Name: Essentials of Criminal Justice 10th Edition by Larry J. Siegel - Test Bank - Eazyquizes
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Essentials of Criminal Justice 10th Edition by Larry J. Siegel – Test Bank

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Ch_02_The_Nature_of_Crime_and_Victimization

True / False

1. Approximately 75 percent of Americans self-report having a gun at home or elsewhere on their property.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	False
REFERENCES:	Introduction
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.02 – Explain the methods used to measure crime
KEYWORDS:	Remember

2. About two-thirds of Americans believe crime is increasing, despite the fact that crime has been decreasing for 20 years.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	True
REFERENCES:	Introduction
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.01 – Discuss how crime is defined
KEYWORDS:	Remember

3. Over the past 20 years, the crime rate in the United States has been steadily increasing.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	False
REFERENCES:	Introduction
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.01 – Discuss how crime is defined
KEYWORDS:	Remember

4. The Uniform Crime Report (UCR) provides information on the personal characteristics of offenders that is not available from any other sources, such as attitudes, values, and beliefs.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	False
REFERENCES:	How is Crime Measured?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.03 – Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of crime measures.
KEYWORDS:	Analyze

5. The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) requires local police agencies to provide a brief account of each incident and arrest within 22 crime patterns, including incident, victim, and offender information.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	False
REFERENCES:	How is Crime Measured?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.03 – Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of crime measures.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

6. While there are differences between crime data sources, the crime patterns and trends that are recorded are often very similar.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	True
REFERENCES:	How is Crime Measured?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.03 – Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of crime measures.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

7. Research shows that immigrants are much more crime prone than the general population, so that as the number of immigrants increases, per capita crime rates increase dramatically.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	False
REFERENCES:	Crime Trends
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.01 – Discuss how crime is defined
KEYWORDS:	Remember

8. Research suggests that gang members are responsible for a large proportion of all violent offenses committed during the adolescent years.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	True
REFERENCES:	Crime Trends
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.01 – Discuss how crime is defined
KEYWORDS:	Remember

9. The availability of legalized abortion is one factor that has recently been theorized to explain the drop in crime rates.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	True
REFERENCES:	Crime Trends
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.01 – Discuss how crime is defined
KEYWORDS:	Remember

10. Crime rates are highest in the fall months.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	False
REFERENCES:	Crime Patterns
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.06 – Know the various crime patterns.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

11. Deteriorating neighborhoods attract law violators; this is known as the relative deprivation hypothesis.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	False
REFERENCES:	Crime Patterns
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.06 – Know the various crime patterns.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

12. The elderly crime rate has remained stable for the past 20 years.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	True
REFERENCES:	Crime Patterns
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.06 – Know the various crime patterns.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

13. Chronic offenders are serious and persistent offenders who are responsible for a small portion of a serious criminal behavior.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	False
REFERENCES:	Crime Patterns
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.06 – Know the various crime patterns.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

14. Arrest and punishment is highly effective at deterring chronic offenders.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	False
REFERENCES:	Crime Patterns
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.06 – Know the various crime patterns.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

15. Self-report studies indicate a significant rise in the number of teens using drugs.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	False
REFERENCES:	Crime Trends
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.04 – Recognize the trends in the crime rate.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

16. Young people face a much higher rate of victimization than older individuals.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	True
REFERENCES:	Crime Trends
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.08 – Describe the characteristics of crime victims.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

17. Marital status has no influence on one’s likelihood of victimization.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	False
REFERENCES:	Crime Trends
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.08 – Describe the characteristics of crime victims.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

18. Most offenders possess a gun, which explains why many anticrime advocates are against gun ownership.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	False
REFERENCES:	Crime Trends
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.08 – Describe the characteristics of crime victims.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

19. Trajectory theory suggests that human development is controlled by a “master” latent trait.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	False
REFERENCES:	Causes of Crime and Victimization
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.10 – Distinguish among the various views of crime causation.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

20. Subcultural values are handed down from one generation to the next through the culture of poverty.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	False
REFERENCES:	Causes of Crime and Victimization
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.10 – Distinguish among the various views of crime causation.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

21. Research shows a link between mental illness and crime.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	True
REFERENCES:	Causes of Crime and Victimization
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.09 – Discuss the association between crime and mental illness.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

22. It is possible that the link between crime and mental illness is spurious: that is, both mental illness and criminal behavior may be the result of some other, independent variable.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	True
REFERENCES:	Causes of Crime and Victimization
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.09 – Discuss the association between crime and mental illness.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

23. According to social structure theory, an offender weighs the consequences and benefits of their actions before engaging in criminal behavior.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	False
REFERENCES:	Causes of Crime and Victimization
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.10 – Distinguish among the various views of crime causation.
KEYWORDS:	Understand

24. According to biosocial theory, elements of the environment interact with biological factors to influence behavior.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	True
REFERENCES:	Causes of Crime and Victimization
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.10 – Distinguish among the various views of crime causation.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

25. Consideration of bipolar disorder and its role in criminal behavior would fall under biosocial theory.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	False
REFERENCES:	Causes of Crime and Victimization
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.10 – Distinguish among the various views of crime causation.
KEYWORDS:	Understand

Multiple Choice

26. According to this view, criminal law is a set of rules, codified by state authorities, which express norms, goals, and values of the vast majority of society.

	a.	Conflict	b.	Consensus
	c.	Interactionist	d.	Moral entrepreneur

ANSWER:	b
REFERENCES:	How is Crime Defined?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.01 – Discuss how crime is defined
KEYWORDS:	Remember

27. The law is the instrument that enables the wealthy to maintain the position of power and to control the behavior of those who oppose their ideas according to which view of crime?

	a.	Conflict	b.	Interactionist
	c.	Moral entrepreneur	d.	Consensus

ANSWER:	a
REFERENCES:	How is Crime Defined?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.02 – Explain the methods used to measure crime
KEYWORDS:	Remember

28. Which view of crime suggests that criminal law is structured to reflect the preferences and opinions of people who hold social power in a particular legal jurisdiction?

	a.	Moral entrepreneur	b.	Conflict
	c.	Consensus	d.	Interactionist

ANSWER:	d
REFERENCES:	How is Crime Defined?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.02 – Explain the methods used to measure crime
KEYWORDS:	Remember

29. Moral entrepreneurs, people who wage moral crusades to control criminal law, are a part of which view of crime?

	a.	Interactionist
	b.	Conflict
	c.	Consensus
	d.	All of the above

ANSWER:	a
REFERENCES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.01
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.01 – Discuss how crime is defined
KEYWORDS:	Remember

30. A Crime Index is:

	a.	a measure of all crime, including crimes reported and crimes not reported to the police.
	b.	an accurate picture of the number of crimes committed.
	c.	an estimate of crime that is not reported to the police.
	d.	an estimate of crimes committed.

ANSWER:	d
REFERENCES:	How is Crime Measured?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.02 – Explain the methods used to measure crime
KEYWORDS:	Remember

31. Which of the following crimes is not included on the list of Part I index crimes documented in the UCRs?

	a.	Simple assault	b.	Arson
	c.	Motor vehicle theft	d.	Criminal homicide

ANSWER:	a
REFERENCES:	How is Crime Measured?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.02 – Explain the methods used to measure crime
KEYWORDS:	Remember

32. What is considered to be the most widely cited source of criminal statistics?

	a.	UCRs
	b.	NCVS
	c.	National Indicators of Drug Abuse
	d.	Bureau of Justice Statistics

ANSWER:	a
REFERENCES:	How is Crime Measured?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.02 – Explain the methods used to measure crime
KEYWORDS:	Remember

33. Which of the following is an index crime?

	a.	Kidnapping	b.	Forgery
	c.	Simple assault	d.	Motor vehicle theft

ANSWER:	d
REFERENCES:	How is Crime Measured?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.01 – Discuss how crime is defined
KEYWORDS:	Remember

34. Which of the following is a problem associated with the validity of the UCR?

	a.	No federal crimes are reported.
	b.	If an offender commits multiple crimes, only the most serious is recorded.
	c.	Reports are voluntary and vary in accuracy.
	d.	Crime rates per 50,000 people are computed.

ANSWER:	b
REFERENCES:	How is Crime Measured?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.03 – Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of crime measures.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

35. Which of the following is not one of the three methods used to express crime data in the UCR?

	a.	Number of crimes reported to the police and arrests.	b.	Data from Monitoring the Future collected every two years.
	c.	Year over year percentage changes in the number of crimes.	d.	Crime rate per 100,000 people.

ANSWER:	b
REFERENCES:	How is Crime Measured?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.02 – Explain the methods used to measure crime
KEYWORDS:	Remember

36. The NCVS is prepared by what agency?

	a.	Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
	b.	Central Intelligence Agency
	c.	National Institute of Health
	d.	Bureau of Justice Statistics

ANSWER:	d
REFERENCES:	How is Crime Measured?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.02 – Explain the methods used to measure crime
KEYWORDS:	Remember

37. What data source relies on a multistage sample of housing units to collect information about citizen’s encounters with criminals?

	a.	Monitoring the Future Survey
	b.	NCVS
	c.	National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)
	d.	UCRs

ANSWER:	b
REFERENCES:	How is Crime Measured?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.02 – Explain the methods used to measure crime
KEYWORDS:	Remember

38. Which of the following is not a problem associated with the NCVS?

	a.	Individuals may misrepresent the time line of events.
	b.	Overreporting because of victim’s misrepresentations of events.
	c.	Incomplete acts are lumped together with completed ones.
	d.	Underreporting stemming from the embarrassment of reporting crime.

ANSWER:	c
REFERENCES:	How is Crime Measured?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.03 – Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of crime measures.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

39. The NCVS asks participants to report on the frequency and characteristics of all but which one of the following crimes?

	a.	Assault	b.	Murder
	c.	Rape	d.	Robbery

ANSWER:	b
REFERENCES:	How is Crime Measured?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.02 – Explain the methods used to measure crime
KEYWORDS:	Remember

40. Which type of data prefers the use of interviews and questionnaires for high-school students?

	a.	Observational	b.	Victimization
	c.	Self-report	d.	Official

ANSWER:	c
REFERENCES:	How is Crime Measured?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.01 – Discuss how crime is defined
KEYWORDS:	Remember

41. What type of study is the best measure of unreported crimes??

	a.	Victimization surveys	b.	Prison data
	c.	Self-report studies	d.	Official records

ANSWER:	c
REFERENCES:	How is Crime Measured?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.02 – Explain the methods used to measure crime
KEYWORDS:	Remember

42. Which of the following statements about the validity of self-report data is false?

	a.	Serious chronic offenders usually cooperate.
	b.	Some surveys contain an overabundance of trivial offenses.
	c.	Institutionalized youth are not generally represented.
	d.	The “known group” can be used to assess validity.

ANSWER:	a
REFERENCES:	How is Crime Measured?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.02 – Explain the methods used to measure crime
KEYWORDS:	Remember

43. Most reported crimes occur during which season?

	a.	Winter	b.	Summer
	c.	Spring	d.	Fall

ANSWER:	b
REFERENCES:	Crime Patterns
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.06 – Know the various crime patterns.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

44. Since 1993, the rate of violent victimization has declined by about _____ percent.

	a.	20	b.	40
	c.	60	d.	80

ANSWER:	d
REFERENCES:	Crime Trends
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.04 – Recognize the trends in the crime rate.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

45. The Monitoring the Future study found teen alcohol use and cigarette use at their lowest points since ____.

	a.	1975	b.	1990
	c.	2000	d.	2010

ANSWER:	a
REFERENCES:	Crime Trends
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.04 – Recognize the trends in the crime rate.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

46. According to the Monitoring the Future study, approximately ____ percent of teenagers report hurting someone badly enough that the victim needed medical care?

	a.	1	b.	5
	c.	15	d.	25

ANSWER:	c
REFERENCES:	Crime Trends
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.04 – Recognize the trends in the crime rate.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

47. The greater the proportion of ____ in the population, the higher the crime rate and the greater the number of persistent offenders.

	a.	middle-aged women	b.	young women
	c.	middle-aged men	d.	young men

ANSWER:	d
REFERENCES:	Crime Patterns
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.06 – Know the various crime patterns.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

48. Which regions of the country usually have significantly higher rates of crime?

	a.	The Midwest and New England	b.	The West and the South
	c.	The Midwest and the South	d.	New England and the West

ANSWER:	b
REFERENCES:	Crime Patterns
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.06 – Know the various crime patterns.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

49. For serious violent crimes, the males account for ___ percent of all arrests.

	a.	20	b.	40
	c.	60	d.	80

ANSWER:	d
REFERENCES:	Crime Patterns
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.06 – Know the various crime patterns.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

50. Which of the following groups experience violent crimes at a higher rate than other groups?

	a.	Whites	b.	African–Americans
	c.	Asians	d.	Latinos

ANSWER:	b
REFERENCES:	Crime Patterns
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.06 – Know the various crime patterns.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

51. When a man is the victim of a violent crime, the perpetrator is usually described as a(n):

	a.	Stranger
	b.	Acquaintance
	c.	Relative
	d.	Wife/girlfriend

ANSWER:	a
REFERENCES:	Crime Patterns
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.06 – Know the various crime patterns.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

52. Which of the following is false regarding the age–crime relationship?

	a.	Young people are part of a youth culture that favors risk taking and behaviors that may involve law violation.
	b.	Youths have unlimited access to their parent’s money.
	c.	Youths are psychological immature.
	d.	Youths are aware of the lack of punitiveness of the juvenile justice system.

ANSWER:	b
REFERENCES:	Crime Patterns
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.06 – Know the various crime patterns.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

53. Which of the following characteristics does not increase one’s likelihood of victimization?

	a.	Being male
	b.	Being young
	c.	Being married
	d.	Living in a large urban area

ANSWER:	c
REFERENCES:	Crime Patterns
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.08 – Describe the characteristics of crime victims.
KEYWORDS:	Understand

54. Which of the following is false regarding the victim–offender relationship?

	a.	There is no racial pattern in single-offender robberies.
	b.	Women are more likely than men to be victimized by an acquaintance.
	c.	Most crimes are committed by a single offender.
	d.	Minorities are the offenders in a majority of single-offender rapes and assaults.

ANSWER:	d
REFERENCES:	Crime Patterns
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.08 – Describe the characteristics of crime victims.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

55. Weighing consequences and benefits is the foundation of ___________ theory.

	a.	social process
	b.	routine activities
	c.	social structure
	d.	rational choice

ANSWER:	d
REFERENCES:	Causes of Crime and Victimization
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.10 – Distinguish among the various views of crime causation.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

56. The culture of poverty is part of which theoretical perspective?

	a.	Social structure theory
	b.	Psychological theory
	c.	Social process theory
	d.	Rational choice theory

ANSWER:	a
REFERENCES:	Causes of Crime and Victimization
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.10 – Distinguish among the various views of crime causation.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

57. According to ____ theory, indicators of neighborhood disorder are highly predictive of crime rates.

	a.	social structure	b.	developmental
	c.	social process	d.	conflict

ANSWER:	a
REFERENCES:	Causes of Crime and Victimization
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.10 – Distinguish among the various views of crime causation.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

58. Which view of crime suggests that individuals are born “good” and become “bad” as they mature?

	a.	Social reaction theory	b.	Social control theory
	c.	Social structure theory	d.	Social learning theory

ANSWER:	d
REFERENCES:	Causes of Crime and Victimization
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.10 – Distinguish among the various views of crime causation.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

59. ____ theory maintains that everyone has the potential to become criminal.

	a.	Social structure	b.	Social learning
	c.	Social control	d.	Social reaction

ANSWER:	c
REFERENCES:	Causes of Crime and Victimization
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.10 – Distinguish among the various views of crime causation.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

60. ____ theory focuses on the economic and political forces operating in a society and views these forces as the fundamental causes of criminality.

	a.	Conflict	b.	Social control
	c.	Developmental	d.	Social structure

ANSWER:	a
REFERENCES:	Causes of Crime and Victimization
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.10 – Distinguish among the various views of crime causation.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

61. ____ theory recognizes that as people mature, the factors that influence their behavior change.

	a.	Social structure	b.	Developmental
	c.	Psychological	d.	Social process

ANSWER:	b
REFERENCES:	Causes of Crime Victimization
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.10 – Distinguish among the various views of crime causation.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

62. ____ theory would advocate against the use of the sex offender registry for low-level offenders due to its stigma.

	a.	Social structure
	b.	Social learning
	c.	Social control
	d.	Social reaction

ANSWER:	d
REFERENCES:	Causes of Crime and Victimization
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.10 – Distinguish among the various views of crime causation.
KEYWORDS:	Apply

63. In a study entitled Delinquency in a Birth Cohort, researchers found that chronic offenders:

	a.	are more likely to continue criminality if they are female.
	b.	become adult repeat offenders
	c.	are deterred from further criminality if arrested during youth chronic offending.
	d.	commit the most violent acts of all criminals.

ANSWER:	b
REFERENCES:	Crime Patterns
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.04 – Recognize the trends in the crime rate.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

John was born into a family that didn’t have very much money, and it seemed that his parents struggled to put and keep food on the table. As he grew up, he found school boring despite being smart, so he dropped out. He was always impulsive and finding a job took too long. John recently found out that he is going to be a father and wants to provide the best opportunity for his child that he can. To support himself and his unborn child, he gets involved in selling pain pills and he is arrested in a sting operation.

64. John’s view of the criminal justice system is likely the ___________ view.

	a.	conflict
	b.	consensus
	c.	crime control
	d.	interactionist

ANSWER:	a
REFERENCES:	How is Crime Defined?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.01 – Discuss how crime is defined
KEYWORDS:	Apply

65. The judge believes selling drugs is inherently destructive and dangerous and that by punishing John, he will learn to control his actions in the future. The judge’s view of the criminal justice system is likely the _____ view.

	a.	crime control
	b.	due process
	c.	interactionist
	d.	consensus

ANSWER:	d
REFERENCES:	How is Crime Defined?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.01 – Discuss how crime is defined
KEYWORDS:	Apply

66. Most researchers would consider this explanation of John’s behavior part of the _____ theory.

	a.	trajectory
	b.	developmental
	c.	propensity
	d.	life course

ANSWER:	c
REFERENCES:	Causes of Crime and Victimization
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.10 – Distinguish among the various views of crime causation.
KEYWORDS:	Apply

Andrew has decided that he is going to rob a bank to pay off his debts after losing his job. He buys a gun from a kid who lives in an economically depressed section of town but he doesn’t ask where the gun came from. On the day of the robbery, Andrew decides that he will shoot at the ceiling inside the bank to get everyone’s attention. But as he shoots, the bullet ricochets and strikes a bank teller. The teller dies instantly and in the process of Andrew’s getaway, he drops his gun.

67. Only the most serious of Andrew’s crimes has been reported to the public using this reporting mechanism.

	a.	NIBRS
	b.	Self-report survey
	c.	UCR
	d.	NCVS

ANSWER:	c
REFERENCES:	How is Crime Measured?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.02 – Explain the methods used to measure crime
KEYWORDS:	Apply

68. How will the majority of Andrew’s crimes be categorized?

	a.	Part I
	b.	Part II
	c.	Part III
	d.	Part IV

ANSWER:	a
REFERENCES:	How is Crime Measured?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.02 – Explain the methods used to measure crime
KEYWORDS:	Apply

69. Which theoretical explanation most closely fits with Andrew’s actions?

	a.	Personality theory
	b.	Social learning theory
	c.	Cognitive theory
	d.	Rational choice theory

ANSWER:	d
REFERENCES:	Causes of Crime and Victimization
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.10 – Distinguish among the various views of crime causation.
KEYWORDS:	Apply

June is 80 years old and is terrified of having her home burglarized or becoming a victim in another way, so she tries not to leave the house. She has never been a victim of crime but is aware that her neighborhood may not be as safe as it used to be. One afternoon when she does decide to leave the house, her home is burglarized and her television is stolen.

70. June decides not to report the burglary to the police because she feels that the break-in was her fault. Which crime measurement tool is most likely to record June’s case?

	a.	NIBRS
	b.	Self-report study
	c.	UCR
	d.	NCVS

ANSWER:	d
REFERENCES:	How is Crime Measured?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.02 – Explain the methods used to measure crime
KEYWORDS:	Apply

71. After the burglary, June is ever more fearful of her neighbors and the crime that goes on in her community. June is not justified in her thoughts because:

	a.	violent victimizations are decreasing.
	b.	youth crime is on the rise.
	c.	crime against the elderly is increasing dramatically.
	d.	home invasions are on the rise.

ANSWER:	a
REFERENCES:	Crime Trends
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.01 – Discuss how crime is defined
KEYWORDS:	Apply

Completion

72.

________, most simply, is a violation of criminal law.

ANSWER:	crime
REFERENCES:	How is Crime Defined?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.02 – Explain the methods used to measure crime
KEYWORDS:	Remember

73. ________ are people who wage crusades to control criminal law so that it reflects their own personal values.

ANSWER:	Moral entrepreneurs
REFERENCES:	How is Crime Defined?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.02 – Explain the methods used to measure crime
KEYWORDS:	Remember

74. ____________________ is another name associated with the eight index crimes from the UCRs.

ANSWER:	Part I crimes
REFERENCES:	How is Crime Measured?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.02 – Explain the methods used to measure crime
KEYWORDS:	Remember

75. The ____________________ view of crime suggests that moral entrepreneurs define crime.

ANSWER:	interactionist
REFERENCES:	How is Crime Defined?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.02 – Explain the methods used to measure crime
KEYWORDS:	Remember

76. Murder, forcible rape, robbery, burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, arson, and ____________________ make up the FBI’s Part I crimes.

ANSWER:	aggravated assault
REFERENCES:	How is Crime Measured?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.02 – Explain the methods used to measure crime
KEYWORDS:	Remember

77. Criticisms of UCR data include ______________ of the victims and law enforcement.

ANSWER:	reporting practices
REFERENCES:	How is Crime Measured?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.03 – Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of crime measures.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

78. The ____________________ is one who has serious and persistent brushes with the law and whose behavior may be excessively violent and destructive.

ANSWER:	chronic offender career offender chronic criminal career criminal
REFERENCES:	Crime Patterns
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.04 – Recognize the trends in the crime rate.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

79. ____________________ question large groups of high school students about their participation in criminal or delinquent acts.

ANSWER:	Self-report surveys
REFERENCES:	How is Crime Measured?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.02 – Explain the methods used to measure crime
KEYWORDS:	Remember

80. The _____________________ states that as the poverty of minorities in the population increases, so too does the amount of social control that the public directs at those minority group members.

ANSWER:	racial threat hypothesis
REFERENCES:	Crime Patterns
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.06 – Know the various crime patterns.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

81. ____________ is the view that extreme social and economic differences among people living in the same community exacerbate criminal activity.

ANSWER:	Relative deprivation
REFERENCES:	Crime Patterns
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.06 – Know the various crime patterns.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

82. The notion that deteriorating neighborhoods attracts law violators is referred to as the __________ hypothesis.

ANSWER:	broken windows
REFERENCES:	Crime Patterns
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.06 – Know the various crime patterns.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

83. Modern ____________________ theories of crime believe that elements of the environment interact with biological factors to control and influence behavior.

ANSWER:	biosocial
REFERENCES:	Causes of Crime and Victimization
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.10 – Distinguish among the various views of crime causation.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

84. According to ____________________ theory, disruptions in life’s major transitions can be destructive and ultimately can promote criminality.

ANSWER:	developmental
REFERENCES:	Causes of Crime and Victimization
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.10 – Distinguish among the various views of crime causation.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

85. Conflict criminologists focus their attention on the law violations of the ______________.

ANSWER:	powerful
REFERENCES:	Causes of Crime and Victimization
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.10 – Distinguish among the various views of crime causation.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

86.

________________theory assumes that people are born good and learn to be bad.

ANSWER:	Social learning
REFERENCES:	Causes of Crime and Victimization
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.10 – Distinguish among the various views of crime causation.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

87. According to the _____________________ some people encounter problems during their early development that cause an imbalance in their personality.

ANSWER:	psychodynamic view
REFERENCES:	Causes of Crime and Victimization
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.10 – Distinguish among the various views of crime causation.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

88. The racial threat hypothesis explains that an increase of minorities in the population can correlate to an increase of ___________________.

ANSWER:	police social control
REFERENCES:	Crime Patterns
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.06 – Know the various crime patterns.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

89. Conduct disorder is discussed as a precursor of long-term chronic offending in ____________ theory.

ANSWER:	biosocial
REFERENCES:	Causes of Crime and Victimization
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.10 – Distinguish among the various views of crime causation.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

90. A culture of poverty is discussed as an element of ___________ theory.

ANSWER:	social structure
REFERENCES:	Causes of Crime and Victimization
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.10 – Distinguish among the various views of crime causation.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

Essay

91. Explain the three significant methods used to measure the nature and extent of crime. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each method.

ANSWER:	The UCR is the best known and most widely cited source of aggregate criminal statistics. It tallies and annually publishes a number of reported offenses by city, county, standard metropolitan statistical area, and geographical divisions of the United States. It also shows numbers and characteristics of individuals arrested for Part I and non-index Part II crimes, except traffic violations. It is not an accurate measure of crime on its own as it uses the hierarchy rule where it takes the most serious offense of every group of crime reported. The NCVS asks crime victims about their encounters with criminals. It is the most important and widely used victim survey; however, validity issues include overreporting, underreporting, inability to record personal criminal activity of those interviewed, sampling errors, and inadequate question format. Self-report surveys allow participants to reveal information about their violations and have focused mostly on juvenile delinquency and youth crime. Critics suggest that it is unreasonable to expect people to candidly admit illegal acts, that some people forget, exaggerate, or are confused about illegal acts, and that serious chronic offenders are unlikely to participate or be truthful.
REFERENCES:	How is Crime Measured?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.02 – Explain the methods used to measure crime
KEYWORDS:	Evaluate

92. Elaborate the three views on defining crime. Discuss how and why some behaviors become illegal and are considered crimes while others remain noncriminal.

ANSWER:	There are three main views in defining crime. The consensus view rests on the assumption that criminal law has social control function and crimes are those that are essentially harmful to a majority of citizens and are prohibited by the existing criminal law. The conflict view states that crime is the outcome of class struggle between the rich and poor, have and have-nots resulting in the criminal justice system becoming an instrument of social and economic repression. Finally, the interactionist view of criminal law is structured to reflect preferences and opinions of people who hold social power in a particular legal jurisdiction where campaigns are constructed to control behaviors that some view as immoral and wrong.
REFERENCES:	How is Crime Defined?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.02 – Explain the methods used to measure crime
KEYWORDS:	Analyze

93. Discuss the trends in violent crime in the United States.

ANSWER:	There has been a gradual increase in the violent crime rate from 1830 to 1860. After the Civil War, this rate increased significantly for about 15 years. Until World War I, there was a decrease. After a period of readjustment, the crime rate steadily declined until the Depression, when another crime wave was recorded. There was a decrease from the 1930s to the 1960s in homicide, then there began a sharp increase that continued through the 1980s. Crime peaked in 1991, and has been declining ever since.
REFERENCES:	Crime Trends
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.01 – Discuss how crime is defined
KEYWORDS:	Analyze

94. Describe the social, economic, personal, and demographic factors suggested by experts to account for the recent crime drop in the United States.

ANSWER:	Official crime data indicates minority group members are involved in a disproportionate share of criminal activity. Coupled with UCR arrest data that consistently show that males have much higher crime rate and commit more serious crimes than females. Crime rates are also highest in deprived, inner-city areas and that the level of poverty and social disorganization in an area can predict its crime rate.
REFERENCES:	Crime Patterns
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.06 – Know the various crime patterns.
KEYWORDS:	Analyze

95.

Summarize the relationship between mental illness and crime.

ANSWER:	Mentally ill individuals may be more likely to lack financial resources and live in high risk areas. Police may be more likely to arrest the mentally ill. Those with severe mental illness are at greater risk for victimization. Individuals may self-medicate, which may be linked to criminal behavior. Association in the research is not clear cut.
REFERENCES:	Causes of Crime and Victimization
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.09 – Discuss the association between crime and mental illness.
KEYWORDS:	Understand

96. Discuss the intersection of race, class, gender, and crime victimization.

ANSWER:	Official crime data indicates minority group members are involved in a disproportionate share of criminal activity. Coupled with UCR arrest data that consistently show that males have much higher crime rate and commit more serious crimes than females. Crime rates are also highest crime rates highest in deprived, inner-city areas and that level of poverty and social disorganization in an area can predict its crime rate.
REFERENCES:	Crime Patterns
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.06 – Know the various crime patterns.
KEYWORDS:	Understand

97. Explain violent crime using one of the theories elaborated in the text. Discuss why this theoretical explanation is the most useful for understanding violent crime.

ANSWER:	Answer will vary dramatically depending on student’s chosen theory.
REFERENCES:	Causes of Crime and Victimization
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.10 – Distinguish among the various views of crime causation.
KEYWORDS:	Analyze

98. Compare and contrast social structure theory and social process theory.

ANSWER:	Social structure theory attempts to explain crime using the premise “because they are poor.” It suggests that there is an economic bias in the crime rate and the burden of urban poverty results in the development of a culture of poverty. Social process theory attempts to explain crime by suggesting that offenders become socialized to committing crime. It states that people commit crime as a result of experiences they have while being socialized by various organizations, institutions, and processes of society. It also links family problems to crime as evidence that socialization, not social structure, is the key to understanding the onset of crime.
REFERENCES:	Causes of Crime and Victimization
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.10 – Distinguish among the various views of crime causation.
KEYWORDS:	Understand

99. Discuss the Delinquency in a Birth Cohort study and how its findings have shaped justice policy.

ANSWER:	The researchers in this study used official records to follow the criminal careers of almost 10,000 boys born in Philadelphia in 1945 until they reached age 18. They found the following: about two-thirds of the cohort never had contact with police authorities; about one-third had at least one contact with police during their minority; ·of the repeat offenders, a relatively small subgroup was arrested five times or more. These were chronic offenders who made up 6 percent of the total; and the chronic offenders were responsible for 5,305 arrests or 51.9 percent of them. They committed 71 percent of the homicides, 73 percent of the rapes, 82 percent of the robberies, and 69 percent of aggravated assaults. The chronic offender concept has had a great impact on the criminal justice system. If a small number of offenders commit almost all serious crime than it would have an appreciable influence on the crime rate. This thought pattern has been responsible for the get-tough laws designed to put habitual offenders behind bars for long periods of time.
REFERENCES:	Crime Patterns
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.04 – Recognize the trends in the crime rate.
KEYWORDS:	Understand

100. Outline the tenets and significance of developmental theory for explaining crime.

ANSWER:	The developmental theory of crime attempts to explain criminality based on the premise that “life is a bumpy road.” The theory states that because transition from one stage of life to another can be a bumpy ride, propensity to commit crimes is neither stable nor constant; it is a developmental process. Additionally, disruptions in life’s major transitions can be destructive and can promote criminality
REFERENCES:	Causes of Crime and Victimization
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.02.10 – Distinguish among the various views of crime causation.
KEYWORDS:	Understand

Ch_04_Police_in_Society_History_and_Organization

True / False

1. Thief takers were professional criminals that assisted burglars.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	False
REFERENCES:	The History of Police
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.01 – Summarize characteristics of the first law enforcement agencies.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

2. In medieval England, a group of 10 families who collectively dealt with minor disturbances and breaches of the peace was referred to as the watch system.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	False
REFERENCES:	The History of Police
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.01 – Summarize characteristics of the first law enforcement agencies.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

3. The forerunner of today’s sheriff in medieval England was the constable.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	False
REFERENCES:	The History of Police
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.01 – Summarize characteristics of the first law enforcement agencies.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

4. In colonial America, the sheriff did not patrol or seek out crime.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	True
REFERENCES:	The History of Police
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.02 – Discuss the development of law enforcement in the United States.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

5. Most early police reform efforts failed because they were initiated by persons outside of the law enforcement community.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	True
REFERENCES:	Policing in the Twentieth Century
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.04 – Discuss how reformers attempted to create professional police agencies.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

6. The first US police departments were created because of the need to control mob violence, which was common during the nineteenth century.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	True
REFERENCES:	Policing in the Twentieth Century
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.04 – Discuss how reformers attempted to create professional police agencies.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

7. Police unions really began to expand in the 1960s and continued to have a great impact on departmental administration in the 1980s.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	True
REFERENCES:	Policing in the Twentieth Century
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.04 – Discuss how reformers attempted to create professional police agencies.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

8. The O.J. Simpson case prompted a major era of police reform.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	False
REFERENCES:	Policing and Law Enforcement Today
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.05 – Describe the major changes in law enforcement between 1970 and today.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

9. The US Marshals Service (USMS) is considered a Homeland Security Agency.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	False
REFERENCES:	Policing and Law Enforcement Today
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.06 – Identify the major federal law enforcement agencies.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

10. The Secret Service is housed by the US Justice Department.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	False
REFERENCES:	Policing and Law Enforcement Today
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.06 – Identify the major federal law enforcement agencies.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

11. Private police outnumber public police.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	True
REFERENCES:	Policing and Law Enforcement Today
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.07 – Summarize the differences among state, county, and local law enforcement.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

12. About 23 state police agencies have the same general police powers as municipal police and are territorially limited in their exercise of law enforcement regulations only by the state’s boundaries.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	True
REFERENCES:	Policing and Law Enforcement Today
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.07 – Summarize the differences among state, county, and local law enforcement.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

13. The Texas Rangers were one of the first state police agencies.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	True
REFERENCES:	Policing and Law Enforcement Today
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.07 – Summarize the differences among state, county, and local law enforcement.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

14. A number of county law enforcement agencies are now engaging in anti-terror and homeland security activities.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	True
REFERENCES:	Policing and Law Enforcement Today
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.07 – Summarize the differences among state, county, and local law enforcement.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

15. Federal police agencies are the only agencies that have not privatized their police services to cut expenses.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	False
REFERENCES:	Policing and Law Enforcement Today
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.06 – Identify the major federal law enforcement agencies.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

16. Private police are subject to the same legal constraints as public police.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	False
REFERENCES:	Policing and Law Enforcement Today
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.07 – Summarize the differences among state, county, and local law enforcement.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

17. The belief that government police are not capable of providing the level of service and presence that the public desires is one reason for the popularity of private police.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	True
REFERENCES:	Policing and Law Enforcement Today
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.07 – Summarize the differences among state, county, and local law enforcement.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

18. Compared to traditional police, private police focus more on loss and less on crime.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	True
REFERENCES:	Policing and Law Enforcement Today
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.07 – Summarize the differences among state, county, and local law enforcement.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

19. It is currently recognized that a majority of predatory crimes are concentrated in geographic “hot spots.”

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	True
REFERENCES:	Technology and Law Enforcement
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.08 – Explain the role of technology in police work
KEYWORDS:	Remember

20. License plate recognition (LPR) technology is used by virtually all police precincts in the United States.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	False
REFERENCES:	Technology and Law Enforcement
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.08 – Explain the role of technology in police work
KEYWORDS:	Remember

21. The most prominent technology used in law enforcement is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) profiling.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	True
REFERENCES:	Technology and Law Enforcement
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.08 – Explain the role of technology in police work
KEYWORDS:	Remember

22. The shire reeve is a forerunner of today’s justices of the peace.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	False
REFERENCES:	The History of the Police
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.01 – Summarize characteristics of the first law enforcement agencies.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

23. Henry Fielding established the first organized police department in London.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	False
REFERENCES:	The History of the Police
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.02 – Discuss the development of law enforcement in the United States.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

24. Until 1881, the New York police were responsible for street sweeping.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	True
REFERENCES:	The History of the Police
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.03 – Analyze the problems of early police agencies
KEYWORDS:	Remember

25. During the 1960’s civil rights movement police felt that they had been handcuffed by the courts.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	True
REFERENCES:	Policing in the Twentieth Century
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.05 – Describe the major changes in law enforcement between 1970 and today.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

26. The US Secret Service was initially tasked with investigating the counterfeiting of US currency and it continues to do so today.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	True
REFERENCES:	Policing and Law Enforcement Today
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.06 – Identify the major federal law enforcement agencies.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

Multiple Choice

27. Which of the following officers was part of the watch system of policing that thrived in thirteenth-century England?

	a.	Watchmen	b.	Shire reeve
	c.	Justice of the peace	d.	All of these

ANSWER:	d
REFERENCES:	The History of Police
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.01 – Summarize characteristics of the first law enforcement agencies.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

28. In the pledge system, people were grouped into families of 10, called _________, and were entrusted with policing their own minor problems.

	a.	Shire reeve	b.	Tithings
	c.	Peace makers	d.	Watch systems

ANSWER:	b
REFERENCES:	The History of Police
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.01 – Summarize characteristics of the first law enforcement agencies.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

29. In medieval England, the senior law enforcement figure in a county was _________, who is today referred to as a sheriff.

	a.	Shire reeve
	b.	Constable
	c.	Peace maker
	d.	Watch commander

ANSWER:	a
REFERENCES:	The History of Police
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.01 – Summarize characteristics of the first law enforcement agencies.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

30. What was created in 1326 to assist the shire reeve in controlling the county?

	a.	Sheriff	b.	Constable
	c.	Bobbie	d.	Justice of the peace

ANSWER:	d
REFERENCES:	The History of Police
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.01 – Summarize characteristics of the first law enforcement agencies.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

31. What were the organized private police that patrolled eighteenth-century England called?

	a.	Constables	b.	Shire reeves
	c.	Bobbies	d.	Thief takers

ANSWER:	d
REFERENCES:	The History of Police
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.01 – Summarize characteristics of the first law enforcement agencies.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

32. English police officers are known as bobbies because:

	a.	their heads often bobbed up and down as they rode the streets of London on horses.
	b.	Sir Robert (Bobbie) Peel was responsible for their creation.
	c.	an inordinately large number of the original London metropolitan police force was named Bobbie.
	d.	they are trained to bob their head whenever a member of the royal family came into view.

ANSWER:	b
REFERENCES:	The History of Police
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.02 – Discuss the development of law enforcement in the United States.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

33. Henry Fielding operated his own monied police, referred to as ___________, which attempted to clean up earlier policing efforts by deciding which cases to investigate and which streets to protect.

	a.	Justices of the peace	b.	Friends of Fielding
	c.	Bow Street Runners	d.	Metropolitan Police

ANSWER:	c
REFERENCES:	The History of Police
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.02 – Discuss the development of law enforcement in the United States.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

34. Which US city created the first formal US police department?

	a.	Boston	b.	New York City
	c.	Philadelphia	d.	Chicago

ANSWER:	a
REFERENCES:	The History of Police
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.02 – Discuss the development of law enforcement in the United States.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

35. The first technological breakthrough in policing came in the area of:

	a.	transportation.	b.	communication.
	c.	regulation.	d.	administration.

ANSWER:	b
REFERENCES:	Policing in the Twentieth Century
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.03 – Analyze the problems of early police agencies
KEYWORDS:	Remember

36. In early US policing, which area of the country encouraged individual initiative and offered rewards for the capture of felons and law breakers?

	a.	The rural south	b.	Western territories
	c.	The east	d.	Most areas employed this practice

ANSWER:	b
REFERENCES:	Policing in the Twentieth Century
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.02 – Discuss the development of law enforcement in the United States.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

37. What was one of August Vollmer’s greatest contributions to police professionalism?

	a.	Instituted university training for young officers
	b.	Established the first formal police academy in the United States
	c.	Was the first president of the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP)
	d.	Created the first special weapons and tactics (SWAT) team

ANSWER:	a
REFERENCES:	Policing in the Twentieth Century
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.04 – Discuss how reformers attempted to create professional police agencies.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

38. What federal program supported innovative research on police work and advanced training for police officers during the 1970s?

	a.	Criminal Justice Institute
	b.	National Institute of Justice
	c.	Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA)
	d.	Federal Crime Bill

ANSWER:	c
REFERENCES:	Policing in the Twentieth Century
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.04 – Discuss how reformers attempted to create professional police agencies.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

39. Which federal agency has reformulated its priorities, making protection from terrorism the number one goal?

	a.	Secret Service	b.	Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
	c.	Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)	d.	Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

ANSWER:	d
REFERENCES:	Policing and Law Enforcement Today
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.06 – Identify the major federal law enforcement agencies.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

40. Which federal agency is the oldest and is responsible for judicial security and witness protection?

	a.	Secret Service
	b.	CIA
	c.	USMS
	d.	FBI

ANSWER:	c
REFERENCES:	Policing and Law Enforcement Today
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.06 – Identify the major federal law enforcement agencies.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

41. Which federal agency is responsible for protection of the president?

	a.	Secret Service
	b.	CIA
	c.	USMS
	d.	FBI

ANSWER:	a
REFERENCES:	Policing and Law Enforcement Today
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.06 – Identify the major federal law enforcement agencies.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

42. Which federal law enforcement agency has unlimited jurisdiction?

	a.	CIA
	b.	DEA
	c.	US Justice Department
	d.	No federal agency has unlimited jurisdiction.

ANSWER:	d
REFERENCES:	Policing and Law Enforcement Today
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.06 – Identify the major federal law enforcement agencies.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

43. What federal agency is responsible for the transportation of federal prisoners?

	a.	USMS	b.	FBI
	c.	Department of Homeland Security (DHS)	d.	Secret Service

ANSWER:	a
REFERENCES:	Policing and Law Enforcement Today
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.06 – Identify the major federal law enforcement agencies.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

44. Since September 11, 2001, which agency is considered the main federal investigative agency for terrorism?

	a.	Secret Service	b.	DEA
	c.	FBI	d.	USMS

ANSWER:	c
REFERENCES:	Policing and Law Enforcement Today
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.06 – Identify the major federal law enforcement agencies.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

45. Which law enforcement agency is responsible for fugitive investigations?

	a.	Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF)	b.	FBI
	c.	USMS	d.	Secret Service

ANSWER:	c
REFERENCES:	Policing and Law Enforcement Today
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.06 – Identify the major federal law enforcement agencies.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

46. What federal agency is responsible for witness security?

	a.	USMS	b.	FBI
	c.	DHS	d.	Secret Service

ANSWER:	a
REFERENCES:	Policing and Law Enforcement Today
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.06 – Identify the major federal law enforcement agencies.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

47. Customs and Border Protection is primarily responsible for US borders and points of entry but also encompasses what other area instrumental in that protection?

	a.	Animal and Plant Health Inspection
	b.	Protection of National Leaders when they leave US borders
	c.	Investigating illegal drug use
	d.	Untaxed liquor and cigarettes

ANSWER:	a
REFERENCES:	Policing and Law Enforcement Today
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.06 – Identify the major federal law enforcement agencies.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

48. Which of the following is a branch of the DHS?

	a.	Secret Service
	b.	FBI
	c.	USMS
	d.	ATF

ANSWER:	a
REFERENCES:	Policing and Law Enforcement Today
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.06 – Identify the major federal law enforcement agencies.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

49. Which state had the earliest example of state police?

	a.	Massachusetts	b.	Pennsylvania
	c.	Texas	d.	Arizona

ANSWER:	c
REFERENCES:	Policing and Law Enforcement Today
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.07 – Summarize the differences among state, county, and local law enforcement.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

50. Approximately _____ percent of local police departments serve populations of fewer than 10,000 people.

	a.	25	b.	50
	c.	75	d.	90

ANSWER:	c
REFERENCES:	Policing and Law Enforcement Today
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.07 – Summarize the differences among state, county, and local law enforcement.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

51. Roughly how many metropolitan police agencies employ just one sworn officer?

	a.	10	b.	100
	c.	650	d.	8000

ANSWER:	c
REFERENCES:	Policing and Law Enforcement Today
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.07 – Summarize the differences among state, county, and local law enforcement.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

52. Which of the following is not a factor that distinguishes private policing from public policing?

	a.	Private policing focuses their efforts on public and private property.
	b.	Private police are concerned almost solely with prevention.
	c.	Private policing is concerned more on loss prevention than on crime.
	d.	Private policing often employs private justice.

ANSWER:	a
REFERENCES:	Policing and Law Enforcement Today
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.07 – Summarize the differences among state, county, and local law enforcement.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

53. Police sketch artists and mug books are being replaced with this type of modern technology?

	a.	DNA profiling	b.	Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS)
	c.	Computerized imaging	d.	Head-up display units

ANSWER:	c
REFERENCES:	Technology and Law Enforcement
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.08 – Explain the role of technology in police work
KEYWORDS:	Remember

54. What term is used to describe the use of computer software to identify geographic “hot spots” where a majority of predatory crimes are concentrated?

	a.	Crime mapping	b.	Combined DNA Index System (CODIS)
	c.	Data mining	d.	Systems analysis

ANSWER:	a
REFERENCES:	Technology and Law Enforcement
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.08 – Explain the role of technology in police work
KEYWORDS:	Remember

55. AFIS is a(n):

	a.	national database of DNA records.
	b.	computerized fingerprint system.
	c.	automated stolen vehicle data base.
	d.	up-to-date fugitive identification system.

ANSWER:	b
REFERENCES:	Technology and Law Enforcement
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.08 – Explain the role of technology in police work
KEYWORDS:	Remember

56. Which of the following is false regarding the use of DNA?

	a.	DNA profiling allows suspects to be identified on the basis of genetic material.
	b.	The United States is the only country with a DNA database.
	c.	The US is the only country with a DNA database.
	d.	DNA fingerprinting is used as evidence in criminal trials in many states.

ANSWER:	c
REFERENCES:	Technology and Law Enforcement
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.08 – Explain the role of technology in police work
KEYWORDS:	Remember

57. DNA profiling gained national attention due to the ____ trial.

	a.	Martha Stewart
	b.	O.J. Simpson
	c.	Rodney King
	d.	Scopes Monkey

ANSWER:	b
REFERENCES:	Technology and Law Enforcement
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.08 – Explain the role of technology in police work
KEYWORDS:	Remember

58. Computerized mathematical models of a suspect’s face constructed from minimal information is referred to as:

	a.	digital diagrams.
	b.	genetic algorithms.
	c.	augmented reality (AR) technology.
	d.	Automated Biometric Identification System (ABIS).

ANSWER:	b
REFERENCES:	Technology and Law Enforcement
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.08 – Explain the role of technology in police work
KEYWORDS:	Remember

59. A DNA match indicates a ________ to 1 chance that the suspect is the offender.

	a.	1 million
	b.	5 million
	c.	1 billion
	d.	4 billion

ANSWER:	d
REFERENCES:	Technology and Law Enforcement
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.08 – Explain the role of technology in police work
KEYWORDS:	Remember

60. A public–private partnership initiative in the New York Police Department (NYPD) called ________ is geared primarily toward equipping the private sector with information and training to effectively defend against terrorism.

	a.	NYPD SHIELD
	b.	NYPD-ONE
	c.	AFIS
	d.	COLLABORATE

ANSWER:	a
REFERENCES:	Policing and Law Enforcement Today
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.07 – Summarize the differences among state, county, and local law enforcement.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

Mark is learning about the history of police. He wants to find out if police were always the way they are now: those who protect the public, serve the community, and attempt to catch criminals. He dives into his history book and finds that the first organized police force was established in 1829.

61. In his studies of policing before 1829, Mark learns about what early practice?

	a.	Just and peaceful patrol
	b.	Public justice and town hangings
	c.	Tithings and the hue and cry
	d.	Peacekeeping and patrol

ANSWER:	c
REFERENCES:	The History of Police
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.01 – Summarize characteristics of the first law enforcement agencies.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

62. The thirteenth century of policing can be described as an era where police were:

	a.	night watchman, carried out investigations, executed warrants, and secured prisoners.
	b.	everyone, charged with the task of protecting their neighbors and town.
	c.	mostly private-monied police whose use of violence was notorious.
	d.	corrupt and unsuccessful at stopping crime and influenced by the wealthy.

ANSWER:	a
REFERENCES:	The History of Police
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.02 – Discuss the development of law enforcement in the United States.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

63. Mark is considering a career in law enforcement and would like to stay in his hometown providing basic law enforcement services. But, he is also interested in the court system and public order. What is the best fit for Mark’s aspirations?

	a.	State police
	b.	County police
	c.	Sheriff
	d.	Municipal police

ANSWER:	a
REFERENCES:	Policing and Law Enforcement Today
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.07 – Summarize the differences among state, county, and local law enforcement.
KEYWORDS:	Apply

64. Mark wants to work in the federal law enforcement field, with historical roots in crime fighting. He wants a versatile job. He should seek employment as an:

	a.	FBI agent
	b.	CIA analyst
	c.	DHS agent
	d.	USMS agent

ANSWER:	d
REFERENCES:	Policing and Law Enforcement Today
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.06 – Identify the major federal law enforcement agencies.
KEYWORDS:	Apply

The municipal police department in a large city in Nebraska is hiring. They want new and fresh recruits that can assist them in technological advances, information sharing, and targeting the war on terror. Bryan has just been recruited.

65. Bryan has been asked to brief his superiors on law enforcement and technology. He is likely to discuss what concepts?

	a.	Shire reeve and the LEAA
	b.	IACP and Bobbies
	c.	Texas Rangers and NYPD SHIELD
	d.	LPR and hot spots

ANSWER:	d
REFERENCES:	Technology and Law Enforcement
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.08 – Explain the role of technology in police work
KEYWORDS:	Apply

66. Bryan has been considering a career move to some form of surveillance or policing that focuses on loss instead of crime. Where would Bryan most likely be successful?

	a.	Office of Homeland Security
	b.	Private policing
	c.	USMS
	d.	FBI

ANSWER:	b
REFERENCES:	Policing and Law Enforcement Today
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.07 – Summarize the differences among state, county, and local law enforcement.
KEYWORDS:	Apply

67. Bryan’s role of using technology in policing is somewhat new, but when he looks back at the history of the police, he can see that much of what he does with wiretapping and surveillance was determined by the courts in the _____.

1970s

1980s

1990s

2000s

ANSWER:	a
REFERENCES:	Policing in the Twentieth Century
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.05 – Describe the major changes in law enforcement between 1970 and today.
KEYWORDS:	Apply

Since the early 1920s and continuing to present day, strides have been made to keep policing professional and educated, and several efforts have been made to increase the caliber of police officers. The public has always been critical of these changes because they often come as a response to an incident.

68. Sylvester joined the police force right out of high school and has just received his college degree and some advanced training from the police. This will help him do his job better and is thankful to the:

	a.	IACP
	b.	LEAA
	c.	Master of Public Administration (MPA)
	d.	Bachelor of Scientific Research (BSR)

ANSWER:	b
REFERENCES:	Policing in the Twentieth Century
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.05 – Describe the major changes in law enforcement between 1970 and today.
KEYWORDS:	Apply

69. What era was deemed one of reform, where police should be evaluated on their courteousness and helpfulness, not for their crime-fighting abilities?

	a.	1960s
	b.	1970s
	c.	1980s
	d.	1990s

ANSWER:	d
REFERENCES:	Policing in the Twentieth Century
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.05 – Describe the major changes in law enforcement between 1970 and today.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

70. Dissatisfied with their status in society, which event occurred to heighten interest in police reform?

	a.	Boston Police Strike
	b.	Rodney King beating
	c.	Watts Riot
	d.	Bow Street Run

ANSWER:	b
REFERENCES:	Policing in the Twentieth Century
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.04 – Discuss how reformers attempted to create professional police agencies.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

Completion

71. ____________________ is credited with the passage of the Metropolitan Police Act that established the first organized police force in London.

ANSWER:	Sir Robert Peel
REFERENCES:	The History of Police
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.02 – Discuss the development of law enforcement in the United States.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

72. The ____________________ was created to help the shire reeve in controlling the county and later took on judicial functions.

ANSWER:	justice of the peace
REFERENCES:	The History of Police
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.01 – Summarize characteristics of the first law enforcement agencies.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

73. The ____________________ was considered by many to be the most important law enforcement officer in colonial America.

ANSWER:	county sheriff
REFERENCES:	The History of Police
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.01 – Summarize characteristics of the first law enforcement agencies.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

74. The origin of US police agencies can be traced to early ____________________ society.

ANSWER:	English
REFERENCES:	The History of Police
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.02 – Discuss the development of law enforcement in the United States.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

75. Turmoil and crisis were hallmarks of policing during the _____.

ANSWER:	1960s
REFERENCES:	Policing in the Twentieth Century
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.04 – Discuss how reformers attempted to create professional police agencies.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

76. As the eighteenth century began, rising crime rates encouraged a new form of private paid police called ____________________, who were able to profit both legally and criminally from the lack of formal police departments.

ANSWER:	thief takers
REFERENCES:	The History of Police
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.01 – Summarize characteristics of the first law enforcement agencies.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

77. The policy of self-help that prevailed in villages demanded that everyone respond if a citizen raised a ___________ to get their aid.

ANSWER:	hue and cry
REFERENCES:	The History of Police
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.01 – Summarize characteristics of the first law enforcement agencies.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

78. Secret Service is a branch of the Department of ____________________.

ANSWER:	Homeland Security
REFERENCES:	Policing and Law Enforcement Today
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.06 – Identify the major federal law enforcement agencies.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

79. The ____________________ are responsible for fugitive investigations.

ANSWER:	USMS
REFERENCES:	Policing and Law Enforcement Today
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.06 – Identify the major federal law enforcement agencies.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

80. The ____________________ assists local and state authorities in investigating illegal drug use.

ANSWER:	Drug Enforcement Agency
REFERENCES:	Policing and Law Enforcement Today
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.06 – Identify the major federal law enforcement agencies.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

81. The FBI, DEA, ATF, and USMS are housed under the __________.

ANSWER:	US Justice Department
REFERENCES:	Policing and Law Enforcement Today
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.06 – Identify the major federal law enforcement agencies.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

82. The __________, created in 1835, was one of the first state police agencies formed.

ANSWER:	Texas Rangers
REFERENCES:	Policing and Law Enforcement Today
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.07 – Summarize the differences among state, county, and local law enforcement.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

83. The states’ strategic plan for homeland security prioritizes _______, protection, and preparation to respond and recover.

ANSWER:	prevention
REFERENCES:	Policing and Law Enforcement Today
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.07 – Summarize the differences among state, county, and local law enforcement.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

84. ____________________ gives the police the power to analyze detailed visuals of crime patterns.

ANSWER:	Crime mapping
REFERENCES:	Technology and Law Enforcement
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.08 – Explain the role of technology in police work
KEYWORDS:	Remember

85. _____________ are typically set up for the purpose of sharing information and intelligence, emphasizing terrorism prevention and crime fighting with extensive use of technology.

ANSWER:	Fusion centers
REFERENCES:	Technology and Law Enforcement
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.08 – Explain the role of technology in police work
KEYWORDS:	Remember

86. The Gun Control act of 1968 and the Organized Crime control act of 1970 gave this federal agency, the ______, power over illegal sale, importation, and criminal misuse of various commodities.

ANSWER:	ATF
REFERENCES:	Policing and Law Enforcement Today
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.06 – Identify the major federal law enforcement agencies.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

87. In medieval England, an appointed official who administered and supervised the legal affairs of a small community was referred to as a ______.

ANSWER:	constable
REFERENCES:	The History of Police
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.0.01 – Summarize the characteristics of the first law enforcement agencies.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

88. The __________________ is a public–private partnership geared primarily toward equipping the private sector with information and training to defend against terrorism.

ANSWER:	NYPD SHIELD
REFERENCES:	Policing and Law Enforcement Today
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.07 – Summarize the differences among state, county, and local law enforcement.
KEYWORDS:	Remember

89. Using mathematical models, __________ can identify up to 250 characters (minutiae) of a fingerprint.

ANSWER:	AFIS
REFERENCES:	Technology and Law Enforcement
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.08 – Explain the role of technology in police work
KEYWORDS:	Remember

90. A majority of predatory crimes are concentrated in geographic ________ that can be identified by crime mapping.

ANSWER:	hot spots
REFERENCES:	Technology and Law Enforcement
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.08 – Explain the role of technology in police work
KEYWORDS:	Remember

Essay

91. Discuss the English roots of policing, including an elaboration of how this history has influenced the structure, duties, and functions of modern US policing.

ANSWER:	Before the Norman Conquest in 1066 CE, no regular English police force existed. Every person was responsible for aiding neighbors and protecting their settlement from thieves and marauders. Through history, we moved from tithings and constables to sheriff and a justice of peace to assist in the duties of controlling each county. The justices eventually took on judicial functions in addition to their role as peacekeepers. This early system has helped an instrumental relationship between police and judiciary that still continues today.
REFERENCES:	The History of Police
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.01 – Summarize characteristics of the first law enforcement agencies.
KEYWORDS:	Understand

92. Discuss two problems confronting today’s police departments. How do these challenges compare to the challenges faced during early days of policing?

ANSWER:	Early police agencies were born out of urban mob violence and were corrupt, brutal, and inefficient. Police were regarded as incompetent and corrupt during the nineteenth century and disliked by the public. Although there has been an extreme push to professionalize policing and create and maintain enforcement agencies are still undergoing transformation. Today efforts still continue to make police “user friendly” and make them more responsive to community needs.
REFERENCES:	Policing in the Twentieth Century
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.05 – Describe the major changes in law enforcement between 1970 and today.
KEYWORDS:	Analyze

93. Discuss the roles and perception of early US police agencies and the impact of professionalism on the perception of the police.

ANSWER:	Policing was a highly desirable job in late nineteenth century and paid more than most blue-collar jobs. The role of police was only minimally directed at law enforcement and therefore was open to opportunities for uncontrolled brutality and corruption. The introduction of a professionalized police through the IACP and August Vollmer, advocating university training for young officers attempted to turn the views of the public to a positive light.
REFERENCES:	Policing in the Twentieth Century
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.04 – Discuss how reformers attempted to create professional police agencies.
KEYWORDS:	Evaluate

94. Discuss three of the events that occurred between 1960 and present day that continue to influence modern policing.

ANSWER:	Turmoil and crisis were the hallmarks of policing in the 1960s as the Supreme Court handed down a number of decisions designed to control police operations and procedures. Civil unrest produced growing tension between the police and the public, and there was a rapidly growing crime rate. The 1970s witnessed many structural changes in police agencies, including increased federal government support for criminal justice. During the 1980s, police unions continued to have a great impact on departmental administration, state and local budgets were cut, police–community relations continued to be major problem, and riots and urban conflict triggered concern about what the role of police should be. In the 1990s, the intellectual caliber of police rose dramatically, standards of police conduct climbed, police became more diverse in terms of race and gender, and civilian review of police gradually became accepted.
REFERENCES:	Policing in the Twentieth Century
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.05 – Describe the major changes in law enforcement between 1970 and today.
KEYWORDS:	Evaluate

95. Discuss the impact of technology on policing through the use of specific examples.

ANSWER:	The first technological breakthroughs in police operations came in the area of communications with the telegraph radio where early officers could call into the station and receive information. Since then technology has been used to increase effectiveness of policing. Crime mapping illustrates “hot spots” where a majority of predatory crimes are concentrated. LPR technology uses camera and computer software to discern license plates and then compare them with records contained in state and federal databases. Digitizing criminal identification uses computerized imaging systems for criminal identification and includes AFIS and Digital Dental records. Every year, there are more high-tech devices to help law enforcement catch criminals.
REFERENCES:	Technology and Law Enforcement
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.08 – Explain the role of technology in police work
KEYWORDS:	Evaluate

96. Discuss the functions of four major federal law enforcement agencies

ANSWER:	The FBI’s primary mission is to protect the US from terrorist attacks, from foreign intelligence operations, and from cyber-based attacks and high-technology crimes. The DEA assists local and state authorities in investigating illegal drug use and carries out independent surveillance and enforcement activities to control importation of narcotics. The USMS is in charge of judicial security, fugitive investigations, witness security, prisoner services, justice prisoner and alien transportation, and asset forfeiture. The US Secret Service is responsible for the protection of national leaders and investigates the counterfeiting of US currency. The ATF helps control sales of untaxed liquor and cigarettes.
REFERENCES:	Policing and Law Enforcement Today
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.06 – Identify the major federal law enforcement agencies.
KEYWORDS:	Understand

97. Differentiate between the roles of state, county, and local law enforcement.

ANSWER:	State law enforcement agencies were originally created to deal with growing incidence of crime in nonurban areas. Most state police organizations are restricted by legislation from becoming involved in the enforcement of certain areas of the law. County law enforcement agencies including nearly all sheriffs’ offices provide basic law enforcement services. Metropolitan law enforcement agencies comprise the majority of the nation’s authorized law enforcement personnel and have multiple roles that include, but are not limited to, investigating crimes, identifying suspects, and making arrests.
REFERENCES:	Policing and Law Enforcement Today
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.07 – Summarize the differences among state, county, and local law enforcement.
KEYWORDS:	Understand

98. Discuss the contributions of private security to the criminal justice system.

ANSWER:	Private security and policing agencies supplement local police forces. Many police services have been privatized to cut expenses. People employed in private policing outnumber public police by almost three to one. The US Supreme Court has stated that private search activities do not violate the Fourth Amendment’s prohibitions. Private police focus on loss instead of crime, are concerned almost solely with prevention, often employ private justice, and focus their efforts on private property.
REFERENCES:	Policing and Law Enforcement Today
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.07 – Summarize the differences among state, county, and local law enforcement.
KEYWORDS:	Understand

99. Discuss, using specific examples, ways in which technology has changed law enforcement.

ANSWER:	There are many examples of how technology has changed law enforcement. Perhaps one of the biggest impacts has been through DNA testing. DNA fingerprinting is now used as evidence in majority of states and allows the suspect to be identified on the basis of the genetic material found in hair, blood, and other bodily tissues and fluids. Despite some ethical and practical questions concerning its use, it has helped solve multiple crimes and exonerate many innocent individuals. New investigations are constantly being developed, such as genetic algorithms, policing without discretion, AR technology, and ABIS.
REFERENCES:	Technology and Law Enforcement
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.08 – Explain the role of technology in police work
KEYWORDS:	Evaluate

100. Explain the concept of collaboration between federal, state, and local police agencies in regard to the war on terror.

ANSWER:	Federal law enforcement agencies are instrumental in protecting the country and furthering our efforts in the war on terror; however, in the wake of the 9/11 attacks, many states have developed or beefed-up their intelligence gathering capabilities and aimed them directly at homeland security. In addition, a number of local and county police departments are also now engaging in anti-terror and homeland security activities. These agencies are collaborating with each other and sharing information through fusion centers to plan, prevent, prepare, and protect against major threats that may harm or disrupt. Their mission by working together is to effectively manage and coordinate a unified response, mitigation, and recovery from consequences of such disasters or events should they occur.
REFERENCES:	Policing and Law Enforcement Today
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:	ESCJ.SIEG.17.04.07 – Summarize the differences among state, county, and local law enforcement.
KEYWORDS:	Analyze

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