Name: Drugs Behaviour And Society 2nd Canadian Edition by Carl L Hart -Test Bank - Eazyquizes
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Drugs Behaviour And Society 2nd Canadian Edition by Carl L Hart -Test Bank

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Chapter 02

Drug Use as a Social Problem

Multiple Choice Questions

In the early 1900s, the Canadian government had essentially NO laws regulating the sale and use of drugs. In general the government took a “hands-off” approach that has been referred to as which of the following?
A.Criminal
B. Laissez-faire
C. Variable
D. Irresponsible

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 02-01 Describe the federal government’s regulatory approach before the early 1900s and now.

In what year did Canada enact its first drug law?
A.1892
B. 1902
C. 1908
D. 1918

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 02-01 Describe the federal government’s regulatory approach before the early 1900s and now.

The text lists three concerns that led to the adoption of the first laws regulating what we now call controlled substances. Which of these was NOT one of the three?
A.High profits for drug sellers
B. Toxicity
C. Dependence
D. Association of drug users with crime

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 02-01 Describe the federal government’s regulatory approach before the early 1900s and now.

Which term describes when the use of a substance makes normal activities such as driving result in harmful accidents?
A.Behavioural tolerance
B. Drug misuse
C. Behavioural toxicity
D. Laissez-faire

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: 02-02 Explain the difference between acute and chronic toxicity and between physiological and behavioural toxicity.

All of the following have universally determined the development of drug laws EXCEPT which one?
A.Crime
B. International trade
C. Dependence
D. Toxicity

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 02-01 Describe the federal government’s regulatory approach before the early 1900s and now.

Acute drug effects are those that
A.are dangerous.
B. are caused by the immediate presence of the drug in the body.
C. are unrelated to dose.
D. last more than a day.

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: 02-02 Explain the difference between acute and chronic toxicity and between physiological and behavioural toxicity.

Which is an example of chronic physiological toxicity?
A.Lung cancer from smoking
B. Motivational syndrome
C. Paranoia from methamphetamine use
D. Respiratory arrest from an alcohol overdose

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: 02-02 Explain the difference between acute and chronic toxicity and between physiological and behavioural toxicity.

What is the Drug Abuse Warning Network?
A.A system of free public-service announcements.
B. A voluntary organization for teachers and police officers.
C. It monitors drug-related medical emergencies.
D. It monitors arrest rates for various drug-law violations.

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 02-03 Provide examples of how data collected through drug monitoring systems can be used to estimate the toxicity of drugs of abuse and misuse.

Which of the following has consistently been near the top of emergency room visits and drug-related deaths lists for many years?
A.Alcohol in combination
B. Marijuana
C. Methamphetamine
D. Ecstasy (MDMA)

In 2011, what was the most common type of drug mentioned in the Drug-Related Deaths Reports?
A.GHB
B. Prescription Opioids (not heroin)
C. Marijuana
D. Methamphetamine

In comparing the relative toxicity of marijuana and cocaine, what important fact should be taken into account?
A.The user’s gender and weight.
B. Availability and price.
C. Urban vs. rural environment.
D. That many more people use marijuana than use cocaine.

DAWN data provides all of the following EXCEPT
A.Information about which drugs are associated with the greatest number of deaths.
B. Clear measures of the toxicity of individual drugs.
C. Data regarding problems associated with alcohol in combination.
D. General information about trends in drug-related deaths.

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: 02-03 Provide examples of how data collected through drug monitoring systems can be used to estimate the toxicity of drugs of abuse and misuse.

Intravenous drug users have higher than average rates of HIV infection, but even higher rates of which of the following?
A.Hepatitis C.
B. Herpes simplex.
C. Staphylococcus infection.
D. ADHD.

In what year did the first official needle exchange program begin in Canada?
A.1969
B. 1979
C. 1989
D. 1999

In what city did the first official needle exchange program begin in Canada?
A.Toronto
B. Montreal
C. Winnipeg
D. Vancouver

According to your text which of the following percentages reflects the number of injecting drug users who have a HCV infection?
A.42% to 49%
B. 52% to 59%
C. 62% to 69%
D. 72% to 79%

John has been using his drug of choice for many months. He informs his friend that he now required a larger dose to achieve the “buzz” he likes. What term describes what John is experiencing?
A.Acute toxicity
B. Dependence
C. Rebound effect
D. Tolerance

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Bloom’s: Apply
Learning Objective: 02-04 Define tolerance; physical dependence; and behavioural dependence.

Which term describes why the capacity of a drug dose has a diminished effect on the user as it is repeatedly taken?
A.Dependence
B. Rebound effect
C. Tolerance
D. Withdrawal

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 02-04 Define tolerance; physical dependence; and behavioural dependence.

Mary told her drug therapist that she has become psychological dependent. What fact will her therapist pursue to determine the accuracy of her statement?
A.Does she have cravings?
B. Does she have a heightened sense of well-being?
C. Does she experience a heightened sensitivity to pain?
D. Does she have physical withdrawal symptoms?

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Bloom’s: Apply
Learning Objective: 02-04 Define tolerance; physical dependence; and behavioural dependence.

After Rita returns from her first narcotics support group she learns that physical dependence requires the existence of which of the following?
A.A physical change in skin colour
B. A craving for the drug
C. A set of physical withdrawal symptoms
D. A physical response to the drug

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: 02-04 Define tolerance; physical dependence; and behavioural dependence.

What does the presence of withdrawal syndromes indicate?
A.Physical dependence
B. Chronic behavioural disorder
C. Tolerance
D. Craving

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: 02-04 Define tolerance; physical dependence; and behavioural dependence.

The drugs to which people are most likely to develop psychological (behavioural) dependence are also generally found to have which of the following?
A.Stimulant effects
B. Pain-relieving effects
C. Sedative effects
D. Reinforcing effects in laboratory animals

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: 02-05 Examine how the scientific perspective on substance dependence has changed in recent years.

The DSM-5 does not define addiction as such, but has diagnostic criteria for
A.Habituation
B. Substance-related disorders
C. Chronic intoxication
D. Drug-associated bipolar disorder

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: 02-06 Describe criteria used in the diagnosis of substance-related and addictive disorders.

Substance-related disorders, defined by the DSM-5, encompass how many separate classes of drugs?
A.7
B. 5
C. 10
D. 15

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 02-05 Examine how the scientific perspective on substance dependence has changed in recent years.
Learning Objective: 02-07 Debate the various theories on the cause of dependence.

As views of substance dependence have changed based on scientific research, what is now believed to be the real driving force behind repeated excessive drug use?
A.Psychological dependence, based on reinforcement.
B. Physical dependence, caused by tolerance.
C. An allergic reaction to the substance.
D. Unmet psychological needs in early childhood.

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: 02-06 Describe criteria used in the diagnosis of substance-related and addictive disorders.

A series of experiments conducted in the 1960s used laboratory animals that were given intravenous catheters connected to motorized syringes and controlling equipment, so that when they pressed a lever they would produce a single brief injection of which drug?
A.Liquid cocaine
B. Morphine
C. Heroin
D. LSD

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: 02-06 Describe criteria used in the diagnosis of substance-related and addictive disorders.

A series of experiments conducted in the 1960s used laboratory animals that were given intravenous catheters connected to motorized syringes and controlling equipment so that by pressing a lever would produce a single brief drug injection. Which describes the animal(s) that were used?
A.Rats
B. Monkeys and rats
C. Monkeys
D. Pigeons and mice

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: 02-06 Describe criteria used in the diagnosis of substance-related and addictive disorders.

Which of these substances is listed as having a “very high” dependence potential?
A.LSD
B. Marijuana
C. Alcohol
D. Crack cocaine

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 02-07 Debate the various theories on the cause of dependence.

Brain scan studies with drug users
A.can show which people have developed dependence and which have not.
B. can predict which people will later develop dependence.
C. so far can only show changes in response to drug administration.
D. are very strong predictors of alcohol use, but not for other substances.

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: 02-07 Debate the various theories on the cause of dependence.

Which of the following describes the potential to become dependent upon a psychoactive drugs spectrum, beginning with the highest risk substance to the least likely?
A.Mescaline, Morphine, Caffeine
B. Morphine, Caffeine, Alcohol
C. Morphine, Diazepam, Marijuana
D. Alcohol, Mescaline, Marijuana

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 02-07 Debate the various theories on the cause of dependence.

Those who have received a “personality disorder” diagnosis, such as antisocial personality disorder
A.have an increased likelihood of also having a substance use disorder.
B. are neither more nor less likely to have a substance use disorder.
C. are actually less likely to be dependent on a substance.
D. are often given stimulant drugs as a treatment for the personality disorder.

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 02-07 Debate the various theories on the cause of dependence.

How do Alcoholics Anonymous members (AA) often describe alcohol?
A.Blissful
B. Cunning
C. Disempowering
D. Mysterious

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 02-07 Debate the various theories on the cause of dependence.

Which of the following is a personality trait that has frequently been associated with greater risk for abuse of stimulants, such as amphetamine or cocaine?
A.Introversion
B. Pessimism
C. Sensation seeking
D. Shyness

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 02-08 List four ways it has been proposed that drug use might cause an increase in crime.

In determining whether using a drug causes people to become criminals, what is important to remember?
A.There is no statistical relationship between crime and illicit drug use.
B. Most illicit drugs cause damage to the areas of the brain responsible for understanding right from wrong.
C. Longitudinal studies find that indicators of criminal or antisocial behaviour usually occur before the first use of any illicit drug.
D. Consistent personality changes are likely with even a few exposures to heroin or cocaine.

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 02-07 Debate the various theories on the cause of dependence.

Which drug is MOST recognized as contributing to crimes and violence?
A.Alcohol
B. Heroin
C. Marijuana
D. Cocaine

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 02-08 List four ways it has been proposed that drug use might cause an increase in crime.

What drug was being described with the famous quote “The Real Public Enemy Number One”?
A.Crack cocaine
B. Marijuana
C. Opium (smoked)
D. Cocaine powder (snorted)

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 02-08 List four ways it has been proposed that drug use might cause an increase in crime.

In an annual study done by the U.S. Justice Department, people arrested for various crimes are given urine tests to detect the presence of drugs. In 2003, what percentage of the adult male arrestees tested positive for at least one illicit drug?
A.90
B. 67
C. 40
D. 25

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 02-08 List four ways it has been proposed that drug use might cause an increase in crime.

At the present time, approximately what percent of federal inmates in Canada are incarcerated as a result of drug offences?
A.1/5
B. 1/2
C. 1/8
D. 3/4

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 02-08 List four ways it has been proposed that drug use might cause an increase in crime.

True / False Questions

The term “laissez-faire” refers to the tendency of news media to sensationalize drug problems.
FALSE

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: 02-01 Describe the federal government’s regulatory approach before the early 1900s and now.

Very early in the 20^th century the Canadian government regulated, and made a profit from, the production of opium.
TRUE

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: 02-01 Describe the federal government’s regulatory approach before the early 1900s and now.

Chronic drug effects refer to those that are due to prolonged exposure to the drug.
TRUE

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 02-02 Explain the difference between acute and chronic toxicity and between physiological and behavioural toxicity.

The DAWN system tells us exactly how many deaths are caused by a specific drug each year.
FALSE

In 2005, methamphetamine was the leading drug associated with emergency-room visits.
FALSE

Typically about half of the emergency room visits involve more than one substance.
TRUE

Our best estimate is that tobacco cigarettes were associated with over 37,000 deaths in Canada in 2002.
TRUE

In Canada, it is estimated that there are between 75,000 and 125,000 intravenous drug users (IDUs).
TRUE

Physical dependence is defined by the appearance of withdrawal symptoms when the drug is stopped.
TRUE

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 02-04 Define tolerance; physical dependence; and behavioural dependence.

The drugs that are most likely to lead to dependence are the ones that have reduced effects after repeated use.
FALSE

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: 02-04 Define tolerance; physical dependence; and behavioural dependence.

Up until the twentieth century, the most common view was probably that dependent individuals were weak willed, lazy, or immoral.
TRUE

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 02-05 Examine how the scientific perspective on substance dependence has changed in recent years.

Substance-related disorders, defined by the DSM-5, encompass 5 separate classes of drugs: alcohol.
FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: 02-06 Describe criteria used in the diagnosis of substance-related and addictive disorders.

No genetic, physiological, or biochemical marker has been found that definitively predicts drug dependence.
TRUE

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: 02-07 Debate the various theories on the cause of dependence.

In a recent study investigating the cost of substance abuse in Canada, it was estimated that 10% of all criminal offences were attributable to alcohol.
FALSE

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 02-08 List four ways it has been proposed that drug use might cause an increase in crime.

Longitudinal studies find that indicators of criminal or antisocial behaviour usually occur earlier in life than the first use of an illicit drug.
TRUE

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 02-07 Debate the various theories on the cause of dependence.
Learning Objective: 02-08 List four ways it has been proposed that drug use might cause an increase in crime.

Needle exchange programs began in Canada in 1989; however the programs were found to have little impact on the rate of HIV infection among intravenous drug users and were too expensive an initiative to continue.
FALSE

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 02-08 List four ways it has been proposed that drug use might cause an increase in crime.

The commission of crimes by drug users is due in large part to a pharmacological effect of the drug itself that causes the user to believe he/she is invincible.
FALSE

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 02-08 List four ways it has been proposed that drug use might cause an increase in crime.

Short Answer Questions

What three different principal concerns throughout the twentieth century have universally driven the development of drug laws throughout the twentieth century?

The three are: toxicity, dependence, and crime.

Bloom’s: Evaluate
Learning Objective: 02-01 Describe the federal government’s regulatory approach before the early 1900s and now.

What does the word toxic mean?

It means, “poisonous, deadly, or dangerous.”

Bloom’s: Evaluate
Learning Objective: 02-02 Explain the difference between acute and chronic toxicity and between physiological and behavioural toxicity.

What do the letters DAWN stand for, when was it established and what does it do?

The Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN), was established in 1972 and collects data on drug-related emergency room visits from hospital emergency departments in major metropolitan areas around the United States.

Bloom’s: Evaluate
Learning Objective: 02-03 Provide examples of how data collected through drug monitoring systems can be used to estimate the toxicity of drugs of abuse and misuse.

In Canada, approximately how many intravenous drug users have been identified?

In Canada, it is estimated that there are between 75,000 and 125,000 intravenous drug users.

Bloom’s: Evaluate
Learning Objective: 02-05 Examine how the scientific perspective on substance dependence has changed in recent years.

Until the twentieth century, what was the most common model regarding drug dependency, and how would you describe it?

Until the twentieth century, the most common model was the “moral model”, and it viewed those who were dependent as individuals who were weak willed, lazy, or immoral.

Bloom’s: Evaluate
Learning Objective: 02-06 Describe criteria used in the diagnosis of substance-related and addictive disorders.

Essay Questions

Discuss the relative toxicity dangers of alcohol and cocaine, as revealed by the DAWN system.

Alcohol in combination and cocaine have been associated with similar numbers of emergency room visits and drug-related deaths over the years. Since many more people use alcohol than use cocaine, one could conclude that cocaine is relatively more dangerous (per user) than alcohol. However, it is also important to note that DAWN does not report on alcohol when it is used alone, only in combination with other substances. Bonus: cocaine’s toxicity is also influenced by how it is used.

Bloom’s: Evaluate
Learning Objective: 02-01 Describe the federal government’s regulatory approach before the early 1900s and now.
Learning Objective: 02-02 Explain the difference between acute and chronic toxicity and between physiological and behavioural toxicity.

Explain the difference between physical dependence on a drug and psychological dependence on a drug.

In physical dependence, when a person stops taking the drug a set of physiological symptoms will appear as the drug level in the system drops. Symptoms disappear when the drug is taken again. In psychological dependence, when a person takes a drug (behavioural act), they receive a consequence such as a good feeling, or they escape from pain or discomfort. When the drug is stopped, often the user will crave the drug. The behaviour is being reinforced by the consequence.

Bloom’s: Evaluate
Learning Objective: 02-04 Define tolerance; physical dependence; and behavioural dependence.

Describe the implications of the Positive Reinforcement Model in explaining repeated drug use.

Efforts to treat drug dependence by focusing on reducing or eliminating physical dependence (withdrawal) will have limited usefulness. Treatments also need to break the positive associations that have developed to people, objects, or situations that have been linked to drug use in the past.

Bloom’s: Evaluate
Learning Objective: 02-06 Describe criteria used in the diagnosis of substance-related and addictive disorders.

Explain what is meant by a drug’s “dependence potential.”

Some drugs are more likely than others to lead to compulsive use. These tend to be the drugs that work as positive reinforcers in animal models. Bonus: However, blaming dependence entirely on the drug itself ignores many other important social and individual variables.

Bloom’s: Evaluate
Learning Objective: 02-07 Debate the various theories on the cause of dependence.

Describe several ways in which people have thought that drug use might be a cause of criminal behaviour.

Drug use might change the individual’s personality in a lasting way, making him or her into a criminal type (evidence does not support this). Drug use might cause criminal behaviour while the person is under the influence of the drug (evidence strongest for alcohol). Crimes may be carried out for the purpose of obtaining money to purchase illicit drugs (evidence supports this).

Bloom’s: Evaluate
Learning Objective: 02-08 List four ways it has been proposed that drug use might cause an increase in crime.

Although there is some question as to whether the direct influence of illicit drugs produces a person more likely to engage in criminal or violent behaviour, there has been less doubt about alcohol. Provide some recent statistics that support that statement.

Recent studies have indicated that 30% of all criminal offences were attributable to alcohol. In many assaults and sexual assaults, alcohol is present in both assailant and victim. Most homicides are among people who know each other—and alcohol use is associated with half or more of all murders. In two-thirds of cases of domestic violence alcohol was involved.

Bloom’s: Evaluate
Learning Objective: 02-08 List four ways it has been proposed that drug use might cause an increase in crime.

What is meant by the term “starting a prairie fire”?

This is term is used in political circles to describe a lot of emotion-arousing rhetoric that borders on the irrational, and sometimes the results of the prairie fire and the ensuing legislation are unexpected and undesirable.

Bloom’s: Evaluate
Learning Objective: 02-09 Debate possible consequences of drug regulation.

Chapter 04

The Nervous System

Multiple Choice Questions

What is the process of maintaining our internal environment (temperature, water balance, etc.) within certain limits?
A.The blood-brain barrier
B. Sympathetic
C. Homeostasis
D. Inhibition

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 04-01 Explain the concept of homeostasis.

All of the following describe what is known regarding the idea that glia “outnumber neurons by as much as 50 to one”, EXCEPT which one?
A.It was reported by Eric Kandel.
B. This fact appears in the widely used textbook The Principles of Neural Science.
C. This fact has been recently challenged.
D. This fact has been reported in the popular press.

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 04-01 Explain the concept of homeostasis.

In addition to neurons, what is the other brain cell that is even larger in number?
A.Mitochondria
B. Glia
C. Serotonin
D. Pseudopodia

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 04-02 List the general properties of glia and neurons.

For a drug to be psychoactive its molecules must be capable of doing what?
A.Block serotonin synthesis.
B. Influence the sympathetic branch.
C. Inhibit firing rates of neurons.
D. Passing through the blood-brain barrier.

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 04-02 List the general properties of glia and neurons.

Drug molecules must be somewhat lipophilic (soluble in oil) in order to do what?
A.Readily cross the blood-brain barrier.
B. Influence the sympathetic branch.
C. Inhibit firing rates of neurons.
D. Block serotonin synthesis.

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 04-02 List the general properties of glia and neurons.

Which of these is NOT one of the four important regions found in every neuron?
A.Cell body
B. Dendrites
C. Axon
D. Glia

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 04-02 List the general properties of glia and neurons.

Gated ion channels for sodium and potassium open and close in rapid succession, causing the neuron to depolarize and then repolarize, during each
A.Action potential.
B. Homeostasis.
C. Metabolism.
D. Transporter.

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 04-03 Describe the action potential.

Which term describes the electrical signal transmitted along the axon when a neuron fires?
A.Lipophilic.
B. Polarization.
C. Hyperpolarization.
D. Action potential.

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 04-03 Describe the action potential.

Cocaine selectively blocks Na+ (sodium) channels, which is the mechanism that leads to which of the following?
A.CNS stimulation.
B. Increased heart rate.
C. Local anesthetic effects.
D. Cocaine dependence.

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 04-03 Describe the action potential.

Parkinson’s disease produces tremors and muscular rigidity because of damage to which of the following?
A.Acetylcholine neurons in the parasympathetic branch.
B. Dopamine neurons in the basal ganglia.
C. Norepinephrine neurons in the locus ceruleus.
D. The blood-brain barrier.

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 04-04 Describe the roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system and associated neurotransmitters.

Professor Jordan is an expert in the human nervous system. As his students you were asked to identify the correct term and description, which of the following would you choose?
A.The sympathetic nervous system: effect on the heart rate causes it to decrease.
B. The parasympathetic nervous system: causes the pupil of the eye to dilate.
C. Norepinephrine: a neurotransmitter that may be important to appetite regulation.
D. Acetylcholine: a neurotransmitter that may be important to appetite regulation.

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: 04-04 Describe the roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system and associated neurotransmitters.

The neurotransmitter at the end organ of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system is which of the following?
A.Serotonin
B. Dopamine
C. Norepinephrine
D. GABA

What is located at the base of the brain, is an important link between the brain and the pituitary gland, and is involved in feeding, drinking, temperature regulation, and sexual behaviour?
A.Cerebral cortex
B. Cerebellum
C. Limbic system
D. Hypothalamus

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 04-05 Match the major functions of the neurotransmitters with key brain structures and chemical pathways.
Learning Objective: 04-06 Describe the role of dopamine in Parkinson’s disease.

Neural centers controlling vomiting and respiration are found in which of the following?
A.Brain stem
B. Frontal lobe
C. Cerebellum
D. Pituitary gland

Which of the following is responsible for arousal, attentiveness, wakefulness, and food intake?
A.Dopamine
B. Serotonin
C. Norepinephrine
D. GABA

Which of the following is responsible for reward, pleasure, and perseveration?
A.Dopamine
B. Serotonin
C. Norepinephrine
D. GABA

Which of the following is responsible for mood, memory, sleep, and cognition?
A.Dopamine
B. Serotonin
C. Norepinephrine
D. GABA

The club drug GHB is a close chemical relative of which neurotransmitter?
A.Dopamine.
B. Serotonin.
C. Norepinephrine.
D. GABA.

Which chemical pathway appears to be important in some types of psychotic behaviour, and in the reinforcing properties of various drugs?
A.Acetylcholine pathway from the nucleus basalis
B. Serotonin pathway from the raphe nuclei
C. Mesolimbic dopamine pathway
D. Glutamate pathway

Scientists at the University of British Columbia reported that an alcohol extract from the plant “Rhodiola rosea” could assist with which of the following?
A.Paralysis
B. Memory impaired disorders
C. Opioid withdrawal symptoms
D. Parkinson disease

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: 04-05 Match the major functions of the neurotransmitters with key brain structures and chemical pathways.
Learning Objective: 04-06 Describe the role of dopamine in Parkinson’s disease.

What have weight control, aggression, impulsivity, and psychological depression all been associated with?
A.Serotonin pathways
B. Endorphins
C. GABA receptors
D. The parasympathetic branch

What are the natural chemicals in the brain that produce effects similar to those of opium-derived drugs called?
A.Amphetamines
B. Depressants
C. Endorphins
D. Ecstasy

What is the process called in which enzymes within neurons convert precursors into neurotransmitter molecules?
A.Homeostasis
B. Uptake
C. Depolarization
D. Synthesis

What is the space between two neurons called where the neurotransmitter molecules are released?
A.Transporter
B. Synapse
C. Partition
D. Vesicle

What term describes the specialized structures that recognize neurotransmitter molecules and, when activated, causes a change in the electrical activity of the neuron?
A.Pons
B. Receptors
C. Medulla
D. Autonomic

Which of the following neurotransmitters is found in most regions of the brain and is considered inhibitory?
A.Serotonin
B. Dopamine
C. GABA
D. Norepinephrine

Which term describes chemicals that are acted on by enzymes to form neurotransmitters?
A.Agonist
B. Antagonist
C. Transporter
D. Precursors

Whether the effect of a neurotransmitter is excitatory or inhibitory depends on which of the following?
A.Blood sugar level
B. Type of receptor
C. Rate of synthesis
D. Enzyme actions

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 04-07 Describe the life cycle of a neurotransmitter molecule.

Drugs can affect neurotransmitter systems in two main ways: either by altering the availability of the neurotransmitter in the synapse, or by doing which of the following?
A.Acting on the blood-brain barrier.
B. Altering hormone levels.
C. Acting directly on the receptors.
D. Increasing blood pressure.

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 04-07 Describe the life cycle of a neurotransmitter molecule.

Which term describes a substance that prevents the effects of a neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell?
A.Agonist
B. Antagonist
C. Transporter
D. Precursors

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 04-07 Describe the life cycle of a neurotransmitter molecule.

Which term describes a substance that facilitates or mimics the effects of a neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell?
A.Agonist
B. Antagonist
C. Transporter
D. Precursors

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 04-07 Describe the life cycle of a neurotransmitter molecule.

Which biochemical theory of behaviour seems to have some overall merit?
A.The monoamine theory of mood.
B. The four humours.
C. Relationship of serotonin levels to personality type.
D. Presence of greater dopamine turnover in alcohol dependency.

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 04-08 Recognize the importance of receptor types in determining the action of a neurotransmitter at a particular site in the brain.

What is the brain imaging technique described in the book that can study where specific chemicals are binding in living humans called?
A.Positron emission tomography (PET)
B. Mass spectroscopy
C. Electron microscopy
D. Electrochemical detection

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 04-09 Describe brain imaging techniques.

True / False Questions

Homeostasis can be loosely translated as “moving and fluid.”
FALSE

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 04-01 Explain the concept of homeostasis.

Unlike neurons, glial cells in the brain are purely for support and are incapable of communicating with each other.
FALSE

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 04-02 List the general properties of glia and neurons.

For drug molecules to readily cross the blood-brain barrier, they must be somewhat lipophilic (soluble in oil).
TRUE

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 04-02 List the general properties of glia and neurons.

The complex branching parts of a neuron that receive information from other neurons are called dendrites.
TRUE

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: 04-02 List the general properties of glia and neurons.

The action potential is an electrical signal that is transmitted along the axon when a neuron fires.
TRUE

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 04-03 Describe the action potential.

Information is carried down the axon by ion channels that are responsible for the electrical signal known as an action potential.
TRUE

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: 04-03 Describe the action potential.

If Martin was teaching the difference between the sympathetic reaction and parasympathetic reaction of the pupil he would state that dilation is a parasympathetic reaction.
FALSE

Parkinson’s disease is caused by damage to serotonin neurons in the raphe nuclei.
FALSE

Neural centers controlling vomiting and respiration are found in the mesolimbic dopamine system.
FALSE

The tiny space between two neurons is called a synapse.
TRUE

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 04-07 Describe the life cycle of a neurotransmitter molecule.

Many neurotransmitters can be either excitatory or inhibitory, depending on the type of receptor.
TRUE

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Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 04-07 Describe the life cycle of a neurotransmitter molecule.

One of the main ways drugs can affect neurotransmitter systems is by cutting off blood flow to a specific brain structure.
FALSE

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: 04-07 Describe the life cycle of a neurotransmitter molecule.

The class of chemicals characterized by a single amine group; monoamine neurotransmitters include dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin are called monoamine.
TRUE

The monoamine theory of mood relates to the treatment of schizophrenia.
FALSE

MRI and PET are two types of neurotransmitter chemicals.
FALSE

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: 04-09 Describe brain imaging techniques.

In the MRI, radioactively labelled chemical is injected into the bloodstream, and a computerized scanning device then maps out the relative amounts of the chemical in various brain regions.
FALSE

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Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: 04-09 Describe brain imaging techniques.

Short Answer Questions

What is homeostasis?

Homeostasis maintains an environment of body functions within a certain range (e.g., temperature, blood pressure).

Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: 04-01 Explain the concept of homeostasis.

How many types of glia cells exist, and what is their overall function?

The nervous system has been reported to have 10 to 50 times as many glia as neurons. An important function of glia is to create the blood-brain barrier, a barrier between the blood and the fluid that surrounds neurons.

Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 04-02 List the general properties of glia and neurons.

What is the function of the blood-brain barrier?

The blood-brain barrier is a structure that prevents many drugs from entering the brain.

Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: 04-02 List the general properties of glia and neurons.

Describe the action potential.

The action potential is the electrical signal transmitted along the axon when a neuron fires.

Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: 04-03 Describe the action potential.

Describe the peripheral nervous system.

The peripheral nervous system is a division of the nervous system containing all the nerves that lie outside the brain and spinal cord.

Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: 04-04 Describe the roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system and associated neurotransmitters.

Describe the somatic system.

The somatic system is a collection of nerve cells that interact with the external environment to carry sensory information into the central nervous system and carry motor (movement) information back out.

Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: 04-04 Describe the roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system and associated neurotransmitters.

Describe the role of serotonin.

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter found in the raphe nuclei; may be important for impulsivity, mood, and cognition, and plays a role in depression.

Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: 04-05 Match the major functions of the neurotransmitters with key brain structures and chemical pathways.
Learning Objective: 04-06 Describe the role of dopamine in Parkinson’s disease.

Describe endorphins.

Endorphin are opiate-like chemical that occurs naturally in the brain of humans and other animals.

What are the roles of agonist and antagonist drugs?

The agonist drug is a substance that facilitates or mimics the effects of a neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell. The antagonist drug a substance that prevents the effects of a neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell.

Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: 04-07 Describe the life cycle of a neurotransmitter molecule.

How did the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates describe behaviour patterns?

Hippocrates believed that behaviour patterns reflected the relative balances of four humours: blood (hot and wet, resulting in a sanguine or passionate nature); phlegm (cold and wet, resulting in a phlegmatic or calm nature); yellow bile (hot and dry, resulting in a choleric, bilious, or bad-tempered nature); and black bile (cold and dry, resulting in a melancholic or gloomy nature).

Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: 04-08 Recognize the importance of receptor types in determining the action of a neurotransmitter at a particular site in the brain.

PET and MRI are two examples of what technology?

Brain Imaging Techniques

Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: 04-09 Describe brain imaging techniques.

Essay Questions

What are the two important lines of evidence that suggest that homeostatic processes mobilize to counteract some alcohol-related effects?

The first is, following consumption of an alcoholic beverage, heavy drinkers have less urine output than do infrequent drinkers; and (2) during alcohol withdrawal, heavy drinkers exhibit an increased vasopressin release, resulting in greater water retention.

Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: 04-01 Explain the concept of homeostasis.

Describe the structure of a neuron.

Neurons have four regions: cell body-containing nucleus and other substances that sustain the neuron; dendrites-treelike features that extend from the cell body and contain receptors; axon-long, slender extension of the cell body responsible for conducting the action potential to the presynaptic terminals; presynaptic terminals-bulbous structures at the end of the axon where neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles.

Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 04-02 List the general properties of glia and neurons.

Describe the action potential.

An essential process for neuronal communication is the action potential. This electrical signal initiates a chain of events that allows one neuron to communicate with another through the release of neurotransmitters. The action potential occurs as a result of opening ion channels (pores in the membrane) that allow electrically charged particles (ions) access to the inside of the cell. This change moves the cell’s membrane away from its resting potential (about – 65 mV to – 70 mV) to a more positively charged voltage. When the cell membrane is at rest, it has an uneven distribution of ions between the inside (intracellular) and outside (extracellular) of the cell.

Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 04-03 Describe the action potential.

Describe the differing effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system.

Sympathetic-“fight-or-flight” reactions: opens bronchi, decreases blood supply to skin, increases heart rate, reduces stomach motility, dilates pupils.
Parasympathetic-inhibits heart rate, constricts pupils, increases stomach motility, dilates skin blood vessels, and constricts bronchi.

Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: 04-04 Describe the roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system and associated neurotransmitters.

What does the limbic system consist of and what role does it play in the nervous system?

It consist of a number of connected structures that are involved in emotion, memory for location and level of physical activity. The limbic system includes the amygdala, nucleus accumbens, and hippocampus. Combined with the hypothalamus, the limbic system involves important chemical for behavioural control at a more primitive level (reward) than that of the cerebral cortex.

What are the steps involved in the life cycle of a neurotransmitter?

Steps involved are uptake of precursors; synthesis of the transmitter; storage in vesicles; release into the synapse; interaction with the receptor; reuptake into the releasing neuron; and metabolism by enzymes.

Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: 04-07 Describe the life cycle of a neurotransmitter molecule.

Drugs can interact with neurotransmitters in two ways. What are they?

Drugs can alter the availability of the neurotransmitter in the synapse or affect the receptors by 1) mimicking the action of the neurotransmitter (agonist) or 2) occupying the receptor preventing the neurotransmitter from activating (antagonist).

Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: 04-07 Describe the life cycle of a neurotransmitter molecule.

Describe what is known regarding drug treatments for the vast majority of psychopathologies

First, drug treatments for the vast majority of psychopathologies are not cures; they provide only relief from disease-related symptoms, indicating that much of the complexities associated with many psychopathologies have yet to be elucidated. Second, to date, no single neurochemical theory of depression has yet obtained sufficient experimental support to be considered an explanation.

Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: 04-08 Recognize the importance of receptor types in determining the action of a neurotransmitter at a particular site in the brain.

What are the limitations of brain imaging (fMRI and PET) technology?

Although brain imaging (fMRI and PET) offers a glimpse into the working of the human brain, it is not without limitations. For example the production of a brain image involves many assumptions and complicated statistical analysis, which are often not standardized from one laboratory or hospital to the next. In addition, colour coding (“false colour” images and not pictures of the in vivo brain) of various amounts of brain activity can be arbitrary (e.g., some researchers may use a colour scheme that gives an illusion of enormous differences when only small differences actually exist).

Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: 04-09 Describe brain imaging techniques.