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Environmental Science A Global Concern 13Th Edition by William Cunningham – Test Bank
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Chapter 02
Principles of Science and Systems
Multiple Choice Questions
- _________________ is a process for producing knowledge methodically and logically.
A.Universalism
B. Science
C. Relativism
D. Morality
E. Parsimony
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Section: 02.01
Topic: Science
- Ideally, science
A.Always has the right answers
B. Tells us what we expected to find
C. Uses new technology
D. Is orderly and methodical
E. Proves that our hypotheses are correct
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Section: 02.01
Topic: Science
- Which of the following is not an important feature of science?
A.Reproducibility
B. Parsimony
C. Empiricism
D. Positive proof
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Section: 02.01
Topic: Science
- Generally, distinguished scientists
A. Always agree if they really are expert scientists
B. May have different interpretations of the same evidence
C. Never disagree once a theory is established
D. Believe each other and support each other in their work
E. Always disagree so they can prove theories
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Section: 02.01
Topic: Science
- Proof in science is always
A. Firmly established
B. Beyond question
C. An impossible goal
D. constantly changing with little contiunity between diciplines.
E. Open to question or new evidence
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Section: 02.01
Topic: Science
- The statement, “Since every insect I have examined so far has six legs, I conclude that all insects must have six legs” is an example of
A. Inductive reasoning
B. Deductive reasoning
C. Hypothesis testing
D. Reductive reasoning
E. Parsimony
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Section: 02.01
Topic: Science
- From the following statements and questions, which is the best example of deductive reasoning?
A. If all insects have six legs, then butterflies have six legs
B. In repeated tosses of a coin, there is a 50/50 chance of each toss resulting in a “head”
C. How many times will the toss of coins turn “heads-up” if 100 times toss a coin?
D. Since every insect I have examined so far has six legs, I conclude that all insects must have six legs
E. All of these are examples of deductive reasoning
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Section: 02.01
- Although your sister is not a scientist, she says that she uses scientific techniques in her everyday life. You do not believe her but she insists it is true. Which of the following examples could she use to best persuade you?
A. When she cooks, she measures ingredients and puts them together to form something else (e.g., a cake)
B. When she drives in her car, she hypothesizes about things (e.g., when the red light will turn green)
C. She put some tomatoes in the sun and some in the shade to see if the sun causes them to ripen faster
D. She buys a brand of toothpaste based on statistical data (four out of five dentists recommend it)
E. All of these are examples of using scientific techniques in her everyday life
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Section: 02.01
Topic: Science
- Experiments in which conditions are deliberately altered and all other variables are held constant are known as ___________ experiments.
A.Manipulative
B. Natural
C. Hypothetical
D. Probability
E. Double-blind
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Section: 02.01
Topic: Science
- Double-blind studies are especially useful in
A. Genetic experiments
B. Health studies
C. Statistical analysis
D. Opinion surveys
E. Double-blind studies are not useful in any situation
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Section: 02.01
Topic: Science
- Which of the following scenarios are free from bias?
A. A scientist is conducting an experiment on liver disease that is funded by a university, and has set up the experiment as a double-blind study testing of a new medication.
B. A scientist is conducting an experiment on liver disease that is funded by a pharmaceutical company, and has set up the experiment as a double-blind study testing of a new medication.
C. A scientist is conducting an experiment on liver disease that is funded by a university, and has set up the experiment study testing of a new medication and only give the medicine to the healthiest patitents.
D. A scientist is conducting an experiment on liver disease that is funded by a pharmaceutical company, and has set up the experiment as a double-blind study testing of a new medication on people without liver disease as well as those with liver disease.
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Section: 02.01
Topic: Science
- In experimentation, dependent variables are also known as _____________ variables.
A.Conventional
B. Blind
C. Response
D. Model
E. Distribution
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Section: 02.01
Topic: Science
- ___________ allow scientists to gather information about complicated and interrelated environmental systems.
A.Charts
B. Graphs
C. Models
D. Figures
E. Paradigm shifts
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Section: 02.01
Topic: Science
Susan is conducting an experiment to see if plants will grow better with application of fertilizer. She separates 50 plants into two groups of 25. One group receives a liquid fertilizer when watered every other day, and the other group receives only water on the same days. The plants are kept in a greenhouse with constant and equal amounts of sunlight, and a constant temperature. She measures the plants once a week for 12 weeks. At the end of 12 weeks, the plants with the fertilizer grew an average of 9 inches, and the ones that were not given the fertilizer grew an average of 5 inches.
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Section: 02.01
Topic: Science
- In the scenario described above, the plants that received fertilizer are the _______________ group, and the plants that did not receive fertilizer are the ___________ group.
A.treatment; control
B. control; treatemnt
C. treatment; exposed
D. controlled; non-treatment
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Section: 02.01
Topic: Science
- In the above scenario, why did Susan place the plants in a greenhouse and control the amount of sunlight and temperature?
A. Keeping any factor that can influence a plant’s growth, other than fertilizer, equal to all plants, ensures that if there is a difference at the end, it will most likely be due to the fertilizer.
B. It was an easy place to keep the plants.
C. It did not make a difference. The fertilizer would have influence growth even if the plants were part in sunlight and part in shade.
D. The plants would have adapted to the situation no matter if the temperatures is different.
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Section: 02.01
Topic: Science
- When referencing the above scenario, why did Susan average the resulting heights of the plants?
A. To account for the genetic variation in the plants.
B. Because two numbers are easier to compare than 50.
C. She liked showing off her knowledge of simple statistical analysis.
D. To account for differences in temperature and sunlight between the groups.
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Section: 02.01
Topic: Science
- Networks of interactions among interdependent factors are known as
A.Science
B. Ecology
C. Systems
D. Processes
E. Negative feedback loops
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Section: 02.02
Topic: Science
- The damage to an ecosystem caused by a hurricane or flood can be referred to as
A.An open system
B. An emergent property
C. Equilibrium in nature
D. A disturbance
E. Negative feedback loop
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Section: 02.02
Topic: Science
- In a food chain, grass absorbs sunlight to make sugar, the grass is eaten by a rabbit, and the rabbit is eaten by a fox. What is a throughput that connects this system?
A. energy
B. sugar
C. the will to survive
D. ATP
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Section: 02.02
- Which of the following is a closed system?
A. A cave with abundant life that was sealed off from the outside world during a landslide 100 years ago.
B. An underwater ocean cave
C. an aquarium
D. a forest habitat
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Section: 02.02
Topic: Science
- Which of the following is an example of a negative feedback loop?
A. A small island is home to both wolves and deer. When the deer have high numbers, the wolves have plenty of prey to feed pups and their numbers increase. When the deer are heavily predated upon, the deer numbers decrease causing some of the wolves to starve.
B. Grass begins to grow on a recently plowed field.
C. Locusts begin to swarm, and when they encounter other non-swarming locusts, they too being to swarm.
D. A person is driving and is cut off by another driver, this causes the person to become angry and they begin to drive more aggressively, cutting off other drivers.
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Section: 02.02
Topic: Science
- The ability of an ecosystem to recover from a disturbance is known as
A. resilience
B. stability
C. fitness
D. emergence
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Section: 02.02
Topic: Science
- A scientific consensus
A. is typically broad in its statements.
B. uses feedback from many scientists.
C. can lead to paradigm shifts.
D. All of these answers are correct.
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Section: 02.03
Topic: Science
True / False Questions
- An important value of science is that it provides the methodology to prove that a theory is correct.
FALSE
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Section: 02.01
Topic: Science
- The progress of science is mainly happens when a scientist working in isolation and discovers something very important.
FALSE
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Section: 02.03
Topic: Science
- Paradigm shifts occur when ethical considerations are incorporated into scientific theory.
FALSE
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Section: 02.03
Topic: Science
Chapter 04
Evolution, Biological Communities, and Species Interactions
Multiple Choice Questions
- Evolution occurs as a result of
A. The discovery of a desirable characteristic in a population
B. An individual’s physiological modification
C. An environmental change that forces modification in a resident species
D. Better survival or reproduction rates by individuals with a particular characteristic
E. A population’s physiological modification
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Section 04.01
Topic: Evolution
- Natural selection will ultimately make a species
A.More intelligent
B. Physically bigger
C. Better adapted to its environment
D. More aggressive
E. Less vulnerable to its predators
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Section 04.01
Topic: Evolution
- Regular lawn mowing selects for short-headed rather than tall-headed dandelions because
A.Tall flowers spread their seeds farther
B. Tall flowers are cut before they can produce seeds
C. Short flowers can reproduce
D. Short flowers spread their seeds farther
E. Short flowers have less competition when the lawn is mowed often
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Section 04.01
Topic: Evolution
- Cheetahs can run extremely fast because
A. They need to outrun lions
B. Their ancestors who were able to run fast had an advantage and passed those genes on to their offsprings
C. Over time, they gradually built up speed as they adapted to faster and faster prey species
D. They are competing with stronger lions and hyenas for their food, so they need to be fast
E. All of the options above
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Section 04.01
Topic: Evolution
- Tolerance limits are _______ that limit a species’ survival.
A.Temperature ranges
B. Any environmental conditions
C. Population sizes
D. Narrow salinity levels
E. Undesirable toxin concentrations
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Section 04.01
Topic: Ecology
- There are usually many tolerance limits responsible for limiting the number and location of a species. However, some organisms have ____________ that limit/limits their distribution.
A. a specific critical factor
B. other environmental conditions
C. many factors
D. nothing
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Section 04.01
Topic: Ecology
- A species can withstand a wide range of pH as an adult but the juveniles can only withstand a narrow range of pH. The abiotic factor, pH, would best be described as a
A.Stress factor
B. Intolerance factor
C. Tolerance limit
D. Critical factor
E. Physical factor
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Section 04.01
Topic: Ecology
- Which of the following fish species would be the best indicator of clean, well-oxygenated water?
A.Carp
B. Largemouth bass
C. Catfish
D. Rainbow trout
E. Sunfish
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Section 04.01
Topic: Ecology
- Populations can be critically limited by
A.Available food
B. Suitable shelter from the elements
C. Available water
D. Suitable shelter from predators
E. Any of these, depending on the system
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Section 04.01
Topic: Ecology
- Indicator species, such as lichens, generally have a(n) ___________ tolerance range for a ____________.
A. Narrow; critical factor
B. Narrow; number of physical factors
C. Average; number of physical factors
D. Broad; number of critical factors
E. Broad; critical factor
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Section 04.01
Topic: Ecology
Use the following example:
A species can withstand a narrow range of temperature. Above 100°F there are no species present. In the range from 97°F to 100°F and 90°F to 94°F there are a few species present. Below 90°F there are no species present.
Section 04.01
- What would you label the range of temperature from 90°F to 94°F for this particular species?
A.Zone of intolerance
B. Zone of physiological stress
C. Tolerance limit range
D. Optimal range
E. Range of tolerance
Bloom’s: 3. Apply
Section 04.01
Topic: Ecology
- What would you label the range of temperature from 95°F to 96°F for this particular species in the scenario?
A.Zone of intolerance
B. Tolerance limit range
C. Zone of physiological stress
D. Optimal range
E. Range of tolerance
Bloom’s: 3. Apply
Section 04.01
Topic: Ecology
- The most common reason that introduced species negatively impact an environment is because they
A. Are larger than native species
B. Disrupt preexisting niches
C. Are unusually efficient predators
D. None of these is correct
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Section: 04.04
Topic: Ecology
- Some communities, such as grasslands, may never really reach F.E. Clements’s concept of a climax stage because
A. Ecological succession works too slowly
B. There is no optimum community for these environments
C. They are adapted to periodic disturbance
D. Their environmental conditions are too unstable
E. Primary succession is a slow process
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Section: 04.04
Topic: Ecology
- As ecological development proceeds, a biological community
A.Gradually stagnates
B. Becomes more diverse
C. Goes through repeated secondary succession stages
D. Goes through repeated primary succession stages
E. Becomes less complex
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Section: 04.04
Topic: Ecology
- Which of the following are pioneer species?
A.Wood warblers
B. Dandelions
C. Starlings
D. Lichens
E. Humans
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Section: 04.04
Topic: Ecology
- Primary succession occurs when a community develops ____________ while secondary succession occurs when one ________.
A.Into a climax community; species replaces another
B. And replaces another; ecosystem becomes stable
C. On bare rock; biological community replaces another
D. And then fails; niche changes
E. Intraspecific competition; experiences interspecific competition
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Section: 04.04
Topic: Ecology
- A climax community is one that
A. Is relatively stable and long lasting
B. Lasts forever
C. Contains oaks or white spruce
D. Is impervious to disruption
E. Is adapted to periodic disruption
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Section: 04.04
Topic: Ecology
- A “closed community” has a
A.Narrow ecotone
B. Gradual transition zone
C. Wide ecotone
D. Very small area
E. Large core area
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Section: 04.03
Topic: Ecology
- In the coastal forest of Oregon an area was clear-cut for logging. Trees at the edge of the clearing and 200 meters into the forest died within a few months after the logging began. What is the best explanation for the death of the trees?
A.The trees at the edge of the forest were more prone to disease
B. Increased sunlight, wind and temperature negatively affected the trees
C. The roots of all of the trees were damaged
D. Nitrogen fixing bacteria in the roots of the trees were killed
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Section: 04.03
Topic: Ecology
- A community that changes very little over time is said to have great
A.Renewal ability
B. Complexity
C. Diversity
D. Constancy
E. Connectedness
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Section: 04.03
Topic: Ecology
- A community with hundreds of different types of primary producers, a few herbivores and only one carnivore, has
A.Little complexity
B. Little diversity
C. A great deal of complexity
D. Low productivity
E. A great deal of productivity
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Section: 04.03
Topic: Ecology
- Complexity in an ecological community has to do with the number of
A.Species in the population
B. Species at each trophic level
C. Genetic variations within a species
D. Primary producers available
E. Primary producers relative to the number of consumers
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Section: 04.03
Topic: Ecology
- As a rule, near the Earth’s north and south poles,
A.Diversity is high and abundance is low
B. Abundance is high and diversity is high
C. Neither abundance nor diversity is high
D. Abundance is high and diversity is low
E. Abundance and diversity are about the same
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Section: 04.03
Topic: Ecology
- In a biological community where diversity is great, such as a tropical rainforest, the abundance of any one species is likely to be
A.Great
B. Small
C. Widely variable from year to year
D. The same from year to year
E. None of these, abundance does not depend on diversity
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Section: 04.03
Topic: Ecology
- “Abundance” describes the total number of _________ while “diversity” describes the number of _________.
A.Species in a community; individual organisms in a community
B. Organisms in a community; species in a community
C. Individuals in a niche; niches available to a given species
D. Species in a bioregion; trophic levels in a community
E. Biomes; habitats available for different species
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Section: 04.03
Topic: Ecology
- A biological community’s productivity is a measure of
A.Its number of species
B. The number of individuals in the community
C. Available solar energy that can be converted to biomass
D. The amount of biomass produced in the community
E. All of these are combined in measuring a community’s productivity
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Section: 04.03
Topic: Ecology
- Epiphytes growing on tropical trees exemplify
A.Mutualism
B. Predation
C. Parasitism
D. Commensalism
E. Intraspecific competition
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Section: 04.02
Topic: Ecology
- In a commensal relationship,
A.One species benefits while the other neither suffers nor benefits
B. One species benefits while the other suffers
C. Two species live together and both suffer
D. Two species live together and neither benefits nor suffers
E. Two species live together and both benefit
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Section: 04.02
Topic: Ecology
- A keystone species is a species whose presence
A.Is the main reason a community exists
B. Provides food for all other species in a community
C. Is an indicator of environmental health
D. Influences the population size of many other species in its community
E. Is always at the top of the trophic levels as a top predator
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Section: 04.02
Topic: Ecology
- ____________________ is the term used to describe two species that look alike and are both danergous or unpalatable.
A. Mullerian mimicry
B. Batesian mimicry
C. Symbiosis
D. Commensalism
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Section: 04.02
Topic: Evolution
- A viceroy butterfly that closely resembles the bad tasting monarch is an example of __________, and the example of beetles that look like stinging wasps is an example of __________.
A. Batesian mimicry; Batesian mimicry
B. Batesian mimicry; Muellerian mimicry
C. Muellerian mimicry; Muellerian mimicry
D. Muellerian mimicry; Batesian mimicry
E. Commensalism; symbiosis
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Section: 04.02
Topic: Ecology
- Which of the following statements is true?
A.In a mutualistic relationship one partner benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped
B. In a mutualistic relationship both partners benefit from the relationship
C. In a commensalistic relationship one partner benefits and the other is adversely affected
D. In a commensalistic relationship both partners benefit equally
E. In a parasitic relationship both partners are adversely affected
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Section: 04.02
Topic: Ecology
- In the partnership of a lichen, the fungus provides _________ and the relationship is best described as _______.
A. Most of the photosynthesis; symbiosis
B. Poisons that deter predation; commensalism
C. Structure and moisture-holding ability; mutualism
D. Very little to the algal partner; parasitism
E. Some of the photosynthesis; commensalism
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Section: 04.02
Topic: Ecology
- Symbiosis means
A.A relationship in which both species benefit
B. A parasitic relationship
C. Commensalism
D. Living together
E. A relationship in which one species benefits and the other does not benefit
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Section: 04.02
Topic: Ecology
- Predation influences evolution when
A.Prey species develop defensive characteristics over generations
B. An individual predator adapts and becomes more efficient in catching its prey
C. Predators kill off all of their prey
D. A population of predators develop defensive characteristics
E. Prey species change their reproductive rate to match predation in the local ecosystem
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Section: 04.02
Topic: Ecology
- In some species, young individuals float freely as plankton while mature members are fixed on the seafloor. This is an effective strategy because
A. The different life phases of these species do not compete for food
B. Fixed adults are more likely to survive
C. Predators cannot catch plankton
D. The adults can find mates more readily
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Section: 04.02
Topic: Ecology
- Territoriality is an important form of _________ for many animal species.
A.Symbiotic behavior
B. Interspecific competition
C. Intraspecific competition
D. Commensalism
E. Resource partitioning
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Section: 04.02
Topic: Ecology
- An especially effective strategy for reducing intraspecific competition is
A. Assigning different ecological niches for juveniles and adults of the same species
B. Rapid reproduction
C. Eating fruit before it is ripe for other species
D. Resource partitioning
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Section: 04.02
Topic: Ecology
- Which of the following is NOT a strategy for successfully avoiding interspecific competition?
A.Eating fruit before it is ripe for other species
B. Trees spreading seeds or offspring far and fast
C. Producing substances that are toxic to competitors
D. All of these are strategies for successful interspecific competition
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Section: 04.02
Topic: Ecology
- Intraspecific competition is competition among ________ for resources.
A. Predators and prey
B. Plants and animals
C. Producers, consumers and detritivores
D. Members of different species
E. Members of a single species
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Section: 04.02
Topic: Ecology
- Two birds, a titmouse and a chickadee are living in the same territory and are using some of the same resources. This interaction can be best classified as
A. Mutualism
B. Intraspecific competition
C. Interspecific competition
D. Symbiosis
E. Commensalism
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Section: 04.02
Topic: Ecology
- Resource partitioning tends to lead to a high degree of _______ in species.
A.Specialization
B. Evolution
C. Convergent evolution
D. Generalization
E. Divergent evolution
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Section 04.01
Topic: Ecology
- Resource partitioning leads species to
A.Feed at different times
B. Utilize slightly different prey
C. Develop different physiological adaptations
D. Live in slightly different regions
E. All of these would be a result of resource partitioning
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Section 04.01
Topic: Ecology
- Most organisms’ niches are controlled by
A.Genetic trait for adaptive characteristics
B. Lessons learned from parents
C. Behavior learned from others in their social groups
D. Luck
E. The predators and competitors they encounter
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Section 04.01
Topic: Ecology
- Humans can best be described as
A.Occupying a narrow niche
B. An example of convergent evolution
C. Outside the rules of natural selection
D. Specialists
E. Generalists
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Section 04.01
Topic: Ecology
- Certain night-active moths and day-active birds are specialized nectar feeders. How do these species coexist if they are using the same resource for food?
A.Because they both use the nectar, eventually one of the two species will need to move to a new area
B. They do not compete for the nectar because they feed at different times of the day
C. There is enough nectar to supply both the birds and the moths with their feeding needs
D. Eventually the niche breadth will increase and there will be less competition
E. None of the choices is correct
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Section 04.01
Topic: Ecology
- A generalist is a species that
A.Occupies a large habitat range
B. Occupies a wide range of ecological niches
C. Can reproduce under highly variable conditions
D. Can reproduce only under specific conditions
E. None of these are characteristics of a generalist species
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Section 04.01
Topic: Ecology
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