Essentials of Criminal Justice International Edition 8th Edition by Larry J. Siegel – Test Bank

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Essentials of Criminal Justice International Edition 8th Edition by Larry J. Siegel – Test Bank

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Chapter 2

 

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

1. Using this definition, criminal law is a set of rules, codified by state authorities that express norms, goals, and values of the vast majority of society

a.	Conflict
b.	Consensus
c.	Interactionist
d.	Moral entrepreneur

 

ANS: B                    REF:  p.29               OBJ:  01

 

2. The statement; “The law is the instrument that enables the wealthy to maintain the position of power and to control the behavior of those who oppose their ideas” aligns with which view of crime?

a.	Conflict
b.	Consensus
c.	Interactionist
d.	Moral entrepreneur

 

ANS: A                   REF:  p.29               OBJ:  01

 

3. Which view of crime suggests that criminal law is structured to reflect the preferences and opinions of people who hold social power in a particular legal jurisdiction?

a.	Conflict
b.	Consensus
c.	Interactionist
d.	Moral entrepreneur

 

ANS: C                    REF:  p. 30              OBJ:  01

 

4. A Crime Index is?
5. an estimate of crimes committed
6. an accurate picture of the number of crimes committed
7. an estimate of crime that is not reported to the police
8. a measure of all crime, including crimes reported and crimes not reported to the police

 

ANS: A                    REF: p 31                 OBJ:  02

 

5. Which of the following crimes is not included on the list of Part I index crimes documented in the Uniform Crime Reports?

a.	Criminal homicide
b.	Motor vehicle theft
c.	Simple assault
d.	Arson

 

ANS: C                    REF:  p. 31              OBJ:  02

 

6. What is considered to be the most widely cited source of criminal statistics?

a.	National Crime Victimization Surveys
b.	National Indicators of Drug Abuse
c.	Uniform Crime Reports
d.	Bureau of Justice Statistics

 

ANS: C                    REF:  p. 31-32         OBJ:  02

 

6. What type of crime is not reported in Part I or Part II of the offense section of the UCR?

a.	Drug offenses
b.	Traffic violations
c.	Liquor law violations
d.	Sex offenses

 

ANS: B                    REF:  p. 31-32         OBJ:  02

 

7. Which of the following is an index crime?

a.	Kidnapping
b.	Simple assault
c.	Motor vehicle theft
d.	Forgery

 

ANS: C                    REF:  p. 32              OBJ:  02

 

8. Which of the following is one of the problems associated with the validity of the Uniform Crime Report?

a.	No federal crimes are reported.
b.	Reports are voluntary and vary in accuracy.
c.	If an offender commits multiple crimes, only the most serious is recorded.
d.	Crime rates per 50,000 people are computed.

 

ANS: C                    REF:  p. 31              OBJ:  03

 

9. The National Crime Victimization survey is prepared by what agency?

a.	National Institute of Health
b.	Bureau of Justice Statistics
c.	Central Intelligence Agency
d.	Federal Bureau of Investigation

 

ANS: B                    REF:  p.32               OBJ:  02

10. What data source relies on a multi-stage sample of housing units to collect information about citizen’s encounters with criminals?

a.	National Crime Victimization Survey
b.	Uniform Crime Reports
c.	Monitoring the Future Survey
d.	National Incident-Based Reporting System

 

ANS: A                   REF:  p. 32              OBJ:  02

 

11. Which of the following is not a problem associated with the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)?

a.	Over-reporting because of victim’s misrepresentations of events.
b.	Incomplete acts are lumped together with completed ones.
c.	Underreporting stemming from the embarrassment of reporting crime.
d.	Individuals may misrepresent the time line of events

 

ANS: B                    REF:  p. 32              OBJ:  03

 

12. The National Crime Victimization Survey asks participants to report on the frequency and characteristics of all but which one of the following crimes?

a.	Rape
b.	Murder
c.	Robbery
d.	Assault

 

ANS: B                    REF:  p. 32              OBJ:  02

 

13. Which type of data prefers the use of interviews and questionnaires for high school students?

a.	Official
b.	Victimization
c.	Self-report
d.	Observational

 

ANS: C                    REF:  p. 33              OBJ:  02

 

14. What type of study is the best measure of unreported crimes?

a.	Official records
b.	Prison data
c.	Self-report studies
d.	Victimization surveys

 

ANS: C                    REF:  p. 33              OBJ:  03

 

15. Which of the following statements about the validity of self-report data is false?

a.	Serious chronic offenders usually cooperate.
b.	Institutionalized youth are not generally represented.
c.	Some surveys contain an overabundance of trivial offenses.
d.	The “known group” can be used to assess validity.

 

ANS: A                   REF:  p. 33              OBJ:  03

 

16. Most reported crimes occur during which season?

a.	Summer
b.	Fall
c.	Spring
d.	Winter

 

ANS: A                   REF:  p. 34              OBJ:  04

 

17. In 2010, what percent of 12^th graders reported using drugs in the past year?

a.	38
b.	50
c.	75
d.	90

 

ANS: A                   REF:  p.34               OBJ:  04

 

18. The greater the proportion of ____________ in the population, the higher the crime rate and the greater the number of persistent offenders.

a.	Young women
b.	Young men
c.	middle-aged women
d.	middle-aged men

 

ANS: B                    REF:  p. 40              OBJ:  05

 

19. Which regions of the country usually have significantly higher rates of crime?

a.	The Midwest and New England
b.	The West and the South
c.	The Midwest and the South
d.	New England and the West

 

ANS: B                    REF:  p. 37-38         OBJ:  04

 

20. For serious violent crimes, the male-female arrest ratio is ____ males to 1 female.

a.	2
b.	3
c.	4
d.	5

 

ANS: C                    REF:  p. 39              OBJ:  04

 

21. Which of the following groups experience violent crimes at a higher rate than other groups?

a.	Whites
b.	Latinos
c.	Asians
d.	African Americans

 

ANS: D                   REF:  p. 39              OBJ:  04

 

22. When a man is the victim of a violent crime, the perpetrator is usually described as a(n):

a.	wife/girlfriend
b.	Acquaintance
c.	Stranger
d.	Relative

 

ANS: C                    REF:  p.43               OBJ:  07

 

23. Cesare Beccaria advocated:

a.	Routine activities theory
b.	Social structure theory
c.	Social process theory
d.	Choice theory

 

ANS: D                   REF:  p. 45              OBJ:  10

 

24. Which view of criminality argues that people commit crimes if they believe it will provide immediate benefits without the threat of long-term risks?

a.	Psychological theory
b.	Social structure theory
c.	Social process theory
d.	Choice theory

 

ANS: D                   REF:  p.45               OBJ:  10

 

25. According to ____________ theory, indicators of neighborhood disorder are highly predictive of crime rates.

a.	Conflict
b.	Social structure
c.	Social process
d.	Developmental

 

ANS: B                    REF:  p. 48              OBJ:  10

 

26. Which view of crime suggests that individuals are born “good” and become “bad” as they mature?

a.	Social control theory
b.	Social structure theory
c.	Social learning theory
d.	Social reaction theory

 

ANS: C                    REF:  p. 49              OBJ:  10

 

27. _­­­­_________________ maintains that everyone has the potential to become criminal.

a.	Social learning theory
b.	Social control theory
c.	Social reaction theory
d.	Social structure theory

 

ANS: B                    REF:  p. 50              OBJ:  10

 

28. ___________ theory focuses on the economic and political forces operating in a society and views these forces as the fundamental causes of criminality.

a.	Conflict
b.	Social structure
c.	Developmental
d.	Social control

 

ANS: A                   REF:  p. 50              OBJ:  10

 

29. ____________ theory recognizes that as people mature, the factors that influence their behavior change.

a.	Social structure
b.	Psychological
c.	Developmental
d.	Social process

 

ANS: C                    REF:  p. 50              OBJ:  10

 

30. In a study entitled Delinquency in a Birth Cohort, researchers found that chronic offenders

a.	Commit the most violent acts of all criminals
b.	Are deterred from further criminality if arrested during youth chronic offending
c.	Become adult repeat offenders
d.	Are more likely to continue criminality if they are female

 

ANS: C                    REF:  p. 41              OBJ:  08

 

 

TRUE/FALSE

 

1. It is estimated that there are more than 850,000 gang members in the United States.

 

ANS: T                    REF:  p. 35              OBJ:  07

 

 

2. As the number of guns in the population increases, so does the violent crime rate.

 

ANS: T                    REF:  p. 35              OBJ:  05

 

3. Crime rates appear to be increasing around the world as they decline in the United States.

 

ANS: T                    REF:  p. 38              OBJ:  06

 

4. Underdeveloped nations have murder rates significantly lower than the United States.

 

ANS: F                    REF:  p. 38              OBJ:  06

 

5. Research suggests that a distinct relationship exists between crime rates and urbanization.

 

ANS: T                    REF:  p. 40              OBJ:  05

 

6. The availability of legalized abortion is one factor that has recently been theorized to explain the drop in crime rates.

 

ANS: T                    REF:  p. 35              OBJ:  05

 

7. Cultural transmission is the process where people learn the techniques and attitudes of crime from relationships with criminal peers

 

ANS: F                    REF:  p. 49              OBJ:  04

 

8. Self-report studies indicate a significant rise in the number of teens using drugs.

 

ANS: F                    REF:  p. 33              OBJ:  05

 

9. African Americans account for almost 50 percent of Part I violent crime arrests.

 

ANS: F                    REF:  p. 31              OBJ:  04

 

10. When violence rates surged in the 1980’s, the increase was due almost entirely to young people.

 

ANS: T                     REF: p, 40-41          OBJ:  04

 

 

COMPLETION

 

1. Crime, most simply, is a violation of ____________________.

 

ANS: criminal law                                    REF:  p. 29              OBJ:  01

 

2. ____________________ is another name associated with the 8 index crimes from the Uniform Crime Reports.

 

ANS: Part I crimes                                   REF:  p. 31              OBJ:  02

 

3. The ____________________ view of crime suggests that moral entrepreneurs define crime.

 

ANS: Interactionist                                  REF: p. 30               OBJ:  01

 

4. Murder, forcible rape, robbery, burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, arson, and ____________________ make up the FBI’s Part I crimes.

 

ANS: aggravated assault                         REF:  p. 31              OBJ:  02

 

5. Criticisms of UCR data include ______________ of the victims and law enforcement

 

ANS: reporting practices                         REF:  p. 31              OBJ:  03

 

6. The ____________________ is one who has serious and persistent brushes with the law and whose behavior may be excessively violent and destructive.

 

ANS: chronic/career offender/criminal    REF: p. 41               OBJ:  08

 

7. ____________________ question large groups of high school students about their participation in criminal or delinquent acts.

 

ANS: Self-report survey                          REF:  p. 31              OBJ:  02

 

8. The _____________________ states that as the poverty of minorities in the population increases, so too does the amount of social control that the public directs at those minority group members

 

ANS: Racial threat hypothesis                  REF: p. 40               OBJ:   07

 

9. Modern ____________________ theories of crime believe that elements of the environment interact with biological factors to control and influence behavior.

 

ANS: biosocial                                         REF:p. 45                OBJ:  10

 

10. According to ____________________ theory, disruptions in life’s major transitions can be destructive and ultimately can promote criminality.

 

ANS: developmental                               REF:  p. 50              OBJ:  10

 

 

 

 

ESSAY

 

1. Explain the three significant methods used to measure the nature and extent of crime. Address the advantages and disadvantages of each method.

ANS: The Uniform Crime Report (UCR) is the best known and most widely cited source of aggregate criminal statistics. It tallies and annually publishes a number of reported offenses by city, county, standard metropolitan statistical area, and geographical divisions of the U.S. It also shows numbers and characteristics of individuals arrested for Part I and non-index Part II crimes, except traffic violations. It is not an accurate measure of crime on its own as it uses the hierarchy rule where it takes the most serious offense of every group of crime reported. The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) asks crime victims about their encounters with criminals. It is the most important and widely used victim survey however validity issues include over-reporting, underreporting, inability to record personal criminal activity of those interviewed, sampling errors, and inadequate question format. Self-report surveys allow participants to reveal information about their violations and have focused mostly on juvenile delinquency and youth crime. Critics suggest that it is unreasonable to expect people to candidly admit illegal acts, that some people forget, exaggerate, or are confused about illegal acts, and that serious chronic offenders are unlikely to participate or be truthful.

 

REF:  p. 31              OBJ:  03

 

2. Elaborate the three views on defining crime. Discuss how and why some behaviors become illegal and are considered crimes while others remain non-criminal.

ANS: There are three main views in defining crime. The Consensus view rests on the assumption that criminal law has social control function and crimes are those that are essentially harmful to a majority of citizens and are prohibited by the existing criminal law. The Conflict view states that crime is the outcome of class struggle between the rich and poor, have and have-nots resulting in the criminal justice system becoming an instrument of social and economic repression. Finally, The Interactionist view of criminal law is structured to reflect preferences and opinions of people who hold social power in a particular legal jurisdiction where campaigns are constructed to control behaviors that some view as immoral and wrong.

 

REF:  p. 29-30         OBJ:  01

 

3. Compare the trends in violent crime between the United States and one other country.

ANS: It has been a long held belief that the United States was fatally crime prone and American culture, love of guns and frontier mentality was responsible for skyrocketing crime rates. The International Crime Victims Survey is now conducted in 60 countries and has found that several countries including Ireland, England and Wales, New Zealand and Iceland have high rates of victimization similar to the U.S. One country that has more reported robberies than the U.S. is England and Wales. High violence rates can be linked to drug trafficking, gang feuds, vigilantism, and disputes over tribal matters

 

REF:  p. 31              OBJ:  06

4. Describe the social, economic, personal, and demographic factors suggested by experts to account for the recent crime drop in the United States.

 

ANS: There has been a distinct downward trend in the level of crime and victimization during the past decade. The drops are most pronounced in property crimes and burglary. One reason that may explain that decrease is that people are taking precautions to prevent crime. Improved security may also be one of the reasons behind the drop. Alternatively, there are many nations that are experiencing social and economic upheaval and have much higher crime rates than the United States.

 

REF:  p. 35              OBJ:  05

 

5. Summarize what self-report trends reveal about crime.

ANS: Trends in self-reporting show that the use of most drugs has been in decline with the exception of marijuana and for the first time since the 1990’s ecstasy use seems to be on the rise. The crimes of theft, violence, and damage-related crimes are relatively stable. And there has been no visible reduction in self-reported criminality

REF:  p. 31              OBJ:  04

 

6. Discuss the intersection of race, class, gender, and crime victimization.

 

ANS: Official crime data indicates minority group members are involved in a disproportionate share of criminal activity. Coupled with UCR arrest data that consistently show that males have much higher crime rate and commit more serious crimes than females. Crime rates are also highest crime rates highest in deprived, inner-city areas and that level of poverty and social disorganization in an area can predict its crime rate.

REF:  p. 39              OBJ:  07

 

7. Explain violent crime using one of the theories elaborated in the text. Discuss why this theoretical explanation is the most useful for understanding violent crime.

 

ANS: Using rational choice theory that attempts to explain crime  as a matter of rational decision making and personal choice. One can see that violent crime can be committed by anyone at anytime as long as they have the motivation to carry out their criminality. They may make a calculated decision by weighing the benefits and consequences of their actions.

 

REF:  p. 45              OBJ:  10

 

8. Compare and contrast social structure theory and social process theory.

ANS: Social Structure Theory attempts to explain crime using the premise “ because they are poor”. It suggests there is an economic bias in the crime rate and the burden of urban poverty results in the development of a culture of poverty. Social process theory on the other hand attempts to explain crime as becoming socialized to the committing it. It states that people commit crime as a result of experiences they have while being socialized by various organizations, institutions, and processes of society. It also links family problems to crime as evidence that socialization, not social structure, is the key to understanding the onset of crime.

REF:  p. 48              OBJ:  10

 

9. Discuss the Delinquency in a Birth Cohort study and how its findings have shaped justice policy.

 

ANS: The researchers in this study used official records to follow the criminal careers of almost 10,000 boys born in Philadelphia in 1945 until they reached age 18. They found;

• About 2/3 of the cohort never had contact with police authorities
• About 1/3 had at least one contact with police during their minority
• Of the repeat offenders, a relatively small subgroup were arrested five times or more. These were chronic offenders who made up 6% of the total
• The chronic offenders were responsible for 5,305 arrests or 51.9% of them. They committed 71 percent of the homicides, 73 percent of the rapes, 82% of the robberies, and 69% of aggravated assaults.

The chronic offender concept has had a great impact on the criminal justice system. If a small number of offenders commit almost all serious crime than it would have an appreciable influence on the crime rate. This thought pattern has been responsible for the get-tough laws  designed to put habitual offenders behind bars for long periods of time.

 

REF:  p. 41              OBJ:  08

 

10. Outline the tenets and significance of developmental theory for explaining crime.

 

ANS: The developmental theory of crime attempts to explain criminality based on the premise that “life is a bumpy road”. The theory states that because transition from one stage of life to another can be a bumpy ride, propensity to commit crimes is neither stable nor constant; it is a developmental process. Additionally, disruptions in life’s major transitions can be destructive and can promote criminality

 

TEST BANK

Chapter 4

 

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

1. Which of the following officers was part of the watch system of policing that thrived in 13^th century England?

a.	Watchmen
b.	Shire reeve
c.	Justice of the peace
d.	All of these

 

ANS:   D                     REF:    p. 76                OBJ:    01

 

2. The Pledge System was where people were grouped in families of 10 called _________ were entrusted with policing their own minor problems.
3. Shire reeve
4. Tithings
5. Peace makers
6. None of these

 

ANS: B                    REF: p. 75               OBJ:  01

 

3. What office was created in 1326 under the watch system of policing to assist the shire reeve in controlling the county?

a.	Sheriff
b.	Constable
c.	Bobbie
d.	Justice of the peace

 

ANS: D                   REF:  p. 76              OBJ:  01

 

4. What was the name of the form of organized private police that patrolled 18^th century England?

a.	Constables
b.	Shire reeves
c.	Bobbies
d.	Thief takers

 

ANS: D                   REF:  p. 76              OBJ:  01

 

5. English police officers are known as bobbies because:

a.	their heads often bobbed up and down as they rode the streets of London on horses.
b.	Sir Robert (Bobbie) Peel was responsible for their creation.
c.	an inordinately large number of the original London metropolitan police force was named Bobbie.
d.	they are trained to bob their head whenever a member of the royal family came into view.

 

ANS: B                    REF:  p. 76              OBJ:  01

 

6. Henry Fielding operated his own monied police that attempted to clean up earlier policing efforts by deciding which cases to investigate and which streets to protect, they were called:
7. Justices of the peace
8. Friends of Fielding
9. Bow Street Runners
10. Metropolitan Police

 

ANS: C           REF: p. 76                   OBJ:  02

 

7. Which American city created the first formal U.S. police department?

a.	Boston
b.	New York City
c.	Philadelphia
d.	Chicago

 

ANS: A                   REF:  p. 77              OBJ:  03

 

8. The first technological breakthrough in policing came in the following area:

a.	Transportation
b.	communication
c.	regulation
d.	administration

 

ANS: B                    REF:  p. 78              OBJ:  02

 

9. In early US policing which area of the country encouraged individual initiative and offered rewards for the capture of felons and law breakers?
10. The rural south
11. Western territories
12. The east
13. Most areas employed this practice

 

ANS: B                    REF: p. 77               OBJ:  03

 

10. What was one of August Vollmer’s greatest contributions to police professionalism?

a.	Instituted university training for young officers
b.	Established the first formal police academy in the U.S.
c.	Was the first President of the IACP
d.	Created the first SWAT team

 

ANS: A                   REF:  p. 79              OBJ:  05

11. What federal program supported innovative research on police work and advanced training for police officers during the 1970s?

a.	Criminal Justice Institute
b.	National Institute of Justice
c.	Law Enforcement Assistance Administration
d.	Federal Crime Bill

 

ANS: C                    REF:  p. 80              OBJ:  06

 

12. Which federal agency has reformulated its priorities, making protection from terrorism the number one goal?

a.	Secret Service
b.	CIA
c.	DEA
d.	FBI

 

ANS: D                   REF:  p. 82-83         OBJ:  07

 

13. Which federal law enforcement agency has unlimited jurisdiction?

a.	CIA
b.	DEA
c.	U.S. Justice Department
d.	No federal agency has unlimited jurisdiction.

 

ANS: D                   REF:  p. 82-83         OBJ:  07

 

14. What federal agency is responsible for the transportation of federal prisoners?

a.	U.S. Marshals
b.	FBI
c.	Department of Homeland Security
d.	Secret Service

 

ANS: A                   REF:  p. 83              OBJ:  07

 

15. Since September 11, 2001, which agency is considered the main federal investigative agency for terrorism?

a.	Secret Service
b.	DEA
c.	FBI
d.	U.S. Marshals

 

ANS: C                    REF:  p. 82-83         OBJ:  07

 

16. Which law enforcement agency is responsible for fugitive investigations?

a.	ATF
b.	FBI
c.	U.S. Marshals Service
d.	Secret Service

 

ANS: C                    REF:  p. 83              OBJ:  07

 

17. What federal agency is responsible for witness security?

a.	U.S. Marshals
b.	FBI
c.	DHS
d.	Secret Service

 

ANS: A                   REF:  p. 83              OBJ:  07

 

18. Customs and Border Protection is primarily responsible for America’s borders and points of entry but also encompasses what other area instrumental in that protection?
19. Animal and Plant Health Inspection
20. Protection of National Leaders when they leave US borders
21. Investigating Illegal drug use
22. Untaxed liquor and cigarettes

 

ANS: A                       REF: p.83        OBJ:  07

 

19. Which of the following is a branch of the Department of Homeland Security?

a.	Customs and Border Protection
b.	FBI
c.	U.S. Marshals
d.	Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms

 

ANS: A                   REF:  p. 83              OBJ:  07

 

20. Which state had the earliest example of state police?

a.	Massachusetts
b.	Pennsylvania
c.	Texas
d.	Arizona

 

ANS: C                    REF:  p. 85              OBJ:  08

 

21. Roughly how many metropolitan police agencies employ more than 1,000 sworn officers?

a.	70
b.	800
c.	2,000
d.	3,100

 

ANS: A                   REF:  p. 87              OBJ:  08

 

22. Roughly how many metropolitan police agencies employ just one sworn officer?

a.	8
b.	80
c.	800
d.	8000

 

ANS: C                    REF:  p. 87              OBJ:  08

 

23. Police sketch artists and mugbooks are being replaced with what type of modern technology?

a.	DNA profiling
b.	The AFIS system
c.	Computerized imaging
d.	Head-up display units

 

ANS: C                    REF:  p. 90              OBJ:  09

 

24. What term is used to describe the use of computer software to identify geographic “hot spots” where a majority of predatory crimes are concentrated?

a.	Crime mapping
b.	CODIS
c.	Data mining
d.	Systems analysis

 

ANS: A                   REF:  p. 89              OBJ:  09

 

25. AFIS is a(n):

a.	national data base of DNA records.
b.	computerized fingerprint system.
c.	automated stolen vehicle data base.
d.	up-to-date fugitive identification system.

 

ANS: B                    REF:  p. 91              OBJ:  09

 

26. Which of the following statements is false regarding the use of DNA?

a.	DNA profiling allows suspects to be identified on the basis of genetic material.
b.	Every U.S. state maintains a DNA database of convicted offenders.
c.	The U.S. is the only country with a DNA database.
d.	DNA fingerprinting is used as evidence in criminal trials in many states.

 

ANS: C                    REF:  p. 90-91         OBJ:  09

 

27. DNA profiling gained national attention because of the ____ trial.

a.	Martha Stewart
b.	O.J. Simpson
c.	Rodney King
d.	Scopes Monkey

 

ANS: B                    REF:  p. 90-91         OBJ:  09

 

28. Computerized mathematical models of a suspect’s face constructed from minimal information are called:

a.	Digital diagrams
b.	Genetic algorithms
c.	AR technology
d.	ABIS

 

ANS: B                    REF:  p. 90-91         OBJ:  09

 

29. A DNA match indicates a four billion-to-____ chance that the suspect is the offender.

a.	One
b.	Five
c.	Ten
d.	Twenty

 

ANS: A                   REF:  p. 90-91         OBJ:  09

 

30. Public-private partnership initiative in the NYPD called ________ is geared primarily toward equipping the private sector with information and training to effectively defend against terrorism.
31. SHIELD
32. NYPD-ONE
33. AFIS
34. COLLABORATE

 

ANS: A                    REF: p. 88               OBJ:  08

 

 

TRUE/FALSE

 

1. Thief takers were professional criminals that assisted burglars.

 

ANS: F                    REF:  p. 76              OBJ:  01

 

2. In colonial America, the sheriff did not patrol or seek out crime.

 

ANS: T                    REF:  p. 77              OBJ:  02

 

3. Most early reform efforts failed because they were initiated by persons outside of the law enforcement community.

 

ANS: T                    REF:  p. 86              OBJ:  06

 

4. The first U.S. police departments were created because of the need to control mob violence, which was common during the 19^th century.

 

ANS: T                    REF:  p. 77              OBJ:  03

 

5. The O.J. Simpson case prompted an era of police reform.

 

ANS: F                    REF:  p. 81              OBJ:  06

 

6. Private police outnumber public police.

 

ANS: T                    REF:  p. 88-89         OBJ:  07

 

7. The Texas Rangers were one of the first state police agencies.

 

ANS: T                    REF:  p. 85              OBJ:  08

 

8. A number of county law enforcement agencies are now engaging in anti-terror and homeland security activities.

 

ANS: T            REF: p. 86                   OBJ:  08

 

9. Federal police agencies are the only agencies that have not privatized their police services in order to cut expenses.

 

ANS: F            REF: p.88                    OBJ:  08

 

10. Private Police are subject to the same legal constraints as public police.

 

ANS: F            REF: p.88                    OBJ:  08

 

 

COMPLETION

 

1. ____________________ is credited with the passage of the Metropolitan Police Act that established the first organized police force in London.

 

ANS: Sir Robert Peel                               REF: p. 76               OBJ:  02

 

2. The ____________________ was considered by many to be the most important law enforcement officer in colonial America.

 

ANS: county sheriff                                REF:  p. 77              OBJ:  03

 

3. The origin of U.S. police agencies can be traced to early ____________________ society.

 

ANS: English                                           REF: 86                  OBJ:  01

4. As the 18^th century began, rising crime rates encouraged a new form of private paid police called ____________________, who were able to profit both legally and criminally from the lack of formal police departments.

 

ANS: thief takers                                     REF: 76                   OBJ:  02

 

5. In 1326 the office of ____________________ was created to assist the shire reeve in controlling the county

 

ANS: Justice of the Peace                       REF: p. 76              OBJ:  02

 

6. Secret Service is a branch of the Department of ____________________.

 

ANS: Homeland Security                        REF:  p. 84              OBJ:  07

 

7. The ____________________ are responsible for fugitive investigations.

 

ANS: U.S. Marshals                                REF:  p. 83              OBJ:  07

 

8. The ____________________ assists local and state authorities in investigating illegal drug use.

 

ANS: Drug Enforcement Agency           REF: p. 83               OBJ:  07

 

9. ____________________ gives the police the power to analyze detailed visuals of crime patterns.

 

ANS: Crime mapping                              REF:  p. 89              OBJ:  09

 

10. _____________ are typically set up for the purpose of sharing information and intelligence emphasizing terrorism prevention and crime fighting with extensive use of technology

 

ANS: Fusion centers                                REF: p.91                OBJ:  09

 

 

ESSAY

 

1. Elaborate on the English roots of policing, with a discussion of how this history has influenced the structure, duties, and functions of modern U.S. policing.

 

ANS: Before the Norman Conquest in 1066 c.e., no regular English police force existed. Every person was responsible for aiding neighbors and protecting their settlement from thieves and marauders. Through history, we moved from tithings and constables to sheriff and a justice of peace to assist in the duties of controlling each county. The justices eventually took on judicial functions in addition to their role as peace keepers. This early system has helped an instrumental relationship between police and judiciary that still continues today.

 

REF:  p. 75              OBJ:  01

 

2. Elaborate on the problems confronting today’s police departments. How do these compare to the challenges faced during early days of policing?

ANS: Early police agencies were born out of urban mob violence and were corrupt, brutal, and inefficient. Police were regarded as incompetent and corrupt during the 19^th century and disliked by the public. Although there has been an extreme push to professionalize policing and create and maintain enforcement agencies are still undergoing transformation. Today efforts still continue to make police “user friendly” and make them more responsive to community needs.

 

REF:  p. 81              OBJ:  03 |  04

 

3. Elaborate on the roles and perception of early U.S. police agencies and the impact of professionalism on this perception.

 

ANS: Policing was a highly desirable job in late 19^th century and paid more than most blue-collar jobs. The role of police was only minimally directed at law enforcement and therefore was open to opportunities for uncontrolled brutality and corruption, The introduction of a professionalized police through the IACP and August Vollmer, advocating university training for young officers attempted to turn the views of the public to a positive light.

 

REF:  p. 79              OBJ:  02 |  05

 

4. Discuss some of the events that occurred between 1960 and 1990 that continue to influence modern policing.

ANS: Turmoil and crisis were the hallmarks of policing in the 1960s as the Supreme Court handed down a number of decisions designed to control police operations and procedures. Civil unrest produced growing tension between the police and the public, and there was a rapidly growing crime rate. The 1970s witnessed many structural changes in police agencies, including increased federal government support for criminal justice. During the 1980s, police unions continued to have a great impact on departmental administration, state and local budgets were cut, police-community relations continued to be major problem, and riots and urban conflict triggered concern about what the role of police should be. In the 1990s, the intellectual caliber of police rose dramatically, standards of police conduct climbed, police became more diverse in terms of race and gender, and civilian review of police gradually became accepted

REF:  p. 80-81         OBJ:  06

 

5. Police are becoming more sophisticated in their use of computer software to identify and convict criminals. Discuss the impact of this technology on policing, using specific examples to illustrate.

ANS: The first technological breakthroughs in police operations came in the area of communications with the Telegraph radio where early officers could call into the station and receive information. Since then technology has been used to increase effectiveness of policing. Crime mapping illustrates “hot spots” where a majority of predatory crimes are concentrated. License plate recognition technology uses camera and computer software to discern license plates and then compare them with records contained in state and federal databases. Digitizing criminal identification─ The use of computerized imaging systems for criminal identification include AFIS and Digital Dental records.

 

REF:  p. 89              OBJ:  09

 

6. Discuss the functions of four major federal law enforcement agencies.

ANS: The Federal Bureau of Investigation’s primary mission is to protect the U.S. from terrorist attacks, from foreign intelligence operations, and from cyber-based attacks and high-technology crimes. The Drug Enforcement Administration assists local and state authorities in investigating illegal drug use and carries out independent surveillance and enforcement activities to control importation of narcotics. The US Marshalls are in charge of judicial security, fugitive investigations, witness security, prisoner services, justice prisoner and alien transportation, and asset forfeiture. The US Secret Service Secret Service is responsible for the protection of national leaders and investigates the counterfeiting of U.S. currency

 

REF:  p. 82              OBJ:  07

 

7. Differentiate between the roles of state, county, and local law enforcement.

ANS: State law enforcement agencies were originally created to deal with growing incidence of crime in non-urban areas. Most state police organizations are restricted by legislation from becoming involved in the enforcement of certain areas of the law. County law enforcement agencies include nearly all sheriff’s offices provide basic law enforcement services. Metropolitan law enforcement agencies comprise the majority of the nation’s authorized law enforcement personnel and have multiple roles that include, but are not limited to, investigating crimes, identifying suspects, and making arrests.

 

REF:  p. 82-88         OBJ:  08

 

8. Discuss the contributions of private security to the criminal justice system.

ANS: Private security and policing agencies supplement local police forces. Many police services have been privatized to cut expenses. People employed in private policing outnumber public police b y almost three to one. The U.S. Supreme Court has stated that private search activities do not violate the Fourth Amendment’s prohibitions

 

REF:  p. 88-89         OBJ:  10

 

9. Discuss, using specific examples, ways in which technology has changed law enforcement.

ANS: There are many examples of how technology has changed law enforcement. Perhaps one of the biggest impacts has been through DNA testing. DNA fingerprinting is now used as evidence in majority of states and allows the suspect to be identified on the basis of the genetic material found in hair, blood, and other bodily tissues and fluids. Despite some ethical and practical questions concerning its use, it has helped solve multiple crime and exonerate many innocent individuals. New investigations are constantly being developed, such as genetic algorithms, discretionless policing, augmented reality (AR) technology, and ABIS (Automated Biometric Identification System)

 

REF:  p. 89-91         OBJ:  09

 

10. Explain the concept of collaboration between federal, state, and local police agencies in regard to the war on terror.

 

ANS: Federal law enforcement agencies are instrumental in protecting the country and furthering our efforts in the war on terror, however in the wake of the 9/11 attacks, many states have developed or beefed-up their intelligence gathering capabilities and aimed them directly at homeland security. In addition, a number of local and county police departments are also now engaging in anti-terror and homeland security activities. These agencies are collaborating with each other, sharing information through fusion centers to plan, prevent, prepare and protect against major threats that may harm, disrupt. Their mission by working together is to effectively manage and coordinate a unified response, mitigation, and recovery from consequences of such disasters or events should they occur.

 

REF: p. 85-87             OBJ:  08