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Essentials of Psychology Concepts And Applications International Edition 3rd Edition by Jeffrey S. Nevid – Test Bank

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Chapter 2

Biological Foundations of Behavior

 

iDEA MODEL™ OF CoURSE ASsESSMENT:

 KEYING TEST ITEMS TO ACQUIRED SKILLS

 

 

Skills Assessed	Test Items
Identify . . . pioneering figures in psychology, parts of the nervous system, sensory receptors for various senses, types of personality tests, types of psychological disorders, methods of treatment, etc.	2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 26, 29, 30, 32, 36, 39, 41, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 56, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 75, 78, 79, 82, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 96, 97, 98, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 110, 111, 112, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 132, 137, 139, 142, 143, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 151, 152, 157
Define or Describe . . . key concepts of sensation and perception, consciousness, learning, memory, cognition, motivation and emotion, personality, social psychology, health psychology, models of abnormal behavior and psychotherapy, etc	8, 20, 21, 24, 40, 43, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 78, 79, 82, 84, 85 ,86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 96, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 110, 111, 112, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 120, 123, 134, 138, 144, 146, 147, 149, 150, 151, 152, 156, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165
Evaluate or Explain . . . underlying processes and mechanisms of behavior and mental processes, research methods, theoretical concepts, etc.	1, 5, 12, 14, 1,5 19, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 31, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 54, 64, 67, 76, 83, 91, 94, 99, 100, 108, 109, 122, 124, 128, 130, 131, 135, 136, 141, 154, 158, 159, 160, 166, 167
Apply. . . psychological concepts to real-life examples, including applications of psychological knowledge in daily life.	23, 24, 25, 41, 47, 53, 55, 56, 66, 74, 80, 81, 95, 106, 107, 122, 133, 153, 166, 167, 169, 170, 171, 172

 

 

Learning Objectives

 

2.1             Identify the parts of the neuron and explain how neurons communicate with each other.

2.2             Identify key neurotransmitters and describe their functions.

2.3             Explain how an action potential is generated

2.4             Explain the difference between agonists and antagonists.

2.5             Describe how the nervous system is organized

2.6             Describe the functions of the central nervous system and the divisions of the peripheral nervous system.

2.7             Describe how the brain is organized and the roles that particular brain structures play in behavior.

2.8             Describe how scientists study the workings of the brain.

2.9             Explain how the two halves of the brain differ in their functions.

2.10           Describe how the endocrine system is organized and the roles that hormones play in behavior.

2.11           Describe how psychologists study the roles of genes and environment in behavior.

2.12           Explain how genetics influences personality and behavior.

2.13           Apply knowledge of biofeedback techniques to how they are used in practice.

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Regarding neurons, which of the following is NOT true?
2. A) Each is a single nerve cell.
3. B) They transmit electrical impulses.
4. C) They contain genetic material.
5. D) They are the only cells found in the nervous system.
6. E) They come in three types – motor, sensory, and interneuron.

ANS: D         REF: 40         MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: factual

KEY: Evaluate/Explain

2. The fundamental building block of the nervous system is the ________.
3. A) nerve
4. B) brain
5. C) neuron
6. D) spinal cord
7. E) pituitary gland

ANS: C       REF: 38         MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: factual

KEY: Identify

3. All of the following are components of a neuron EXCEPT the
4. A)
5. B)
6. C)
7. D)
8. E) cell body.

ANS: C       REF: 40         MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: factual

OBJ: 2.1      KEY: Identify

4. In a neuron, the cell’s metabolic functions are performed by the
5. A)
6. B)
7. C) terminal button.
8. D)
9. E)

ANS: A          REF: 38         MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: factual

OBJ: 2.1     KEY: Identify

5. Regarding a neuron’s soma, all but which of the following are TRUE?
6. A) The soma conducts outgoing messages to other neurons.
7. B) The soma is the neuron’s cell body.
8. C) The soma conducts life-sustaining functions of the cell.
9. D) The soma contains the cell’s genetic material.
10. E) The soma houses the cell’s nucleus.

ANS: A       REF: 38        MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: factual

KEY: Evaluate/Explain

6. Chemical messengers that transport nerve impulses from one nerve cell to another are called
7. A)
8. B)
9. C)
10. D)
11. E)

ANS: D       REF: 38         MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: factual

OBJ: 2.1     KEY: Identify

7. Which part of a neuron could best be described as a “docking station”?
8. A) myelin sheath
9. B) axon
10. C) soma
11. D) synapse
12. E) dendrite

ANS: E       REF: 38         MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: conceptual

OBJ: 2.1     KEY: Identify

8. Which of the following best describes a synapse?
9. A) A tiny gap separating one neuron from another through which messages are carried
10. B) The tubelike part of a neuron that carries messages to other neurons
11. C) Rootlike structures that receive neural impulses from other neurons
12. D) Body organs or structures that produce secretions
13. E) A bundle of axons from different neurons that transmit nerve impulses

ANS: A         REF: 38        MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: factual

OBJ: 2.1     KEY: Define/Describe, Identify                        NOT: www

9. What is the job of a dendrite?
10. A) to send signals to other neurons
11. B) to receive signals from other neurons
12. C) to synthesize neurotransmitters
13. D) to control metabolic functions
14. E) to generate action potentials

ANS: B       REF: 38         MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: conceptual

OBJ: 2.1     KEY: Identify

10. Which part of a neuron may range in size from a few thousandths of an inch to several feet long?
11. A) axon
12. B) synapse
13. C) myelin
14. D) soma
15. E) There are no parts of a neuron that are this size.

ANS: A       REF: 38         MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: factual

OBJ: 2.1     KEY: Identify

11. Which of the best identifies the function of the soma?
12. A) sending signals to other neurons
13. B) controlling metabolic processes
14. C) producing myelin
15. D) receiving signals from other neurons
16. E) releasing neurotransmitters to other neurons

ANS: B       REF: 38         MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: conceptual

OBJ: 2.1     KEY: Identify

12. In a neuron, _____ is to sending as ______ is to receiving.
13. A) soma; synapse
14. B) terminal button; synapse
15. C) axon; dendrite
16. D) terminal button; soma
17. E) dendrite; axon

ANS: C    REF: 38     MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring

MSC: conceptual     KEY: Evaluate/Explain

13. The knoblike swellings at the ends of axons are called
14. A) terminal buttons.
15. B)
16. C)
17. D)
18. E) nodes of Ranvier.

ANS: A      REF: 38         MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: factual

OBJ: 2.1     KEY: Identify

14. Regarding terminal buttons, which of the following is FALSE?
15. A) The terminal buttons release neurotransmitters.
16. B) Terminal buttons store and release chemicals that carry neural messages to other nearby neurons.
17. C) Terminal buttons are the most common type of neuron in the nervous system.
18. D) Terminal buttons look like knobby swellings.
19. E) The terminal buttons are found at the end of axons.

ANS: C      REF: 38         MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: factual

KEY: Evaluate/Explain

15. Regarding the nervous system, which of the following statements is FALSE?
16. A) Nerves are not the same as neurons and can be visible to the human eye.
17. B) The nervous system has more than one type of neuron.
18. C) There are more neurons than glial cells in the nervous system.
19. D) A nerve is best defined as a bundle of axons from different neurons.
20. E) Glial cells serve to support neurons, as well as to form the myelin sheath on axons.

ANS: C           REF: 40         MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: factual

KEY: Evaluate/Explain

16. What best identifies the job of a synapse?
17. A) to produce neurotransmitters
18. B) to provide a place in which neurons can communicate with one another
19. C) to house the neuron’s genetic material
20. D) to allow an attachment between the axon and the cell body
21. E) to release neurotransmitters

ANS: B            REF: 38         MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: conceptual

OBJ: 2.1       KEY: Identify

17. There are ______ types of neurons in the human nervous system and these are called ______.
18. A) 2; axons and dendrites
19. B) 2; interneurons and glial cells
20. C) 3; afferent, efferent, and associative cells
21. D) 3; glial cells, nerves, and myelin cells
22. E) 3; nodes of Ranvier, glial cells, and myelin cells

ANS: C       REF: 38-39         MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: factual

KEY: Identify

18. What is the most common type of neuron found in your nervous system?
19. A) sensory
20. B) motor
21. C) somatic
22. D) afferent
23. E) interneuron

ANS: E       REF: 40         MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: applied

KEY: Identify

19. In neurons, efferent is to ______ as afferent is to ______.
20. A) sensory; motor
21. B) motor; sensory
22. C) motor; interneuron
23. D) interneuron; sensory
24. E) sensory; interneuron

ANS: B      Pages:  38-40        MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: conceptual

KEY: Evaluate/Explain, Identify

20. Afferent neurons
21. A) transmit information about the outside world to the spinal cord and brain.
22. B) convey messages from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles of the body controlling movement.
23. C) convey messages to glands for the release of hormones.
24. D) connect neurons to other neurons.
25. E) are also known as motor neurons.

ANS: A       REF: 38         MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: factual

KEY: Define/Describe

21. Associative neuron is another name for
22. A) sensory neuron.
23. B) motor neuron.
24. C)
25. D) efferent neuron.
26. E) somatic neuron.

ANS: C       REF: 41         MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: factual

KEY: Define/Describe, Identify                             NOT: www

22. Besides the neuron, the other main type of cell in the nervous system is the
23. A) glial cell.
24. B) synaptic cell.
25. C) nerve cell.
26. D) somatic cell.
27. E) myelin cell.

ANS: A       REF: 40         MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: factual

KEY: Identify

23. During his first three years of life, Jason has developed many motor skills like crawling, walking, and running that require his muscles to move efficiently and smoothly. In terms of brain function, Jason’s motor development is the result of which process?
24. A) Stripping of the nodes of Ranvier
25. B) Development of the myelin sheath
26. C) Depolarization
27. D) Development of action potentials
28. E) Regulation of hormones

ANS: B            REF: 40         MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: applied

KEY: Apply, Evaluate/Explain

24. White matter refers to
25. A) clusters of glial cells.
26. B) myelinated axons.
27. C) clusters of synapses.
28. D) nodes of Ranvier.
29. E) unmyelinated axons.

ANS: B         REF: 40        MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: conceptual

KEY: Define/Describe

25. Shalanda’s daughter touches her hand. Sensory receptors in Shalanda’s skin transmit information about this sensation to Shalanda’s spinal cord and brain. Which type of neuron is responsible for this process?
26. A) Motor
27. B) Glial
28. C) Associative
29. D) Efferent
30. E) Afferent

ANS: E       Pages:  38-40         MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: applied

KEY: Apply, Evaluate/Explain

26. The fatty layer of cells that is wrapped around many axons is called the
27. A) myelin sheath.
28. B) synaptic cover.
29. C) dendritic wrap.
30. D) terminal button.
31. E)

ANS: A       REF: 40         MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: factual

OBJ: 2.1     KEY: Identify

27. Glial cells function most like which of the following?
28. A) staples
29. B) tape
30. C) paper clips
31. D) fasteners
32. E) glue

ANS: E           REF: 40         MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: conceptual

KEY: Evaluate/Explain

28. Glial cells do all but which of the following?
29. A) form the myelin sheath
30. B) assist neurons in communicating with each other
31. C) remove waste products from neurons
32. D) nourish neurons
33. E) produce neurotransmitters

ANS: E       REF: 40        MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: factual

KEY: Evaluate/Explain

29. Gaps in myelin that create non-insulated areas along an axon are called
30. A) nodes of Ranvier.
31. B) terminal buttons.
32. C)
33. D)
34. E)

ANS: A       REF: 40         MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: factual

OBJ: 2.1     KEY: Identify

30. What is the best estimate of the number of neurons in your brain?
31. A) about 10 to 20 million
32. B) several hundred million
33. C) about 1 billion
34. D) 10 to 99 billion
35. E) at least 100 billion

ANS: E       REF: 40        MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: applied

KEY: Identify

31. The resting potential of a neuron is a result of
32. A) high concentration of sodium ions outside the cell.
33. B) high concentration of sodium ions inside the cell.
34. C) low concentration of potassium ions outside the cell.
35. D) high concentration of potassium ions inside the cell.
36. E) balanced concentration of sodium ions and potassium ions inside the cell.

ANS: A       REF: 41         MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: factual

OBJ: 2.3      KEY: Evaluate/ Explain

32. What is the approximate resting potential of a neuron?
33. A) –50 mV
34. B) –70 mV
35. C) +50 mV
36. D) +70 mV
37. E) 0 mV

ANS: B         REF: 40- 41         MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: factual

KEY: Identify

33. Depolarization occurs when the neuron becomes
34. A) less negative due to influx of sodium ions.
35. B) more negative due to influx of sodium ions.
36. C) more negative due to influx of potassium.
37. D) less negative due to outflow of sodium ions.
38. E) more negative due to outflow of sodium ions.

ANS: A       REF: 42         MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: conceptual

OBJ: 2.3       KEY: Evaluate/Explain   NOT: www

34. Which of the following is NOT true of action potentials?
35. A) They are generated according to an all-or-none principle.
36. B) They all travel at the same speed.
37. C) They are electrical charges that shoot down the axon.
38. D) They are initiated when the axon is depolarized sufficiently.
39. E) They are followed by a refractory period.

ANS: B       REF: 41        MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: factual

OBJ: 2.3      KEY: Evaluate/Explain

35. Which of the following does NOT occur during the refractory period?
36. A) Sodium gates close.
37. B) Positively charged ions are pumped out.
38. C) Electrochemical balance is restored.
39. D) Neurotransmitters are pumped in.
40. E) The neuron cannot fire.

ANS: D       REF: 41       MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: conceptual

OBJ: 2.3     KEY: Evaluate/Explain

36. After a neuron fires, about how long is its refractory period?
37. A) one-thousandth of a second
38. B) one-hundredth of a second
39. C) one-tenth of a second
40. D) one second
41. E) one-thousandth of a minute

ANS: A       REF: 41        MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: factual

KEY: Identify

37. In neural communication, ______ is to key as ______ is to lock.
38. A) axon; dendrite
39. B) neuron; glial cell
40. C) neurotransmitter; receptor site
41. D) synapse; soma
42. E) action potential; resting potential

ANS: C         REF: 41-42        MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: conceptual

KEY: Evaluate/Explain

38. Prolonged neurotransmitter activity is prevented by all of the following functions EXCEPT
39. A)
40. B) release of excitatory neurotransmitters.
41. C) breakdown of neurotransmitters by enzymes.
42. D) regulation of sensitivity to neurotransmitters.
43. E) release of neuromodulators.

ANS: B         REF: 43         MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: conceptual

OBJ: 2.3                     KEY: Evaluate/Explain

39. Psychologists believe that irregularities in ______ transmission may help explain symptoms of schizophrenia.
40. A) glutamate
41. B) dopamine
42. C) norepinephrine
43. D) epinephrine
44. E) gamma-amniobutyric acid

ANS: B       REF: 43         MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: conceptual

OBJ: 2.2      KEY: Evalaute/Explain, Identify

40. ______ are also called neural impulses.
41. A) Enzymes
42. B) Refractory periods
43. C) Action potentials
44. D) Resting Potentials
45. E) Neuromodulators

ANS: C      REF: 41         MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: factual

KEY: Define/Describe

41. Actor Michael J. Fox and boxing great Muhammad Ali have a disease that leads to progressive loss of their motor functioning. This condition results from a shortage of
42. A)
43. B)
44. C)
45. D) gamma-amniobutyric acid (GABA).
46. E)

ANS: C       REF: 43         MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: applied

OBJ: 2.2     KEY: Apply, Identify                         NOT: www

42. Regarding Parkinson’s disease, which of the following statements is FALSE?
43. A) Scientists believe that genetic factors are involved.
44. B) It is a degenerative brain disease.
45. C) Symptoms include tremors, muscle rigidity, and difficulty controlling finger and hand movements.
46. D) It affects about 1.5 million Americans.
47. E) It involves an excess of the neurotransmitter glutamate.

ANS: E       REF: 43        MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: factual

OBJ: 2.2     KEY: Evaluate/Explain

43. Regarding neurotransmission, which of the following statements is FALSE?
44. A) The nervous system depends on a balance between neural excitation and inhibition to function effectively.
45. B) Excitatory effects make an action potential more likely to occur, whereas inhibitory effects make action potentials less likely to occur.
46. C) All neurotransmitters have both excitatory and inhibitory effects.
47. D) Neurotransmitters that do not dock at receptor sites are decomposed in the synaptic gap or are reabsorbed by the transmitting neuron.
48. E) Neurotransmitters carry messages controlling all aspects of human activity, from the biological to the mental to the emotional.

ANS: C       Pages:  41-43         MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: factual

OBJ: 2.2     KEY: Evaluate/Explain, Describe

 

44. Agonists do all of the following EXCEPT
45. A) increase the availability of neurotransmitters.
46. B) increase the effectiveness of neurotransmitters.
47. C) block reuptake of neurotransmitters.
48. D) mimic the action of neurotransmitters.
49. E) block receptor sites.

ANS: E        REF: 43         MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: factual

OBJ: 2.4       KEY: Evaluate/Explain

45. In contrast to agonists, antagonists are drugs that
46. A) increase the availability of neurotransmitters.
47. B) increase the effectiveness of neurotransmitters.
48. C) block receptor sites.
49. D) mimic the action of neurotransmitters.
50. E) speed up the transmission of neural impulses.

ANS: C             REF: 43         MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: factual

OBJ: 2.4       KEY: Evaluate/Explain

46. Agonists________, whereas antagonists ________.
47. A) increase the availability of neurotransmitters; increase the effectiveness of neurotransmitters
48. B) block receptor sites; increase the effectiveness of neurotransmitters.
49. C) increase the availability of neurotransmitters; block receptor sites.
50. D) speed up the transmission of neural impulses; mimic the action of neurotransmitters
51. E) speed up the transmission of neural impulses; increase the effectiveness of neurotransmitters

ANS: C             REF: 43         MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: factual

OBJ: 2.4     KEY: Evaluate/Explain

47. Shelley drinks two caffeinated grande lattes every morning. In terms of neurotransmission, what is happening in Shelley’s body?
48. A) Caffeine in the coffee serves as an agonist that suppresses the actions of glutamate and enhances the actions of dopamine.
49. B) Caffeine in the coffee serves as an agonist that suppresses the actions of dopamine.
50. C) Caffeine in the coffee serves as an antagonist that enhances the actions of glutamate.
51. D) Caffeine in the coffee serves as an agonist that enhances the actions of glutamate.
52. E) Caffeine in the coffee serves as an antagonist that suppresses the actions of dopamine.

ANS: D       REF: 43         MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: conceptual

OBJ: 2.4     KEY: Apply, Evaluate/Explain

48. Which of the following acts as an antagonist rather than an agonist?
49. A) Amphetamines that produce states of pleasure.
50. B) Caffeine that keeps the central nervous system stimulated.
51. C) Antipsychotic drugs that help control hallucinations and delusional thinking..
52. D) Alcohol that produces a relaxed feeling.
53. E) A tranquilizer like Valium that reduces anxiety in people with panic disorder.

ANS: C             REF: 43         MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: applied

OBJ: 2.4     KEY: Identify, Evaluate/Explain

49. Which of the following is an antagonist the blocks the actions of a particular neurotransmitter?
50. A) Amphetamines that produce states of pleasure.
51. B) Caffeine that keeps the central nervous system stimulated.
52. C) Antipsychotic drugs that help control hallucinations and delusional thinking.
53. D) Alcohol that produces a relaxed feeling.
54. E) A tranquilizer like Valium that reduces anxiety in people with panic disorder.

ANS: C             REF: 43         MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: applied

OBJ: 2.4     KEY: Identify, Evaluate/Explain

50. Cocaine and amphetamines increase the availability of which neurotransmitter?
51. A) Glutamate
52. B) Serotonin
53. C) Norepinephrine
54. D) Dopamine
55. E) Gamma-amniobutyric acid (GABA)

ANS: D       REF: 43        MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: factual

OBJ: 2.2     KEY: Identify

51. Endorphins are similar in chemical structure to which drug?
52. A) cocaine
53. B) amphetamines
54. C) caffeine
55. D) alcohol
56. E) heroin

ANS: E       REF: 44        MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: conceptual

OBJ: 2.2     KEY: Identify

52. Which of the following neurotransmitters prevents neurons from overly exciting adjacent nerve cells?
53. A) Gamma-amniobutyric acid (GABA)
54. B) Glutamate
55. C) Dopamine
56. D) Norepinephrine
57. E) Serotonin

ANS: A       REF: 44         MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: factual

OBJ: 2.2     KEY: Identify      NOT: www

53. Delta Epsilon fraternity sponsors a Beer Fest every October, where party-goers consume large amounts of alcohol. At the neurotransmitter level, what is happening to the party-goers?
54. A) Alcohol decreases sensitivity of receptor sites for serotonin.
55. B) Alcohol increases sensitivity of receptor sites for gamma-amniobutyric acid (GABA).
56. C) Alcohol increases sensitivity of receptor sites for serotonin.
57. D) Alcohol mimics the effects of endorphins.
58. E) Alcohol decreases sensitivity of receptor sites for gamma-amniobutyric acid (GABA).

ANS: B       REF: 44         MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: applied

KEY:  Apply

54. Anxiety disorders such as panic disorder may be due to reduced levels of
55. A)
56. B)
57. C)
58. D) gamma-amniobutyric acid (GABA).
59. E)

ANS: D       REF: 44         MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: conceptual

KEY:  Evaluate/Explain

55. Fourteen-year-old Anton takes Prozac for his depression. Chemically speaking, Prozac works for Anton primarily by increasing the availability of ______ in his brain.
56. A) dopamine
57. B) gamma-amniobutyric acid (GABA)
58. C) norepinephrine
59. D) glutamate
60. E) serotonin

ANS: E       REF: 44        MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: applied

KEY: Apply

56. Sharon is a long-distance runner. After a certain point in her workout, she begins to feel a natural “high” instead of pain. This feeling is likely the result of chemicals in her brain called
57. A)
58. B)
59. C)
60. D)
61. E)

ANS: C       REF: 44        MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring       MSC: applied

OBJ: 2.2     KEY: Apply, Identify

57. Your anatomy professor states that today’s lecture will be about the central nervous system. Which parts of the body do you expect to learn about?
58. A) the brain
59. B) the spinal cord
60. C) the brain and spinal cord
61. D) the brain, spinal cord, and all other nerves
62. E) the brain, spinal cord, and the sensory organs

ANS: C       REF: 47         MOD: Module 2-2 The Nervous System: Your Body’s Information Superhighway                     MSC: applied            OBJ: 2.5                           KEY: Identify, Define/Describe

58. The brain and the spinal cord make up the
59. A) nervous system.
60. B) somatic nervous system.
61. C) peripheral nervous system.
62. D) autonomic nervous system.
63. E) central nervous system.

ANS: E      REF: 47        MOD: Module 2-2 The Nervous System: Your Body’s Information Superhighway       MSC: factual        OBJ: 2.5     KEY: Identify, Define/Describe

59. The peripheral nervous system connects the spinal cord and brain with the
60. A) sensory organs and muscles.
61. B) sensory organs and glands.
62. C) muscles and glands.
63. D) the sensory organs, glands, and muscles.
64. E)

ANS: D       REF: 49         MOD: Module 2-2 The Nervous System: Your Body’s Information Superhighway                     MSC: factual           OBJ: 2.5                           KEY: Identify, Define/Describe

60. The peripheral nervous system consists of
61. A) the brain and the spinal cord.
62. B) the somatic nervous system and the central nervous system.
63. C) the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system.
64. D) the autonomic nervous system, the somatic nervous system, and the central nervous system.
65. E) the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.

ANS: C      REF: 49         MOD: Module 2-2 The Nervous System: Your Body’s Information Superhighway       MSC: factual      OBJ: 2.5     KEY: Identify, Describe/Define

61. Which portion of the central nervous system serves as the link between the brain and the peripheral nervous system?
62. A) The forebrain
63. B) The lower brain
64. C) The midbrain
65. D) The hindbrain
66. E) The spinal cord

ANS: E       REF: 48        MOD: Module 2-2 The Nervous System: Your Body’s Information Superhighway       MSC: factual       OBJ: 2.5               KEY: Identify, Define/Describe

62. Which of the following statements about spinal reflexes is FALSE?
63. A) They are unlearned reactions.
64. B) They bypass the brain.
65. C) They allow very quick responses.
66. D) They always involve three neurons.
67. E) They are automatic.

ANS: D       REF: 48         MOD: Module 2-2 The Nervous System: Your Body’s Information Superhighway                     MSC: factual              KEY: Evaluate/Explain

63. A _____ is an automatic, unlearned response to a stimulus.
64. A) phenotype
65. B) reticular formation
66. C) nerve
67. D) synapse
68. E) reflex

ANS: E       REF: 48        MOD: Module 2-2 The Nervous System: Your Body’s Information Superhighway       MSC: factual            KEY: Define/Describe

64. On a camping trip, Eleni accidentally steps on a hot coal from the campfire. Upon touching the coal, her foot reflexively withdraws from the coal. What is the sequence of response in Eleni’s neurons?
65. A) Sensory neuron – interneuron – motor neuron
66. B) Sensory neuron – motor neuron – interneuron
67. C) Motor neuron – interneuron – sensory neuron
68. D) Motor neuron – sensory neuron – interneuron
69. E) Interneuron – sensory neuron – motor neuron

ANS: A       REF: 48         MOD: Module 2-2 The Nervous System: Your Body’s Information Superhighway                     MSC: applied              KEY: Apply    NOT: www

65. Which of the following DOES NOT describe functions of the autonomic nervous system?
66. A) It operates without conscious direction.
67. B) It transmits messages between the central nervous system and sensory organs and muscles.
68. C) It consists of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
69. D) It regulates involuntary bodily processes.
70. E) It regulates respiration.

ANS: B       REF: 49         MOD: Module 2-2 The Nervous System: Your Body’s Information Superhighway                     MSC: factual               OBJ: 2.6    KEY: Evaluate/Explain, Define/Describe

66. Your heartbeat, digestion, and pupil contractions are ______ processes regulated by the ______ nervous system.
67. A) involuntary; somatic
68. B) involuntary; autonomic
69. C) controllable; somatic
70. D) voluntary; somatic
71. E) voluntary; autonomic

ANS: B        REF: 49         MOD: Module 2-2 The Nervous System: Your Body’s Information Superhighway                    MSC: applied            OBJ: 2.6                           KEY: Identify, Define/Describe

67. The peripheral nervous system is described as comprising
68. A) the autonomic nervous system and the central nervous system.
69. B) the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.
70. C) the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
71. D) the parasympathetic and the somatic nervous systems.
72. E) the sympathetic and the somatic nervous systems.

ANS: B       Pages:  49-50         MOD: Module 2-2 The Nervous System: Your Body’s Information Superhighway            MSC: factual               OBJ: 2.6           KEY: Identify, Define/Describe

68. The two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system are
69. A) the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system.
70. B) the somatic nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.
71. C) the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
72. D) the involuntary and the voluntary nervous systems.
73. E) the sympathetic and the somatic nervous systems.

ANS: C       REF: 49-50         MOD: Module 2-2 The Nervous System: Your Body’s Information Superhighway       MSC: factual           OBJ: 2.6    KEY: Identify,            Define/Describe

69. The body’s master control unit describes
70. A) the autonomic nervous system.
71. B) the somatic nervous system.
72. C) the central nervous system.
73. D) the sympathetic nervous systems.
74. E) the central processing system.

ANS: C       REF: 47         MOD: Module 2-2 The Nervous System: Your Body’s Information Superhighway                     MSC: factual               OBJ: 2.6    KEY: Identify, Define/Describe

70. The body’s master control unit describes
71. A) the autonomic nervous system.
72. B) the somatic nervous system.
73. C) the central nervous system.
74. D) the sympathetic nervous system.
75. E) the central processing system.

ANS: C       REF: 47         MOD: Module 2-2 The Nervous System: Your Body’s Information Superhighway                     MSC: factual               OBJ: 2.6    KEY:  Define/Describe

71. The part of the nervous system that enables you to make sense of the world around you is the
72. A) the autonomic nervous system.
73. B) the perceptual nervous system.
74. C) the sympathetic nervous system.
75. D) the central nervous system.
76. E) the central processing system.

ANS: D       REF: 47         MOD: Module 2-2 The Nervous System: Your Body’s Information Superhighway                     MSC: factual               OBJ: 2.6                           KEY: Identify, Define/Describe

72. Which of the following situations is the type of physical functioning primarily influenced by the parasympathetic nervous system?
73. A) Aaron’s body releases glucose when he stands up to the bully at school.
74. B) Betty meditates and visualizes positive outcomes every morning upon awakening.
75. C) Chan’s pupils dilate when he tells a lie to his father.
76. D) Dawn’s heart beats faster as she prepares to take her first psychology exam.
77. E) Evan’s breathing rate increases while giving a speech.

ANS: B       REF: 50        MOD: Module 2-2 The Nervous System: Your Body’s Information Superhighway       MSC: applied      OBJ: 2.6    KEY: Apply, Define/Describe

73. In the autonomic nervous system, _______ is to release, whereas ______ is to replenish.
74. A) peripheral; central
75. B) sympathetic; parasympathetic
76. C) spinal cord; brain
77. D) central; peripheral
78. E) parasympathetic; sympathetic

ANS: B       REF: 49-51         MOD: Module 2-2 The Nervous System: Your Body’s Information Superhighway     MSC: conceptual             OBJ: 2.6                           KEY:  Identify, Define/Describe

74. The sympathetic nervous system does each of the following EXCEPT ________
75. A) increase heart rate.
76. B) release glucose.
77. C) increase respiration.
78. D) draw stored energy from bodily reserves.
79. E) promote digestion.

ANS: E      REF: 49-51         MOD: Module 2-2 The Nervous System: Your Body’s Information Superhighway       MSC: factual            OBJ: 2.6                           KEY: Evaluate/Explain, Define/Describe

75. The brain has ______ major parts and they are called the ______.
76. A) 4; frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes
77. B) 2; sympathetic and parasympathetic regions
78. C) 3; amygdala, hippocampus, and thalamus
79. D) 3; hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain
80. E) 3; medulla, pons, and cerebellum

ANS: D       REF: 51         MOD: Module 2-3 The brain: Your crowning glory       MSC: factual

OBJ: 2.7       KEY: Identify, Define/Describe

76. Which of the following is NOT part of the hindbrain?
77. A) cerebellum
78. B) reticular formation
79. C) medulla
80. D) pons
81. E) brainstem core

ANS: B             REF: 51         MOD: Module 2-3 The brain: Your crowning glory       MSC: factual

OBJ: 2.7     KEY: Identify, Define/Describe                        NOT: www

77. During the past hour, nine-month-old Heather has engaged in each of the following actions. Which action was NOT controlled by her medulla?
78. A) She had an accelerated heart beat when her older brother frightened her.
79. B) She coughed after breathing in some dust particles.
80. C) She swallowed formula from her bottle.
81. D) Wind caused her mobile to move, and she smiled.
82. E) Developing allergies caused her to sneeze.

ANS: D             REF: 51         MOD: Module 2-3 The brain: Your crowning glory       MSC: applied

KEY: Apply

78. Trina has recently been having trouble staying awake throughout the day. Which area of Trina’s brain is related to her difficulty?
79. A) cerebellum
80. B) pons
81. C) medulla
82. D) cerebrum
83. E) hippocampus

ANS: B             REF: 51       MOD: Module 2-3 The brain: Your crowning glory       MSC: applied

KEY: Apply

79. Which part of the brain controls balance and coordination?
80. A) cerebrum
81. B) cerebellum
82. C) pons
83. D) medulla
84. E) thalamus

ANS: B             REF: 51         MOD: Module 2-3 The brain: Your crowning glory       MSC: factual

OBJ: 2.7       KEY: Identify, Define/Describe      NOT: www

80. The fact that alcohol often causes problems with balance and coordination suggests that it may have an effect on the
81. A)
82. B) corpus callosum.
83. C)
84. D)
85. E) reticular formation.

ANS: C             REF: 51         MOD: Module 2-3 The brain: Your crowning glory       MSC: conceptual

KEY: Explain

81. All but which of the following describe the reticular formation?
82. A) contains nerve pathways that connect the hindbrain with the forebrain
83. B) regulates attention
84. C) regulates arousal
85. D) controls heartbeat
86. E) screens irrelevant visual and auditory information

ANS: D             REF: 52         MOD: Module 2-3 The brain: Your crowning glory       MSC: factual

OBJ: 2.7     KEY: Define/Describe

82. The forebrain contains all of the following structures EXCEPT the
83. A)
84. B) basal ganglia.
85. C)
86. D)
87. E)

ANS: E             Pages:  52-53         MOD: Module 2-3 The brain: Your crowning glory       MSC: factual

OBJ: 2.7                     KEY: Identify, Define/Describe

83. Which is a cluster of nerve cells can be described as playing a key role in regulating voluntary movement such as walking?
84. A) basal ganglia
85. B) medulla
86. C) reticular formation
87. D) limbic system
88. E) thalamus

ANS: A             REF: 53         MOD: Module 2-3 The brain: Your crowning glory       MSC: factual

OBJ: 2.7       KEY: Identify, Define/Describe

84. Which brain structure is best described as a “relay station”?
85. A) hypothalamus
86. B) thalamus
87. C) basal ganglia
88. D) limbic system
89. E) cerebellum

ANS: B             Pages:  52-53         MOD: Module 2-3 The brain: Your crowning glory       MSC: conceptual                        OBJ: 2.7                     KEY: Identify, Define/Describe

85. All of the following senses are routed through the thalamus EXCEPT
86. A)
87. B)
88. C)
89. D)
90. E)

ANS: C             REF: 54         MOD: Module 2-3 The brain: Your crowning glory       MSC: factual

OBJ: 2.7      KEY: Identify, Define/Describe

86. Which brain structure regulates such bodily functions as thirst and hunger, fluid concentrations, and body temperature?
87. A) reticular formation
88. B) hippocampus
89. C) thalamus
90. D) medulla
91. E) hypothalamus

ANS: E             REF: 53       MOD: Module 2-3 The brain: Your crowning glory       MSC: factual

OBJ: 2.7     KEY: Identify, Define/Describe

87. Dr. Williamson conducts research examining the effects of electrical stimulation in certain parts of the brain. Dr. Williamson has found that stimulation of this part of the brain in laboratory rats will result in changes to the rats’ mating, eating, and socialization behaviors. Based on this description, which part of the brain is Dr. Williamson most likely to be studying?
88. A) hypothalamus
89. B) medulla
90. C) pons
91. D) cerebrum
92. E) amygdala

ANS: A             REF: 53         MOD: Module 2-3 The brain: Your crowning glory       MSC: applied

OBJ: 2.7     KEY:  Identify, Define/Describe

88. Regarding the limbic system, which of the following statements is FALSE?
89. A) The limbic system is located in the forebrain.
90. B) The limbic system is more evolved in mammals than in lower animals.
91. C) The limbic system includes the amygdala, hippocampus, and basal ganglia.
92. D) The limbic system plays a role in emotional processing.
93. E) The limbic system is involved in the regulation of memory.

ANS: C             REF: 53        MOD: Module 2-3 The brain: Your crowning glory       MSC: factual

KEY: Evaluate/Explain

89. The limbic system includes all but which of the following?
90. A) amygdala
91. B) hippocampus
92. C) pons
93. D) parts of the hypothalamus
94. E) parts of the thalamus

ANS: C             REF: 53         MOD: Module 2-3 The brain: Your crowning glory       MSC: factual

OBJ: 2.7     KEY: Identify, Define/Describe

90. If you were to look at the structures in the forebrain, you would find that the hippocampus can be described as is shaped like a(n)
91. A)
92. B)
93. C)
94. D)
95. E)

ANS: E             REF: 53         MOD: Module 2-3 The brain: Your crowning glory       MSC: conceptual

OBJ: 2.7     KEY: Define/Describe

91. Regarding the organization of the brain and its function, which of the following statements is FALSE?
92. A) The midbrain plays an important role in the regulation of memory and emotions.
93. B) The brain is divided into three major parts.
94. C) The hindbrain contains structures that control basic bodily functions like breathing.
95. D) The midbrain contains nerve pathways for relaying messages between the hindbrain and forebrain.
96. E) The forebrain is the largest part of the brain.

ANS: A             Pages 52-53         MOD: Module 2-3 The brain: Your crowning glory

MSC: factual            KEY: Evaluate/Explain

92. After a motorcycle accident in which she wasn’t wearing a helmet, Vanessa has difficulty responding emotionally to unpleasant stimuli. Vanessa most likely experienced damage to which brain structure?
93. A) medulla
94. B) amygdala
95. C) thalamus
96. D) hippocampus
97. E) cerebellum

ANS: B             REF: 53         MOD: Module 2-3 The brain: Your crowning glory       MSC: applied

KEY: Apply

93. The ______ is located just behind the amygdala and can be described as playing an important role in the formation of memories.
94. A) hypothalamus
95. B) thalamus
96. C) hippocampus
97. D) cerebellum
98. E) pons

ANS: C             REF: 53         MOD: Module 2-3 The brain: Your crowning glory       MSC: factual

OBJ: 2.7     KEY: Identify, Define/Describe

94. The cerebral cortex accounts for approximately what percentage of the brain’s total mass?
95. A) 25%
96. B) 40%
97. C) 50%
98. D) 80%
99. E) 90%

ANS: D            REF: 53         MOD: Module 2-3 The brain: Your crowning glory       MSC: factual

KEY: Identify

95. Approximately how thick is your cerebral cortex?
96. A) one-tenth inch
97. B) one-eighth inch
98. C) one-quarter inch
99. D) one-half inch
100. E) one inch

ANS: B            REF: 53        MOD: Module 2-3 The brain: Your crowning glory       MSC: applied

KEY: Identify

96. Regarding the organization of the cerebral cortex and cerebrum, which of the following statements is FALSE?
97. A) The cerebral cortex is divided into four parts, with the occipital and parietal lobes in the right hemisphere and the frontal and temporal lobes in the left hemisphere.
98. B) In general, each of the cerebral hemispheres controls feeling and movement on the opposite side of the body.
99. C) The cerebral hemispheres are connected by the corpus callosum.
100. D) The cerebrum consists of two large masses, called the left and right hemispheres.
101. E) The cerebral cortex forms the thin, outer layer of the largest part of the forebrain, the cerebrum.

ANS: A            REF: 53         MOD: Module 2-3 The brain: Your crowning glory       MSC: factual

KEY: Evaluate/Explain

97. In the cerebral cortex, ______ is to vision as ______ is to hearing.
98. A) occipital; parietal
99. B) temporal; frontal
100. C) frontal; parietal
101. D) parietal; temporal
102. E) occipital; temporal

ANS: E           REF: 54         MOD: Module 2-3 The brain: Your crowning glory

MSC: conceptual     OBJ: 2.7                KEY: Evaluate/Explain, Define/Describe

98. Which lobe processes information related to touch and body movement?
99. A) occipital
100. B) temporal
101. C) parietal
102. D) frontal
103. E) reticulartal

ANS: C           REF: 55         MOD: Module 2-3 The brain: Your crowning glory       MSC: factual

OBJ: 2.7     KEY: Identify, Define/Describe

99. Damage to which portion of the cerebral cortex would most likely interfere with a person’s hearing?
100. A) temporal lobe
101. B) occipital lobe
102. C) parietal lobe
103. D) frontal lobe
104. E) somatosensory lobe

ANS: A           REF: 56        MOD: Module 2-3 The brain: Your crowning glory

MSC: conceptual     OBJ: 2.7                 KEY: Identify, Define/Describe

100. After a car accident, Brandon lost some of his visual abilities. Based on this description of his injuries, which portion of Brandon’s cerebral cortex was probably damaged in the accident?
101. A) Somatosensory lobe
102. B) Temporal lobe
103. C) Parietal lobe
104. D) Frontal lobe
105. E) Occipital lobe

ANS: E           REF: 56         MOD: Module 2-3 The brain: Your crowning glory       MSC: applied

OBJ: 2.7     KEY: Apply, Identify, Define/Describe

101. Somatosensory information is processed by which lobe?
102. A) occipital
103. B) frontal
104. C) temporal
105. D) parietal
106. E) reticulartal

ANS: D           REF: 55         MOD: Module 2-3 The brain: Your crowning glory       MSC: factual

OBJ: 2.7     KEY: Identify, Define/Describe

102. Which brain structure is described as the connection between the two cerebral hemispheres?
103. A) cerebrum
104. B) basal ganglia
105. C) hippocampus
106. D) brain stem
107. E) corpus callosum

ANS: E            REF: 54         MOD: Module 2-3 The brain: Your crowning glory

MSC: conceptual     OBJ: 2.7                                KEY: Identify, Define/Describe

103. Following brain trauma, Takami has difficulty processing auditory stimuli. Based on this description, Takami probably suffered damage to which portion of her brain?
104. A) frontal lobe
105. B) parietal lobe
106. C) temporal lobe
107. D) occipital lobe
108. E) somatosensory lobe

ANS: C           REF: 56         MOD: Module 2-3 The brain: Your crowning glory       MSC: applied

OBJ: 2.7      KEY: Apply, Define/Describe

 

Chapter 4

Consciousness

iDEA MODEL™ OF CoURSE ASsESSMENT:

 KEYING TEST ITEMS TO ACQUIRED SKILLS

 

Skills Assessed	Test Items
Identify . . . pioneering figures in psychology, parts of the nervous system, sensory receptors for various senses, types of personality tests, types of psychological disorders, methods of treatment, etc.	6, 20, 21, 22, 23, 31, 32, 35, 50, 57, 58, 60, 65, 78, 87, 89, 94, 95, 98, 99, 103, 105, 108, 110, 111, 112, 113, 115, 116, 118, 121, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 130, 131, 133, 134, 139, 140, 141, 124, 143, 144, 145, 148, 150, 151, 155
Define or Describe . . . key concepts of sensation and perception, consciousness, learning, memory, cognition, motivation and emotion, personality, social psychology, health psychology, models of abnormal behavior and psychotherapy, etc.	1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 14, 19, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 59, 63, 64, 65, 66, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 88, 90, 127, 133, 136, 138
Evaluate or Explain . . . underlying processes and mechanisms of behavior and mental processes, research methods, theoretical concepts, etc.	5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 36, 37, 40, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56, 61, 62, 67, 73, 74, 75, 83, 84, 86, 91, 92, 93, 96, 97, 100, 101, 102, 104, 106, 107, 109, 114, 116, 117, 119, 120, 121, 122, 128, 129, 132, 135, 137, 138, 146, 147, 149, 151, 152, 153, 154
Apply. . . psychological concepts to real-life examples, including applications of psychological knowledge in daily life.	7, 8, 9, 12, 15, 17, 26, 27, 30, 33, 34, 35, 45, 52, 58, 59, 60, 66, 70, 72, 75, 79, 80, 81, 91, 92, 93, 97, 98, 104, 112, 120, 124, 143, 145, 149, 156, 158, 159, 160, 161

 

 

 

 

Learning Objectives

 

4.1             Define consciousness.

4.2             Explain how states of consciousness differ from each other.

4.3             Explain how the sleep–wake cycle is regulated.

4.4             Describe the characteristics of each stage of sleep and the brain wave patterns associated with each stage.

4.5             Describe the functions of sleep.

4.6             Describe the major theories of dreaming.

4.7             Evaluate the effects of sleep deprivation.

4.8             Identify and describe different types of sleep disorders.

4.9             Describe the effects of meditation and hypnosis.

4.10           Describe the major theories of hypnosis.

4.11           Explain the differences between physiological and psychological dependence and between drug abuse and drug dependence.

4.12           Identify various types of drugs and explain how they affect us.

4.13           Explain the development of alcohol and drug abuse problems in terms of psychological, biological, and sociocultural factors.

4.14           Apply behavioral techniques to developing healthier sleep habits.

 

 

 

mULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Psychologists refer to the state of awareness of ourselves and the world around us as
2. A)
3. B)
4. C)
5. D)
6. E)

ANS: C             REF: 126         MOD: Module 4-1 States of Consciousness       TYPE: factual

OBJ: 4.1       KEY: Define/Describe

2. Dr. James Williams, a psychology professor, was speaking to his class about his current state of awareness. In all likelihood he was speaking about the process of
3. A) divided attention.
4. B)
5. C)
6. D)
7. E)

ANS: E             REF: 126        MOD: Module 4-1 States of Consciousness       TYPE: factual

OBJ: 4.1       KEY: Define/Describe

 

3. According to the early psychologist William James, consciousness can best be described as
4. A) the collection of chopped-up bits of mental experience
5. B) a fixed state of mental contents.
6. C) a stream of thoughts.
7. D) our perception of objects in our visual field.
8. E) the difference between our thoughts and our experiences of the world.

ANS: C             REF: 126         MOD: Module 4-1 States of Consciousness       TYPE: factual

OBJ: 4.1       KEY: Define/Describe

 

4. In comparing consciousness to an ever-flowing river, the early psychologist William James was making the point that consciousness involves
5. A) a stream of thoughts.
6. B) a constant flow of excitations.
7. C) changing perceptions of objects we perceive.
8. D) our perception of objects in our visual field.
9. E) the change from moment to moment of our inner needs.

ANS: A             REF: 126         MOD: Module 4-1 States of Consciousness       TYPE: factual

OBJ: 4.1      KEY: Define/Describe                      NOT: www

5. Regarding consciousness, which of the following statements is FALSE?
6. A) Waking consciousness changes regularly throughout the day, ranging from focused awareness to divided consciousness to drifting consciousness.
7. B) Research on multitasking generally supports the common perception that “To do two things at once is to do neither.”
8. C) Negative ways of thinking act like mental filters in one’s consciousness that can skew how a person interprets and reacts to events in their lives.
9. D) Drifting consciousness often leads to daydreaming.
10. E) Since altered states of consciousness are produced by taking drugs, people should avoid attempting to change their states of consciousness.

ANS: E             REF: 126         MOD: Module 4-1 States of Consciousness       TYPE: factual

OBJ: 4.2       KEY: Evaluate/Explain

6. Who is generally regarded as the father of American psychology and recognized for his contributions to the study of consciousness?
7. A) Wilhelm Wundt
8. B) Sigmund Freud
9. C) William James
10. D) Alan Rechtschaffen
11. E) Ernest Hilgard

ANS: C             REF: 126         MOD: Module 4-1 States of Consciousness       TYPE: factual

KEY: Identify

7. Wylene is able to pay attention to street signs as she drives her pick-up truck, but is not aware of noises coming from the street and other vehicles. Wylene’s experience is an example of
8. A) focused awareness.
9. B) drifting consciousness.
10. C) conscious attention.
11. D) focused consciousness.
12. E) deep unconsciousness.

ANS: A             REF: 126         MOD: Module 4-1 States of Consciousness       TYPE: applied

OBJ: 4.2     KEY: Apply, Evaluate/Explain

8. Jonathan is in a state of focused awareness while he studies for his final exams. Jonathan’s consciousness can be described as all but which of the following?
9. A) fully alert
10. B) divided attention
11. C) wide awake
12. D) completely engrossed in his task
13. E) paying little attention to distracting internal stimuli

ANS: B             REF: 127         MOD: Module 4-1 States of Consciousness       TYPE: applied

OBJ: 4.2     KEY: Apply, Evaluate/Explain

9. Samantha simultaneously performs two different tasks, each of which demands some level of attention. Samantha’s state of consciousness is best described as
10. A) divided consciousness.
11. B)
12. C) selective consciousness.
13. D) drifting consciousness.
14. E) focused awareness.

ANS: A             REF: 127         MOD: Module 4-1 States of Consciousness       TYPE: factual

OBJ: 4.2     KEY: Apply, Evaluate/Explain

10. Daydreaming is most likely to occur during which type of consciousness?
11. A) divided
12. B) unconsciousness
13. C) focused
14. D) selective
15. E) drifting

ANS: E             REF: 127         MOD: Module 4-1 States of Consciousness       TYPE: conceptual

KEY: Define/Describe

11. Regarding daydreaming, which of the following statements is FALSE?
12. A) The majority of daydreams have sexual themes.
13. B) People are more prone to daydream when they are bored.
14. C) People are more prone to daydream when they are engaged in unstructured activities.
15. D) Most daydreams involve the mundane tasks of everyday life.
16. E) Daydreaming is a form of consciousness that occurs during a waking state.

ANS: A             REF: 127         MOD: Module 4-1 States of Consciousness       TYPE: factual

KEY: Evaluate/Explain

12. Nadia frequently drives home without paying attention to her route. This is an example of
13. A) automatic pilot.
14. B)
15. C) drifting consciousness.
16. D) focused concentration.
17. E)

ANS: A             REF: 127         MOD: Module 4-1 States of Consciousness       TYPE: applied

OBJ: 4.2     KEY: Apply, Evaluate/Explain                        NOT: www

 

13. Regarding the dangers of divided attention while driving, which of the following statements is FALSE?
14. A) Drivers are four times more likely to have an accident when they are talking on a cell phone than when they are not.
15. B) Driving while talking on a phone is about as dangerous as driving with a blood alcohol level at the legal limit.
16. C) Using a hands-free phone is a generally safe alternative to using a hand-held phone while driving.
17. D) The increased risk of accident from cell phone usage is due to the loss of concentration from engaging in conversation.
18. E) Eating, drinking, and interacting with passengers while driving are all dangerous behaviors.

ANS: C             REF: 127         MOD: Module 4-1 States of Consciousness       TYPE: factual

KEY: Evaluate/Explain

14. In a study reported in the text, Canadian drivers were asked to report distracted driving behaviors. Which behavior was most commonly reported for other drivers?
15. A) Disciplining children
16. B) Eating
17. C) Reading
18. D) Personal grooming
19. E) Using a cell phone

ANS: E             REF: 128         MOD: Module 4-1 States of Consciousness       TYPE: factual

KEY: Define/Describe

15. All but which of the following people are predicted to be experiencing an altered state of consciousness?
16. A) Lacey, who is in a long-distance marathon
17. B) Ethan, who is studying for exams
18. C) Adrienne, who is under hypnosis
19. D) Will, who is drinking alcohol and smoking marijuana
20. E) Taylor, who is meditating

ANS: B             REF: 128        MOD: Module 4-1 States of Consciousness       TYPE: applied

OBJ: 4.2                                KEY: Apply, Evaluate/Explain

16. In which state of consciousness should a person’s level of awareness or attention be the highest?
17. A) dreaming
18. B) drifting consciousness
19. C) divided consciousness
20. D) altered consciousness
21. E) focused awareness

ANS: E             REF: 126         MOD: Module 4-1 States of Consciousness       TYPE: conceptual

OBJ: 4.2     KEY: Evaluate/Explain

17. Which of the following people is experiencing a state of drifting consciousness?
18. A) Chandler is in the dreaming state of sleep.
19. B) Phoebe is engrossed in watching a movie.
20. C) Joey’s consciousness changes as he meditates.
21. D) Rachel is having hallucinations from taking drugs.
22. E) Ross is daydreaming while he waits to see the dentist.

ANS: E             REF: 126       MOD: Module 4-1 States of Consciousness       TYPE: applied

OBJ: 4.2     KEY: Apply, Evaluate/Explain

 

 

18. The pattern of fluctuations in bodily processes that occur regularly each day are called ______.
19. A) altered states of consciousness
20. B) biofeedback loops
21. C) circadian rhythms
22. D) homeostatic rhythms
23. E) ultradian rhythms

ANS: C             REF: 130         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual

KEY: Define/Describe

19. An area of the brain that regulates sleep-wake cycles is the
20. A) suprachiasmatic nucleus.
21. B)
22. C) pituitary gland.
23. D)
24. E) corpus callosum.

ANS: A             REF: 131         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual

OBJ: 4.3     KEY: Identify, Evaluate/Explain

20. The SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) works to regulate the sleep-wake cycles by means of
21. A) stimulating the hypothalamus to secrete melatonin.
22. B) stimulating the pituitary gland to release melatonin.
23. C) stimulating the pineal gland to release melatonin.
24. D) triggering the amygdala to activate the sleep cycle.
25. E) regulating the production of melatonin by the hippocampus.

ANS: C             REF: 131         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual

OBJ: 4.3     KEY: Identify, Evaluate/Explain

21. The hormone melatonin helps synchronize the sleep-wake cycle by means of
22. A) stimulating the hypothalamus to activate the sleep cycle.
23. B) triggering the SCN when the amount of light striking the retina declines.
24. C) traveling to the amygdala to activate the sleep cycle.
25. D) inducing feelings of drowsiness.
26. E) inducing alertness just preceding awakening.

ANS: D           REF: 131         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual

OBJ: 4.3     KEY: Identify, Evaluate/Explain     NOT: www

22. Which of the following statements about the SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) is FALSE?
23. A) It is sensitive to changes in the amount of light striking the retina.
24. B) It stimulates the pineal gland to release melatonin.
25. C) It is located in the hypothalamus.
26. D) It signals the amygdala to initiate sleep.
27. E) It is involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle.

ANS: D             REF: 131         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual

OBJ: 4.3     KEY: Identify, Evaluate/Explain

23. Regarding circadian rhythms, which of the following statements is FALSE?
24. A) Frequent time shifting can wreak havoc on circadian rhythms.
25. B) During exposure to light, melatonin production increases, helping us maintain wakefulness.
26. C) Light entering through the eye helps keep the body clock in sync with day and night.
27. D) Body temperature follows a circadian rhythm in which temperature falls a few degrees during the middle of the night.
28. E) Circadian rhythms are found in almost all species, including paramecia and trees.

ANS: B       REF: 131         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual

OBJ: 4.3     KEY: Evaluate/Explain

24. Jet lag has shown to be associated with all but which of the following?
25. A) disruptions to the sleep-wake cycle
26. B) irritability
27. C) fatigue
28. D) difficulties in concentration
29. E) decreases in daydreaming

ANS: E             REF: 131         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual

OBJ: 4.3     KEY: Evaluate/Explain

25. Nina’s pineal gland has been damaged. She can expect a disturbance in the release of the hormone
26. A)
27. B)
28. C)
29. D)
30. E)

ANS: D             REF: 131         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: applied

OBJ: 4.3     KEY: Apply, Evaluate/Explain

26. Sheila is awake and in an alert state. Sheila’s brain wave pattern should consist primarily of
27. A) alpha waves.
28. B) beta waves.
29. C) gamma waves.
30. D) delta waves.
31. E) small, irregular waves.

ANS: B             REF: 131         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: applied

OBJ: 4.4     KEY: Apply, Define/Describe

27. Beta brain waves are ______, and alpha brain waves are ______.
28. A) fast and low-amplitude; slow and rhythmic
29. B) slow and low-amplitude; fast and rhythmic
30. C) fast and high-amplitude; slow and rhythmic
31. D) slow and high-amplitude; fast and rhythmic
32. E) large and rhythmic; slow and rhythmic

ANS: A             REF: 131         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual

OBJ: 4.4     KEY: Define/Describe

28. In terms of brain waves, awake and alert is to ______ as awake and relaxed is to ______.
29. A) alpha; beta
30. B) beta; alpha
31. C) delta; alpha
32. D) delta; beta
33. E) beta; delta

ANS: B             REF: 131         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: conceptual

OBJ: 4.4     KEY: Define/Describe

29. Dr. Washington, a sleep researcher, looks at the EEG output of a participant from a sleep study. When Washington sees sleep spindles on the output, she indicates ______ on the paper.
30. A) Stage 1
31. B) Stage 2
32. C) Stage 3
33. D) Stage 4
34. E) REM

ANS: B             REF: 132         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: applied

OBJ: 4.4     KEY: Apply, Define/Describe           NOT: www

30. In which stage do you spend the majority of your sleep time?
31. A) Stage 1
32. B) Stage 2
33. C) Stage 3
34. D) Stage 4
35. E) REM

ANS: B             REF: 132         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: applied

OBJ: 4.4     KEY: Identify, Define/Describe

31. Sleep spindles are to ______ sleep as delta waves are to ______ sleep.
32. A) stage 1; stage 3
33. B) stage 3; stage 4
34. C) stage 2; REM
35. D) stage 1; REM
36. E) stage 2; stage 3

ANS: E             REF: 132         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: conceptual

OBJ: 4.4     KEY: Identify, Define/Describe

32. During the past hour, Gaylon has been experiencing slow-wave sleep. Based on this description, which stages of sleep has Gaylon likely experienced during this time?
33. A) Stages 1 and 2
34. B) Stages 4 and REM
35. C) Stages 3 and 4
36. D) Stages 2 and 3
37. E) REM and NREM

ANS: C             REF: 132         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: applied

OBJ: 4.4     KEY: Apply, Define/Describe

33. Other factors being equal, which of the following people should be hardest to awaken?
34. A) Mary Esther is in Stage 1 of sleep.
35. B) Sarah is in Stage 2 of sleep.
36. C) Randy is in Stage 3 of sleep.
37. D) Ed has just fallen asleep.
38. E) None of these; there are no differences in ability to awaken in the different stages of sleep.

ANS: C             REF: 1342        MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: applied

KEY: Apply

34. Monica is having a long, detailed dream. In which stage of sleep is Monica most likely to be?
35. A) Stage 1
36. B) Stage 2
37. C) Stage 3
38. D) Stage 4
39. E) REM

ANS: E             REF: 132        MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: applied

OBJ: 4.4     KEY: Apply, Identify, Define/Describe

35. Regarding REM sleep, which of the following statements is FALSE?
36. A) REM sleep is also called active sleep because the brain is more active during REM than NREM.
37. B) During REM sleep, muscle activity is blocked almost to the point of paralysis.
38. C) REM sleep is also called paradoxical sleep.
39. D) All dreams occur during REM sleep.
40. E) During REM sleep, a person’s eyes dart about under the closed eyelids.

ANS: D             REF: 132         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual

KEY: Evaluate/Explain

36. Compared to dreams during REM, NREM dreams are
37. A)
38. B) more frequent.
39. C) more thoughtlike.
40. D)
41. E) both longer and more frequent.

ANS: C             REF: 132         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: conceptual

KEY: Evaluate/Explain

37. Sleep cycles repeat about every ______ minutes, and the typical adult has ______ cycles per night.
38. A) 60; six to seven
39. B) 60; three to four
40. C) 90; four to five
41. D) 120; two to three
42. E) 90; two to three

ANS: C             REF: 132         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual

OBJ: 4.5     KEY: Define/Describe

38. Which of the following best describes REM sleep?
39. A) The deepest level of sleep
40. B) A state of light sleep with thought-like dreams
41. C) Dream sleep accompanied by increased muscle activity
42. D) State of resting quietly with the eyes closed
43. E) Sleep in which the brain becomes more active but muscle activity is blocked

ANS: E             REF: 132         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: conceptual

OBJ: 4.4     KEY: Define/Describe

39. Regarding sleep cycles, which of the following statements is FALSE?
40. A) In terms of brain activity, REM sleep is similar to ordinary wakefulness.
41. B) As the night progresses, the amount of time spent in REM sleep decreases.
42. C) The difference between Stage 3 and Stage 4 sleep is based on the proportion of delta waves present.
43. D) During sleep, brain waves vary in terms of intensity as well as speed.
44. E) During the night, Stage 4 sleep eventually disappears.

ANS: B             REF: 132         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual

KEY: Evaluate/Explain

40. In a research study presented in your text, participants who learned a word list in the evening before going to sleep and were tested in the morning had better recall of the word list than those who learned the material in the morning and tested in the evening. This research supports the idea that with respect to memory, sleep can be described as serving a(n) ______ function.
41. A) consolidation
42. B) protective
43. C) encoding
44. D) restorative
45. E) conservation

ANS: A             REF: 133         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: conceptual

OBJ: 4.5     KEY: Define/Describe

41. The textbook describes each of the following functions of sleep EXCEPT or
42. A) a memory consolidation function.
43. B) a protective function.
44. C) an encoding function.
45. D) a restorative function.
46. E) an energy conservation function.

ANS: C             REF: 133         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: conceptual

OBJ: 4.5     KEY: Define/Describe

42. The protective function of sleep refers to the role of sleep in
43. A) protecting the organism against disease.
44. B) protecting the animal from nighttime predators.
45. C) preventing depletion of bodily resources.
46. D) preventing the animal from injuring others.
47. E) protecting the environment.

ANS: B             REF: 133         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: conceptual

OBJ: 4.5     KEY: Define/Describe

43. All but which of the following are reasons that investigators have described for the functions of sleep?
44. A) Protection and survival
45. B) Energy conservation
46. C) Consolidation of newly formed memories
47. D) Restoration of bodily processes
48. E) Enhancement of ability to alter consciousness

ANS: E             REF: 133         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual

OBJ: 4.5     KEY: Define/Describe

44. Your best friend would like to investigate whether she can control the content of her dreams. Based on advice from your psychology text, you should recommend all but which of the following to her?
45. A) Upon going to sleep, give herself a reminder that she’d like to dream about a particular topic
46. B) Keep paper and a pen within reach of her bed.
47. C) As she is growing sleepier, resist letting her mind wander off.
48. D) Evaluate the results of her investigation after collecting her observations.
49. E) Immediately write down her dream’s content, whether she awakens in the morning or in the middle of the night.

ANS: C            REF: 135         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: applied

KEY: Apply

45. Your psychology professor argues that dreams represent an attempt by the cerebral cortex to make sense of the random discharges of electrical activity that occur during REM sleep. What perspective best describes your professor’s comments?
46. A) neodissociation theory
47. B) activation-synthesis hypothesis
48. C) psychodynamic theory
49. D) memory consolidation hypothesis
50. E) psychological dependence hypothesis

ANS: B            REF: 134         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: conceptual

OBJ: 4.6      KEY: Define/Describe

46. According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming, random electrical activity in the ________ is interpreted by the ________ to create a story line.
47. A) brainstem; cerebral cortex
48. B) cerebral cortex; brainstem
49. C) hippocampus; hypothalamus
50. D) hypothalamus; hippocampus
51. E) brainstem; thalamus

ANS: A            REF: 134         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual

OBJ: 4.6     KEY: Define/Describe

47. From a Freudian perspective, the purpose of dreams is to
48. A) consolidate memories and new learning.
49. B) sort through possible solutions to everyday problems.
50. C) fulfill underlying wishes.
51. D) discard unnecessary information.
52. E) reconcile urges.

ANS: C            REF: 135         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: conceptual

OBJ: 4.6     KEY: Define/Describe

48. In Freudian theory, the actual events that occur in a dream are referred to as its ______ content, while the underlying meaning of a dream is its ______ content.
49. A) unconscious; conscious
50. B) latent; manifest
51. C) conscious; subconscious
52. D) conscious; sexual
53. E) manifest; latent

ANS: E            REF: 135         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual

OBJ: 4.6     KEY: Define/Describe                        NOT: www

49. Who suggested that dreams help us sort through possible solutions to everyday problems and concerns?
50. A) Ernest Hartmann
51. B) Publilius Syrus
52. C) Sigmund Freud
53. D) William James
54. E) Alan Rechtschaffen

ANS: A            REF: 134         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual

KEY: Identify

50. Why do we dream?
51. A) To fulfill wishes of a sexual or aggressive nature.
52. B) To allow the cerebral cortex to make sense of random electrical activity during REM sleep.
53. C) To sort through problems and concerns and find solutions.
54. D) No one really knows.
55. E) To consolidate memories and new learning that occurred throughout the day.

ANS: D            REF: 133-135         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: conceptual

KEY: Evaluate/Explain

51. On many nights, Matilda claims to be able to decide in advance what she will dream about, as well as to be able to control her dreams as they occur. The term _____ is used to describe Matilda’s dreams.
52. A) abnormal
53. B) precognitive
54. C) latent
55. D) manifest
56. E) lucid

ANS: E            REF: 135         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: applied

KEY: Apply               NOT: www

52. Regarding sleep patterns across the life cycle, which of the following statements is FALSE?
53. A) Infants and children spend more time in REM sleep than adults.
54. B) By late adulthood, many people only require about six hours of sleep per night.
55. C) Contrary to the common perception, most high school students get the recommended amount of sleep for adolescents.
56. D) The average American sleeps less per night than the recommended amount.
57. E) Most adults require between seven and nine hours of sleep for their maximum functioning.

ANS: C            REF: 136            MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming      TYPE: factual

KEY: Evaluate/Explain

53. Regarding sleep deprivation, which of the following statements is FALSE?
54. A) Lifestyle factors contribute to many Americans’ sleep deprivation.
55. B) People are generally not able to “rebound” from REM deprivation.
56. C) Loss of sleep impairs learning ability and memory.
57. D) Sleep deprivation is one of the most common causes of motor vehicle accidents.
58. E) Prolonged periods of sleep deprivation increases the risk of developing high blood pressure.

ANS: B            REF: 136         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual

OBJ: 4.7     KEY: Evaluate/Explain

54. Regarding sleep deprivation, which of the following statements is TRUE?
55. A) Sleep deprivation is relatively uncommon.
56. B) Sleep deprivation tends to affect older adults but not young adults of college age.
57. C) People are generally not able to “rebound” from REM deprivation.
58. D) Loss of sleep impairs reaction times.
59. E) Even brief periods of sleep deprivation can increase the risk of developing high blood pressure.

ANS: D            REF: 136         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual

OBJ: 4.7     KEY: Evaluate/Explain

55. If you were sleep deprived, which of the following would you expect to be affected?
56. A) reaction time
57. B) concentration and memory
58. C) academic performance
59. D) concentration, memory, and academic performance
60. E) reaction time, concentration, and memory

ANS: E            REF: 136         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: conceptual

OBJ: 4.7     KEY: Evaluate/Explain

56. What is the most common sleep disorder?
57. A) sleep terror disorder
58. B) narcolepsy
59. C) sleepwalking disorder
60. D) insomnia
61. E) sleep apnea

ANS: D        REF: 136                MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual

OBJ: 4.8     KEY: Identify

57. Some nights Chang has problems falling asleep. Other nights, he wakes up several times during the night and has difficulty returning to sleep. Chang likely suffers from which sleep disorder?
58. A) insomnia
59. B) nightmare disorder
60. C) narcolepsy
61. D) sleepwalking
62. E) sleep apnea

ANS: A            REF: 136         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: applied

OBJ: 4.8     KEY: Apply, Identify

 

58. Mr. Grammarcy has been having trouble sleeping at night, and his lack of sleep is beginning to interfere with his ability to function properly during the day. He’s concerned that he may lose his job in the next round of lay-offs at his company. He is also having marital problems. He tends to lay awake at night, worrying about these problems and thinking about what he can do to resolve these issues.  Based on the discussion in the text, Mr. Grammarcy should understand that _____.
59. A) worrying increases one’s bodily arousal, which can prevent normal sleep
60. B) daily hassles and concerns do not normally interfere with normal sleep, so he should look for a medical reason for his insomnia
61. C) when his marital issues are resolved, his sleep pattern will return to normal, regardless of his concerns about his job
62. D) sleep is a natural function that cannot be forced without medical intervention or biofeedback training
63. E) sleeping pills, used according to directions, will resolve his sleep problems

ANS: A            REF: 137       MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: applied

OBJ: 4.8     KEY: Apply, Define/Describe

59. Kendra has a sleep disorder in which she suddenly falls into “sleep attacks” during the daytime. What is the name of Kendra’s disorder?
60. A) REM sleep disorder
61. B) Sleep apnea
62. C) Sleep terror disorder
63. D) Nightmare disorder
64. E) Narcolepsy

ANS: E            REF: 137            MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: applied

OBJ: 4.8     KEY: Apply, Identify

60. Scientists believe that narcolepsy is caused by
61. A) an overactive thyroid gland.
62. B) loss of brain cells in the hypothalamus.
63. C) an underactive thyroid gland.
64. D) loss of brain cells in the reticular system.
65. E) substance abuse.

ANS: B            REF: 137        MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual

KEY: Evaluate/Explain          NOT: www

61. Which statement best describes effective treatment of sleep disorders?
62. A) Sleep medications are the most effective short- and long-term treatment for sleep disorders.
63. B) Sleep medications can be used for long periods of time to treat severe sleep disorders.
64. C) Cognitive-behavioral techniques are as effective as sleep medication in treating insomnia in the short-term, but not in the long-run.
65. D) Cognitive-behavioral techniques are as effective as sleep medication in treating insomnia, and they are more effective in the long-run.
66. E) Unknown; researchers have yet to investigate and identify the best methods for treating sleep disorders.

ANS: D            REF: 138         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual

KEY: Evaluate/Explain

62. Which of the following best describes sleep apnea?
63. A) Repeated episodes of intense fear during sleep causing sudden awakening in a terrified state
64. B) Sudden unexplained sleep attacks during the day
65. C) Difficulty falling asleep, remaining asleep, or returning to sleep
66. D) A state of dreaming in which the dreamer is aware that s/he is dreaming
67. E) Temporary cessation of breathing during sleep

ANS: E            REF: 137         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual

OBJ: 4.8     KEY: Define/Describe

 

63. Winston is an eight-year-old child who has recently started having sleep problems. He frequently wakes at night, sitting up in his bed and screaming loudly. His mother reports that he seems dazed, or ‘out of it’, and can rarely remember more than one or two fragmentary dream images that don’t seem to make sense. Winston probably is suffering from _____.
64. A) narcolepsy
65. B) sleep apnea
66. C) nightmare disorder
67. D) sleep terror disorder
68. E) sleepwalking disorder

ANS: E            REF: 137         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual

OBJ: 4.8     KEY: Define/Describe

 

64. In general, nightmare disorder occurs in ______ sleep, while sleep terror disorder occurs in ______ sleep.
65. A) Stage 1; Stage 2
66. B) REM; Stage 2
67. C) REM; Stage 3 or 4
68. D) Stage 2; Stage 3 or 4
69. E) Stage 2; REM

ANS: C            REF: 137        MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual

OBJ: 4.8        KEY: Identify, Define/Describe

 

65. Kelsey has a sleep disorder in which she suddenly wakes up in the night with a panicky scream. She is only able to remember fragments of her dream images, and she is dazed and frightened upon awakening. Which sleep disorder does Kelsey most likely have?
66. A) Sleepwalking disorder
67. B) Nightmare disorder
68. C) Narcolepsy
69. D) Sleep apnea
70. E) Sleep terror disorder

ANS: E            REF: 137        MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: applied

OBJ: 4.8     KEY: Apply, Define/Describe

66. Regarding sleepwalking disorder, which of the following statements is FALSE?
67. A) Sleepwalking disorder occurs more often in children than in adults, and about 5 percent of children have the disorder.
68. B) Sleepwalking generally occurs during deep, NREM sleep.
69. C) Awakening a sleepwalker can be harmful.
70. D) Sleepwalkers do not usually remember their nighttime wanderings.
71. E) Sleepwalkers can have accidents during their nighttime wanderings.

ANS: C            REF: 137         MOD: Module 4-2 Sleeping and Dreaming       TYPE: factual

OBJ: 4.8     KEY: Evaluate/Explain

 

67. Addison has decided to learn transcendental meditation (TM).  She will be given training in _____.
68. A) how to use a repeated sound to focus her attention
69. B) how to focus her attention on her unfolding experience
70. C) how to control her breathing and relax the muscles in her body
71. D) how to place herself in a state of deep relaxation and heightened suggestibility
72. E) how to position her body into particular postures to focus her attention

ANS: A             REF: 139         MOD: Module 4-3 Altering Consciousness Through Meditation and Hypnosis       TYPE: applied            KEY: Apply, Define/Describe

68. In meditation, a mantra is a
69. A) type of dance.
70. B) sound or phrase.
71. C) type of song.
72. D) breathing technique.
73. E) seating position.

ANS: B             REF: 139        MOD: Module 4-3 Altering Consciousness Through Meditation and Hypnosis       TYPE: factual            KEY: Describe

69. Christiana alters her consciousness through focusing her attention on her breathing to achieve a peaceful, relaxed state. During this state, Christiana attempts to adopt a nonjudgmental state in which she has awareness of the moment. Which technique best describes what Christiana is doing?
70. A) Hypnosis
71. B) Transcendental meditation
72. C) Mindfulness meditation
73. D) Daydreaming
74. E) Biofeedback

ANS: C             REF: 139         MOD: Module 4-3 Altering Consciousness Through meditation and hypnosis       TYPE: factual     OBJ: 4.9               KEY: Apply,         Define/Describe

70. Meditation is useful in treating each of the following EXCEPT
71. A) high blood pressure.
72. B) substance abuse.
73. C) chronic pain.
74. D)
75. E) stress-related disorders.

ANS: D             REF: 140       MOD: Module 4-3 Altering Consciousness Through Meditation and Hypnosis       TYPE: conceptual    OBJ: 4.9     KEY: Define/Describe, Evaluate/Explain

71. Hypnosis can be described by all of the following EXCEPT
72. A) focused attention.
73. B) deep relaxation.
74. C)
75. D) heightened suggestibility.
76. E) an altered state of consciousness.

ANS: C             REF: 144         MOD: Module 4-3 Altering Consciousness Through meditation and hypnosis                 TYPE: conceptual            OBJ: 4.9                                KEY: Define/Describe, Evaluate/Explain NOT: www

72. During hypnosis, Gail’s hypnotist tells her that she will have an increased desire to drink water and eat healthy food. This describes what type of hypnotic experience?
73. A) hypnotic regression
74. B) hypnotic analgesia
75. C) posthypnotic amnesia
76. D) distortions of reality
77. E) posthypnotic suggestion

ANS: E             REF: 140         MOD: Module 4-3 Altering Consciousness Through meditation and hypnosis       TYPE: applied     OBJ: 4.9               KEY: Apply, Define/Describe

73. In hypnosis, reliving of past events is described as
74. A) posthypnotic suggestion.
75. B) posthypnotic amnesia.
76. C) hypnotic analgesia.
77. D) hypnotic age regression.
78. E) hypnotic time distortion.

ANS: D             REF: 140         MOD: Module 4-3 Altering Consciousness Through meditation and hypnosis       TYPE: conceptual             OBJ: 4.9                           KEY: Define/Describe

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

74. The role-playing model of hypnosis proposes that the effects of hypnosis can best be understood in terms of _____.
75. A) a social interaction between a hypnotist and a willing person who assumes the role of a “good” subject by following the hypnotist’s directions and suggestions
76. B) a social interaction between a hypnotist and a willing person who enters a trance state that is marked by an increase in their suggestibility
77. C) a social interaction between a hypnotist and a willing person that leads to a dissociative state on the part of the hypnotic subject
78. D) a social interaction between a hypnotist and a willing person that leads the hypnotic subject to engage in imaginative responses to the hypnotist’s suggestions
79. E) a social interaction between a hypnotist and a willing person that leads the hypnotic subject to remain detached from the experience, but aware of the experience and everything that happens

ANS: A             REF: 140         MOD: Module 4-3 Altering Consciousness Through meditation and hypnosis       TYPE: conceptual              OBJ: 4.9                           KEY: Define/Describe

 

75. Negative and positive hallucinations describe which hypnotic experience?
76. A) hypnotic age regression
77. B) hypnotic analgesia
78. C) posthypnotic amnesia
79. D) distortions of reality
80. E) posthypnotic suggestion

ANS: D             REF: 140        MOD: Module 4-3 Altering Consciousness Through Meditation and Hypnosis       TYPE: conceptual             OBJ: 4.9          KEY: Identify, Define/Describe

76. Which psychologist can be described as working from the role-playing model of hypnosis?
77. A) Amin says, “Hypnosis is a social interaction between a hypnotist and a subject.”
78. B) Birnbaum says, “Hypnosis is an altered state of awareness characterized by heightened suggestibility.”
79. C) Chestnut says, “Hypnosis involves a state of dissociated consciousness.”
80. D) Davison says, “In hypnosis, part of the subject’s consciousness remains a hidden observer.”
81. E) Evans says, “Hypnosis is a trance state.”

ANS: A            REF: 140         MOD: Module 4-3 Altering Consciousness Through Meditation and Hypnosis       TYPE: applied     OBJ: 4.10   KEY: Apply, Define/Describe

77. Which psychologist can be described as working from the role-playing model of hypnosis?
78. A) Amin says, “Hypnosis is a social interaction between a hypnotist and a subject.”
79. B) Birnbaum says, “Hypnosis is an altered state of awareness characterized by heightened suggestibility.”
80. C) Chestnut says, “Hypnosis involves a state of dissociated consciousness.”
81. D) Davison says, “In hypnosis, part of the subject’s consciousness remains a hidden observer.”
82. E) Evans says, “Hypnosis is a trance state.”

ANS: A            REF: 140         MOD: Module 4-3 Altering Consciousness Through Meditation and Hypnosis       TYPE: applied     OBJ: 4.10   KEY: Apply, Define/Describe

78. Which psychologist can be described as working from a trance theory of hypnosis?
79. A) Amin says, “Hypnosis is a social interaction between a hypnotist and a subject.”
80. B) Birnbaum says, “Hypnosis is an altered state of awareness characterized by heightened suggestibility.”
81. C) Chestnut says, “Hypnosis involves a splitting of consciousness.”
82. D) Davison says, “In hypnosis, part of the subject’s consciousness remains a hidden observer.”
83. E) Evans says, “Hypnosis involves an altered state of awareness characterized by heightened suggestibility.”

ANS: E            REF: 140         MOD: Module 4-3 Altering Consciousness Through Meditation and Hypnosis       TYPE: applied     OBJ: 4.10   KEY: Apply,   Define/Describe

79. ______ theory describes hypnosis as a phenomenon in which one’s consciousness divides or splits.
80. A) Neodissociation
81. B) Role-playing
82. C) Hidden observer
83. D) Parapsychological
84. E) Activation-synthesis

ANS: A            REF: 145         MOD: Module 4-3 Altering Consciousness Through Meditation and Hypnosis       TYPE: factual     OBJ: 4.10   KEY: Define/Describe

80. Regarding hypnosis, which of the following statements is FALSE?
81. A) Response to hypnotic suggestions has more to do with the person being hypnotized than the hypnotist’s skills.
82. B) Hypnosis has a legitimate therapeutic role in treating a wide range of problems from anxiety to excess weight.
83. C) Hypnosis can help people cope with stress and pain.
84. D) Hypnosis can lead people to commit illegal acts that they find repulsive.
85. E) Most people can be hypnotized to some extent.

ANS: D            REF: 145         MOD: Module 4-3 Altering Consciousness Through Meditation and Hypnosis       TYPE: factual           KEY: Evaluate/Explain

81. Characteristics of a highly hypnotizable person include all of the following EXCEPT
82. A) well-developed fantasy life.
83. B) a tendency toward depression.
84. C) vivid sense of imagination.
85. D) tendency to be forgetful.
86. E) positive attitude toward hypnosis.

ANS: B            REF: 141        MOD: Module 4-3 Altering Consciousness Through Meditation and Hypnosis       TYPE: factual             KEY: Evaluate/Explain

 

82. Regarding psychoactive drugs, which of the following statements is FALSE?
83. A) Among adult Americans, marijuana is the most widely used illicit drug.
84. B) The most commonly used drugs are alcohol and tobacco.
85. C) About ten percent of Americans currently use illicit drugs.
86. D) The most popular reason for using drugs is to change levels of alertness.
87. E) Psychoactive drugs are chemical substances that act on the brain to affect emotional or mental states.

ANS: D             REF: 143        MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs

TYPE: factual           KEY: Evaluate/Explain

83. About what proportion of U.S. adults have used an illicit drug at some point in their lives?
84. A) 1/10
85. B) 1/5
86. C) 1/4
87. D) 1/3
88. E) 1/2

ANS: E             REF: 143         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs

TYPE: factual           KEY: Identify

84. People who abuse more than one drug at a time are called
85. A)
86. B)
87. C) multi-abusers.
88. D)
89. E)

ANS: B             REF: 143         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs

TYPE: factual           KEY: Define/Describe

85. Maladaptive or dangerous use of a chemical substance is referred to as
86. A) drug abuse.
87. B) drug dependence.
88. C) physiological dependence.
89. D) chemical dependence.
90. E) drug tolerance.

ANS: A             REF: 143         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs

TYPE: factual           KEY: Identify      NOT: www

86. Impaired control over the use of a drug is called
87. A) drug abuse.
88. B) drug dependence.
89. C) physiological dependence.
90. D) chemical dependence.
91. E) drug tolerance.

ANS: B             REF: 143         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs

TYPE: factual           OBJ: 4.11              KEY: Define/Describe

87. After repeatedly using a drug over six months, Elian’s body chemistry has changed such that it depends on having a steady supply of the drug. Elian has developed
88. A)
89. B) psychological dependence.
90. C) physiological dependence.
91. D) reverse tolerance.
92. E)

ANS: C             REF: 143         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs

TYPE: applied           OBJ: 4.11              KEY: Apply, Evaluate/Explain

 

88. Fred has developed a physiological dependence on nicotine. This means that _____.
89. A) his body chemistry has changed and he is likely to experience withdrawal syndrome if he stops using nicotine
90. B) his body chemistry has changed, but he will not experience significant withdrawal syndrome if he stops using nicotine
91. C) his body chemistry has not changed, but he is likely to experience withdrawal syndrome if he stops using nicotine
92. D) he has come to rely on nicotine to alleviate his feelings of anxiety when he is around his mother-in-law, but this will not create significant withdrawal symptoms if he stops using nicotine
93. E) his body chemistry has not changed, and he will not experience significant withdrawal syndrome if he stops using nicotine

ANS: A             REF: 143        MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs

TYPE: conceptual    OBJ: 4.11              KEY: Apply, Evaluate/Explain                        NOT: www

 

 

 

 

 

 

89. Barney has developed a psychological dependence on alcohol, but not a physiological dependence. This means that _____.
90. A) his body chemistry has changed and he is likely to experience withdrawal syndrome if he stops using alcohol
91. B) his body chemistry has changed, but he will not experience significant withdrawal syndrome if he stops using alcohol
92. C) his body chemistry has not changed, but he is likely to experience withdrawal syndrome if he stops using alcohol
93. D) he has come to rely on alcohol to alleviate his feelings of anxiety when he is around his mother-in-law, but this will not create significant withdrawal symptoms if he stops using alcohol
94. E) his body chemistry has not changed, and he will not experience significant withdrawal syndrome if he stops using alcohol

ANS: D             REF: 143         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs

TYPE: applied           OBJ: 4.11              KEY: Apply, Evaluate/Explain

90. Reduction of central nervous system activity is the defining feature of
91. A)
92. B)
93. C)
94. D)
95. E) stimulants and amphetamines.

ANS: C             REF: 144         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs

TYPE: factual           OBJ: 4.12              KEY: Identify

91. All but which of the following are depressants?
92. A) alcohol
93. B) barbiturates
94. C) tranquilizers
95. D) mescaline
96. E) opioids

ANS: D             REF: 144         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs

TYPE: factual           OBJ: 4.12              KEY: Identify

92. Regarding alcohol, which of the following statements is FALSE?
93. A) Alcohol accounts for more than 100,000 deaths per year in the United States.
94. B) Alcohol is classified as a depressant, specifically, an intoxicant.
95. C) Alcohol plays a role in approximately one in three suicides and accidental deaths in the S.
96. D) Women usually become intoxicated at lower doses of alcohol than men do.
97. E) Alcohol has an inhibiting effect, which may lead to impulsive behavior.

ANS: E             REF: 145         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs

TYPE: factual           OBJ: 4.12              KEY: Evaluate/Explain

93. You see your friend Leonid at a party. He is talking loudly and slurring his words. He also has trouble maintaining his balance. Leonid is probably under the influence of
94. A)
95. B)
96. C)
97. D)
98. E)

ANS: C             REF: 145         MOD: Module 4-4 Altering Consciousness Through Drugs

TYPE: applied           OBJ: 4.12              KEY: Apply, Evaluate/Explain