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Drugs Society And Hhuman Behavior 17th Edition By Carl L. -Test Bank
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Drugs, Society, & Behavior, 17e (Hart)
Chapter 2 Drug Use as a Social Problem
1) The text lists three concerns that led to the adoption of the first U.S. laws regulating what we now call controlled substances. Which of these was not one of the three?
- A) High profits for drug sellers
- B) Toxicity
- C) Dependence
- D) Association of drug use with crime
Answer: A
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2) When using a substance makes normal activities such as driving result in harmful accidents, this is called:
- A) behavioral tolerance.
- B) drug misuse.
- C) behavioral toxicity.
- D) laissez-faire.
Answer: C
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3) Which of the following statements best describes the term “drug toxicity”?
- A) It refers to the effects of drugs that interfere with normal functioning in such a way as to produce dangerous or potentially dangerous consequences.
- B) It refers to a phenomenon seen with many drugs, in which repeated exposure to the same dose of the drug results in a lesser effect.
- C) It refers to the use of prescribed drugs in greater amounts than, or for purposes other than, those prescribed by a physician or dentist.
- D) It refers to a state in which the individual uses the drug so frequently and consistently that it appears that it would be difficult for the person to get along without using the drug.
Answer: A
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4) Acute drug effects are those that:
- A) are dangerous.
- B) are caused by the immediate presence of the drug in the body.
- C) are unrelated to dose.
- D) last more than a day.
Answer: B
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5) Which of the following is an example of chronic physiological toxicity?
- A) High blood pressure from smoking
- B) A motivational syndrome
- C) Paranoia from methamphetamine use
- D) Respiratory arrest from an alcohol overdose
Answer: A
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6) Which of the following statements best describes a drug recognition expert (DRE)?
- A) A physician trained to recognize a variety of medication that is administered for drug-related problems
- B) A police officer trained to examine intoxicated individuals to determine which of several classes of drugs caused the intoxication
- C) A teacher trained to recognize the scent of burning marijuana in school premises
- D) An emergency room personnel trained to record the actual cause behind drug-related emergency room visits in hospital emergency departments
Answer: B
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7) The Drug Abuse Warning Network:
- A) is a system of free public-service announcements.
- B) is a voluntary organization for teachers and police officers.
- C) monitors drug-related medical emergencies.
- D) monitors arrest rates for various drug-law violations.
Answer: C
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8) According to recent DAWN data, which of these substances is near the top of the emergency room visits list?
- A) Alcohol-in-combination
- B) Marijuana
- C) Methamphetamine
- D) Ecstasy (MDMA)
Answer: A
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9) In the United States, the ________ compiles data from death certificates and in most of these a cause of death is recorded.
- A) Monitoring the Future study (MTF)
- B) Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN)
- C) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5)
- D) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Answer: D
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10) DAWN data provides all of the following except:
- A) information about which drugs are associated with the greatest number of ER visits.
- B) clear measures of the toxicity of individual drugs.
- C) data regarding problems associated with alcohol-in-combination.
- D) general information about trends in drug-related ER visits.
Answer: B
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11) In 2008 it was reported that the incidence of new HIV infections associated with intravenous drug use had declined by 80 percent in the past 20 years. According to the text, which of these factors led to this decrease?
- A) Syringe exchange programs
- B) Sexual abstinence education
- C) Increased Narcotics Anonymous attendance
- D) Decreased use of hormonal contraceptives
Answer: A
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12) When repeated exposure to the same dose of a drug results in a lesser effect, this is called:
- A) acute toxicity.
- B) dependence.
- C) vaccination.
- D) tolerance.
Answer: D
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13) The occurrence of a withdrawal syndrome is the evidence of:
- A) physical dependence.
- B) chronic behavioral disorder.
- C) an antigen-antibody reaction.
- D) craving.
Answer: A
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14) Which of the following statements is true of psychological dependence as a characteristic of substance use?
- A) It is the toxicity resulting from the behavioral effects of a drug.
- B) It is the reduced effect of a drug after repeated use.
- C) It is indicated by the presence of a withdrawal syndrome, implying that the body has become adapted to the drug’s presence.
- D) It is indicated by the frequency of using a drug or by the amount of time or effort an individual spends in drug-seeking behavior.
Answer: D
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15) Jonathan had tried cocaine when he was a school student and slowly started to use it regularly. He does odd jobs to earn money for buying cocaine. When he is unable to find jobs, he even robs people. Which of the following characteristics does Jonathan exhibit in this scenario?
- A) Behavioral toxicity
- B) Tolerance
- C) Physical dependence
- D) Psychological dependence
Answer: D
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16) In the context of substance use, ________ is defined as a procedure in which a behavioral event is followed by a consequent event such that the behavior is then more likely to be repeated.
- A) tolerance
- B) reinforcement
- C) antecedence
- D) idealization
Answer: B
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17) The DSM-5 does not define addiction as such, but it has diagnostic criteria for:
- A) habituation.
- B) substance use disorders.
- C) chronic intoxication.
- D) drug-associated bipolar disorder.
Answer: B
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18) In the context of substance use, which of the following is the significance of the animal research that led to the positive reinforcement model?
- A) It indicates that prescription drugs are important contributors to overall drug toxicity figures.
- B) It implies that psychological dependence is more important than physical dependence in explaining repeated drug use.
- C) It points out the scientific value of the concept of reinforcement for understanding physical dependence.
- D) It proves that using one of the gateway substances causes one to escalate to more deviant forms of drug use.
Answer: B
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19) As views of substance dependence have changed based on scientific research, the real driving force behind repeated excessive drug use is now believed to be:
- A) psychological dependence based on reinforcement.
- B) physical dependence caused by tolerance.
- C) an allergic reaction to the substance.
- D) unmet psychological needs in early childhood.
Answer: A
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20) Which of these substances has the highest lifetime estimate of dependence?
- A) LSD
- B) Marijuana
- C) Alcohol
- D) Nicotine
Answer: D
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21) Those who are diagnosed with a personality disorder, such as antisocial personality disorder:
- A) have an increased likelihood of also having a substance use disorder diagnosis.
- B) are neither more nor less likely to have a substance use disorder.
- C) are actually less likely to be dependent on a substance.
- D) are often given stimulant drugs as treatment for the disorder.
Answer: A
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22) In determining whether using a drug causes people to become criminals, it is important to remember that:
- A) there is no relationship between crime and illicit drug use.
- B) most illicit drugs cause damage to the areas of the brain responsible for understanding right from wrong.
- C) research studies find that indicators of criminal or antisocial behavior usually occur before the first use of any illicit drug.
- D) consistent personality changes are likely with even a few exposures to heroin or cocaine.
Answer: C
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23) Which of the following drugs has been clearly linked with crimes and violence?
- A) Alcohol
- B) Heroin
- C) Marijuana
- D) Cocaine
Answer: A
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24) In an annual study done by the U.S. Justice Department, people arrested for various crimes are administered urine tests to detect the presence of drugs. In 2013, about ________ percent of the adult male arrestees tested positive for at least one illicit drug.
- A) 100
- B) between 60 and 80
- C) 0
- D) between 10 and 30
Answer: B
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25) About how many arrests are made in the U.S. each year for drug-law violations?
- A) 1,500,000
- B) 200,000
- C) 50,000
- D) 5,000
Answer: A
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26) One important factor that led Congress to adopt the first laws regulating what we now call controlled substances was the association of drug use with crime.
Answer: TRUE
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27) Chronic drug effects refer to those that are due to prolonged exposure to the drug.
Answer: TRUE
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28) The DAWN system tells us exactly how many ER visits are caused by a specific drug each year.
Answer: FALSE
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29) In 2009, methamphetamine was the most frequently cited drug associated with emergency room visits.
Answer: FALSE
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30) Our best estimate is that tobacco cigarettes are associated with over 400,000 deaths per year.
Answer: TRUE
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31) Physical dependence is often defined by the appearance of withdrawal symptoms when the drug is stopped.
Answer: TRUE
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32) To receive a diagnosis of substance use disorder, an individual must satisfy at least two diagnostic criteria, one of which has to be a symptom of physical dependence (tolerance or withdrawal).
Answer: FALSE
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33) Reports from various brain-scanning experiments done on drug users indicate that drug dependence is caused by an underlying biological abnormality.
Answer: FALSE
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34) Data suggest that marijuana use increases the likelihood of a person committing a violent crime.
Answer: FALSE
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35) The commission of crimes to obtain money for expensive illicit drugs is due to the artificially high cost of the drugs, not primarily to a pharmacological effect of the drug.
Answer: TRUE
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36) Using survey data, discuss the relative toxicity of alcohol and cocaine.
Answer: Alcohol-in-combination and cocaine have been associated with similar numbers of emergency room visits over the years. Since many more people use alcohol than cocaine, one could conclude that cocaine is relatively more dangerous (per user) than alcohol. However, it is also important to note that DAWN does not report on alcohol when it is used alone, only in combination with other substances. Bonus: cocaine’s toxicity is also influenced by how it is used.
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37) Explain the difference between physical dependence on a drug and psychological dependence on a drug.
Answer: In physical dependence, when a person stops taking the drug, a set of physiological symptoms will appear as the drug level in the system drops (withdrawal). Symptoms disappear when the drug is taken again. In psychological dependence, when a person takes a drug (behavioral act), he or she receives a consequence such as a feeling of euphoria. This consequence increases the likelihood that the drug will be taken again. Thus, the behavior is being reinforced by the consequence.
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38) Discuss the relative dependence liability of different drugs.
Answer: Some drugs are more likely than others to lead to compulsive use. These tend to be the drugs that work as positive reinforcers in animal models. Bonus: However, blaming dependence entirely on the drug itself ignores many other important social and individual variables.
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39) Describe several ways in which people have thought that drug use might be a cause of criminal behavior.
Answer: Drug use might change the individual’s personality in a lasting way, making him or her into a “criminal type” (evidence does not support this). Drug use might cause criminal behavior while the person is under the influence of the drug (evidence strongest for alcohol). Crimes may be carried out for the purpose of obtaining money to purchase illicit drugs (evidence supports this). Illicit drug use is a crime (over 1.5 million arrests per year in the U.S.).
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Drugs, Society, & Behavior, 17e (Hart)
Chapter 4 The Nervous System
1) Which of the following terms is defined as the maintenance of an environment of body functions within a certain range (e.g., temperature, blood pressure)?
- A) Apoptosis
- B) Homeorhesis
- C) Homeostasis
- D) Osmosis
Answer: C
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2) Alcohol, a psychoactive drug, inhibits the release of the antidiuretic hormone ________, which causes an increase in the excretion of urine.
- A) serotonin
- B) dopamine
- C) endorphin
- D) vasopressin
Answer: D
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3) In addition to neurons, the brain contains an even larger number of another cell type known as ________.
- A) mitochondria
- B) glia
- C) serotonin
- D) pseudopodia
Answer: B
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4) Which of the following is the function of the blood-brain barrier created by glia in the brain?
- A) It is an important link between the brain and the hormonal output of the pituitary gland.
- B) It opens the bronchi, reduces blood supply to the skin, increases the heart rate, and reduces stomach motility.
- C) It regulates the visceral, or involuntary, functions of the body, such as heart rate and blood pressure.
- D) It protects the brain from potentially toxic chemicals circulating in the blood.
Answer: D
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5) ________ results from a loss of myelin wrappings.
- A) Parkinson’s disease
- B) Multiple sclerosis
- C) Schizophrenia
- D) Alzheimer’s disease
Answer: B
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6) Gated ion channels for sodium and potassium open and close in rapid succession, causing the neuron to depolarize and then return to its normal resting level, during each:
- A) action potential
- B) homeostasis.
- C) metabolism.
- D) transporter.
Answer: A
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7) Cocaine selectively blocks Na+ (sodium) channels, which is the mechanism that leads to:
- A) CNS stimulation.
- B) increased heart rate.
- C) local anesthetic effects.
- D) cocaine dependence.
Answer: C
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8) Parasympathetic and sympathetic refer to the two branches of the:
- A) glia.
- B) axon.
- C) autonomic nervous system.
- D) limbic system.
Answer: C
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9) The neurotransmitter at the end organ of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system is ________.
- A) serotonin
- B) dopamine
- C) norepinephrine
- D) GABA
Answer: C
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10) Which of the following systems in the human brain tends to act more as a unit and is responsible to open the bronchi, reduces blood supply to the skin, increases the heart rate, and reduces stomach motility?
- A) The lymphatic system
- B) The sympathetic system
- C) The limbic system
- D) The enteric nervous system
Answer: B
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11) Which chemical pathway appears to be important both in some types of psychotic behavior and in the reinforcing properties of various drugs?
- A) Acetylcholine pathway from the nucleus basalis
- B) Serotonin pathway from the raphe nuclei
- C) Mesolimbic dopamine pathway
- D) Glutamate pathway
Answer: C
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12) Parkinson’s disease produces tremors and muscular rigidity because of damage to:
- A) acetylcholine neurons in the parasympathetic branch.
- B) dopamine neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway.
- C) norepinephrine neurons in the locus ceruleus.
- D) the blood-brain barrier.
Answer: B
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13) Weight control, aggression, impulsivity, and psychological depression have all been associated with:
- A) serotonin pathways.
- B) endorphins.
- C) GABA receptors.
- D) the parasympathetic branch.
Answer: A
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14) Natural chemicals in the brain that produce effects similar to those of morphine and other opium-derived drugs are called ________.
- A) amphetamines
- B) depressants
- C) endorphins
- D) ecstasy
Answer: C
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15) The ________ is an important link between the brain and the pituitary gland and is involved in feeding, drinking, temperature regulation, and sexual behavior.
- A) cerebral cortex
- B) cerebellum
- C) limbic system
- D) hypothalamus
Answer: D
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16) Which of the following regions is located in the medulla oblongata in the brain and is important for triggering nausea and vomiting?
- A) The area postrema
- B) The choroid plexus
- C) The posterolateral sulcus
- D) The tuberculum cinereum
Answer: A
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17) The process in which enzymes within neurons convert precursors into neurotransmitter molecules is called ________.
- A) homeostasis
- B) uptake
- C) depolarization
- D) synthesis
Answer: D
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18) Neurotransmitter molecules are released into the small space between two neurons called the ________.
- A) transporter
- B) synapse
- C) partition
- D) vesicle
Answer: B
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19) A(n) ________ is defined as a mechanism in a nerve terminal membrane that is responsible for removing neurotransmitter molecules from the synapse by taking them back into the neuron.
- A) interoceptor
- B) receptor
- C) transporter
- D) nociceptor
Answer: C
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20) Which of the following neurotransmitters is found in most parts of the brain and is considered inhibitory?
- A) Serotonin
- B) Dopamine
- C) GABA
- D) Norepinephrine
Answer: C
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21) Whether the effect of a neurotransmitter is excitatory or inhibitory depends on:
- A) blood sugar level.
- B) the type of receptor.
- C) the rate of synthesis.
- D) enzyme actions.
Answer: B
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22) Drugs can affect neurotransmitter systems in two main ways: either by altering the availability of the neurotransmitter in the synapse, or by:
- A) acting on the blood-brain barrier.
- B) altering hormone levels.
- C) acting directly on the receptors.
- D) increasing blood pressure.
Answer: C
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23) Suppose you wanted to prescribe a hypothetical drug that would have an overall excitatory effect on the nervous system. Which would you choose?
- A) A glutamate metabolizer
- B) A dopamine metabolizer
- C) A GABA antagonist
- D) A norepinephrine antagonist
Answer: C
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24) The brain imaging technique that involves injection of radioactive chemicals in order to measure brain function is called:
- A) positron emission tomography (PET).
- B) mass spectroscopy.
- C) electron microscopy.
- D) electrochemical detection.
Answer: A
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25) Which of the following statements is true of the functional imaging technique called the positron emission tomography (PET)?
- A) It measures the blood oxygen level dependent signal, which can then be used to create a colored statistical map of brain regions active during task activity.
- B) It is noninvasive and does not require the injection of radioactive chemicals into the bloodstream.
- C) It gives real-time information about changes in brain blood flow and provides an indirect measure of neuron activity in specific brain regions.
- D) It provides one with a direct measure of brain activity and an indirect measure of potential toxicity to specific neurons.
Answer: D
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26) Specialized structures that recognize neurotransmitter molecules and, when activated, may cause a change in the electrical activity of the neuron are called ________.
- A) pons
- B) receptors
- C) medulla
- D) autonomic
Answer: B
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27) Unlike neurons, glial cells in the brain are purely for support and are incapable of communicating with each other.
Answer: FALSE
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28) The complex branching parts of a neuron that receive information from other neurons are called dendrites.
Answer: TRUE
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29) In the neuron, neurotransmitters are stored in the myelin sheaths.
Answer: FALSE
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30) It is possible to have an action potential that is relatively small in magnitude (if few channels are open).
Answer: FALSE
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31) Newer local anesthetics are simple modifications of the cocaine molecule, and they do not pass the blood-brain barrier and thus do not produce cocaine-like feelings of euphoria.
Answer: TRUE
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32) Parkinson’s disease patients are often treated with dopamine because L-dopa cannot cross the blood-brain barrier.
Answer: FALSE
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33) GABA and glutamate are similar in that they are found throughout the brain and are primarily inhibitory neurotransmitters.
Answer: FALSE
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34) One of the main ways that drugs can affect neurotransmitter systems is by cutting off blood flow to a specific brain structure.
Answer: FALSE
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35) fMRI and PET are two types of neurotransmitter chemicals.
Answer: FALSE
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36) Describe the structure of a neuron.
Answer: Neurons have four regions: cell body—containing nucleus and other substances that sustain the neuron; dendrites—treelike features that extend from the cell body and contain receptors; axon—long, slender extension of the cell body responsible for conducting the action potential to the axon terminals; axon terminals—bulbous structures at the end of the axon where neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles.
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37) Describe the differing effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system.
Answer: Sympathetic—”fight-or-flight” reactions: opens bronchi, decreases blood supply to skin, increases heart rate, reduces stomach motility, dilates pupils.
Parasympathetic—decreases heart rate, constricts pupils, increases stomach motility, dilates skin blood vessels, constricts bronchi.
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38) What are the steps involved in the life cycle of a neurotransmitter?
Answer: Steps involved are uptake of precursors, synthesis of the transmitter, storage in vesicles, release into the synapse, interaction with the receptor, reuptake into the releasing neuron, and metabolism by enzymes.
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39) The actions of drugs on neurotransmitter systems can be divided into two main types. What are they?
Answer: Drugs can alter the availability of the neurotransmitter in the synapse or affect the receptors by 1) mimicking the action of the neurotransmitter (agonist) or 2) occupying the receptor preventing the neurotransmitter from activating (antagonist).
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