity, ice exaggerates all of the effects of methamphetamine.

 

ANS: T            REF: 80                       LO: 4

 

6. Genetics seem to play a role in the predisposition to nicotine dependence.

 

ANS: T            REF: 89                       LO: 6

 

7. Packets of “methamphetamine” are branded with names such as “Aura,” “Ivory Wave”, “Russian River,” “Xtreme,” and “Goodfellas.”

 

ANS: F            REF: 87                       LO: 5

 

8. About 440,000 people die annually in the United States from the deadly effects of tobacco smoke.

 

ANS: T            REF: 90                       LO: 6

9. In laboratory experiments, a single exposure to methamphetamine at high doses or prolonged use at low doses destroyed up to 50 percent of the brain cells that use dopamine.

 

ANS: T            REF: 86                       LO: 4

 

10. There is no evidence that caffeine in small doses is unsafe for children.

 

ANS: T            REF: 93                       LO: 6

 

 

COMPLETION

 

1. Methamphetamine accelerates the body’s __________.

 

ANS: metabolism                                REF: 82                       LO: 4

 

 

2. One of the many street names for __________ is “poor man’s cocaine.”

 

ANS: methamphetamine                     REF: 80                       LO: 4

 

3. Talcum powder and borax are two of many substances used to “cut” __________.

 

ANS: cocaine                                      REF: 71                       LO: 2.

 

4. The text refers to __________ as “the drug abuser’s answer to fast food.”

 

ANS: crack                                         REF: 75                       LO: 3

 

5. __________ is a purified form of methamphetamine that is frequently sold as large crystals (rocks) that are smoked.

 

ANS: Ice                                             REF: 81                       LO: 4

 

6. Amphetamines appear to act on the __________ (part of the brain) to suppress the appetite.

 

ANS: hypothalamus                            REF: 84                       LO: 4

 

7. In children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), __________ produce a calming effect, and tolerance does not develop.

 

ANS: amphetamines                           REF: 85                       LO: 4

 

8. _____________ constitutes the first psychoactive drug experience of many young American abusers, who try it even before alcohol and marijuana.

 

ANS: Crack                                        REF: 75                       LO: 3

 

9. The herbal stimulant __________ is also known by its Chinese name ma huang.

 

ANS: ephedra                                     REF: 93                       LO: 6

 

10. In contrast to cocaine and amphetamine, nicotine can also exert a __________ effect, depending on the dosage and the smoker’s nervous system arousal.

 

ANS: sedative                                     REF: 88                       LO: 6

 

 

ESSAY

 

1. Explain the neurological effects of stimulant use.

 

ANS: N/A                   REF: 70                       LO: 1

 

2. Explain the physiological effects of cocaine use.

 

ANS: N/A                   REF: 71-74                 LO: 2

 

3. Explain the use and dangers of crack.

 

ANS: N/A                   REF: 75-76                 LO: 3

 

4. Discuss the medical uses of amphetamines.

 

ANS: N/A                   REF: 84-85                 Lo: 4

 

5. Discuss the effects and grey market strategies of “bath salts.”

 

ANS: N/A                   REF: 87                       LO: 5

 

6. Discuss the dangers of nicotine use.

 

ANS: N/A                   REF: 90-93                 LO: 6