Description
Essentials of Understanding Abnormal Behavior 2nd Edition by David Sue – Test Bank
Sample Questions
Instant Download With Answers
CHAPTER 2: MODELS OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
MULTIPLE CHOICE
- What is the term psychologists use to describe the causes of abnormal behavior?
| a. | genesis | c. | psychiatric underpinnings |
| b. | etiology | d. | psychological underpinnings |
ANS: B REF: Introduction
OBJ: 1 MSC: Factual
- Models are often utilized by scientists to ____.
| a. | provide a clear and definitive explanation for a phenomenon |
| b. | help conceptualize the cause of a phenomenon |
| c. | directly observe a phenomenon |
| d. | infer a phenomenon to something more abstract |
ANS: B REF: One-Dimensional Models of Mental Disorders
OBJ: 1 MSC: Conceptual
- Which of the following would be a biological explanation of psychopathology?
| a. | family interactions | c. | early childhood experiences |
| b. | neurological dysfunctions | d. | behaviors learned in the environment |
ANS: B REF: One-Dimensional Models of Mental Disorders
OBJ: 1 MSC: Factual
- An assumption of the multipath model of abnormality is that ____.
| a. | the biological perspective best explains the complexities of human behavior |
| b. | most psychological disorders are due to one or two primary factors |
| c. | biological, psychological, social, and sociocultural factors contribute equally to most psychological disorders |
| d. | different individuals exposed to different factors may develop similar mental disorders |
ANS: D REF: A Multipath Model of Mental Disorders
OBJ: 2 MSC: Factual
- Dr. Al-Suwaidi explains his clients’ psychological problems by considering biological, psychological, social, and sociocultural explanations. He is using what the text refers to as the ____ model.
| a. | multipath | c. | multicultural |
| b. | biopsychosocial | d. | integrative |
ANS: A REF: A Multipath Model of Mental Disorders
OBJ: 2 MSC: Applied
- Forebrain is to ____ as hindbrain is to ____.
| a. | alertness and attention; language, thought, and memory |
| b. | serotonin; dopamine |
| c. | higher mental functions; functions such as sleep, heart rate, and respiration |
| d. | visual and spatial abilities; emotions and motivation |
ANS: C REF: Dimension One: Biological Factors
OBJ: 3 MSC: Factual
- The function of neural dendrites is to ____.
| a. | release neurotransmitters |
| b. | receive signals from other neurons |
| c. | bind to receptors of other neurons |
| d. | trigger synaptic excitation of other neurons |
ANS: B REF: Dimension One: Biological Factors
OBJ: 3 MSC: Factual
- Which statement about neurotransmitters is accurate?
| a. | Neurotransmitters are released by dendrites. |
| b. | Drugs that block or facilitate neurotransmitter activity can alleviate symptoms of mental disorders. |
| c. | Neurotransmitters consistently have an excitatory effect on the human nervous system. |
| d. | Neurotransmitters send neural impulses to axons of receiving neurons. |
ANS: B REF: Dimension One: Biological Factors
OBJ: 3 MSC: Factual
- Dopamine is related to several mental disorders. An excess of dopamine may be related to ____.
| a. | depression |
| b. | schizophrenia |
| c. | Parkinson’s disease |
| d. | anxiety |
ANS: B REF: Dimension One: Biological Factors
OBJ: 3 MSC: Conceptual
- Because Joan suffers from depression, Dr. Adler has prescribed a medication that alters sensitivity and receptivity to ____ at the receptor sites in her brain.
| a. | serotonin | c. | dopamine |
| b. | GABA | d. | acetylcholine |
ANS: A REF: Dimension One: Biological Factors
OBJ: 3 MSC: Applied
- Autonomic nervous system reactivity in humans appears to be ____.
| a. | learned | c. | inherited |
| b. | psychogenic | d. | related to dopamine activity |
ANS: C REF: Dimension One: Biological Factors
OBJ: 3 MSC: Factual
- A person’s observable physical or behavioral characteristics are the ____.
| a. | same as their genotype | c. | result of environmental factors only |
| b. | result of inheritance only | d. | same as their phenotype |
ANS: D REF: Dimension One: Biological Factors
OBJ: 3 MSC: Factual
- Which statement about the biological model is accurate?
| a. | It has helped find effective drugs for treating disorders. |
| b. | It has received support from the diathesis-stress theory. |
| c. | It has shown that mental disorders are almost always caused by structural abnormalities in the brain. |
| d. | It has proven that inheritance is the direct cause of most disorders. |
ANS: A REF: Dimension One: Biological Factors
OBJ: 3 MSC: Conceptual
- The scientific field that studies the effects of drugs on the mind and behavior is called ____.
| a. | psychopharmaceuticals | c. | psychopharmacology |
| b. | pharmaceuticals | d. | pharmacology |
ANS: C REF: Dimension One: Biological Factors
OBJ: 3 MSC: Factual
- Which drug is most likely to be prescribed for a patient suffering from a mood disorder?
| a. | antipsychotic | c. | antidepressant |
| b. | antimanic | d. | antianxiety |
ANS: C REF: Dimension One: Biological Factors
OBJ: 3 MSC: Factual
- The two main distinguishing ideas in the psychodynamic model are that ____.
| a. | disorders result from childhood experiences and anxieties operate unconsciously |
| b. | the causes of disorders are largely conscious and culture determines the expression of symptoms of disorders |
| c. | diathesis is a predisposition to develop an illness and stress is an environmental factor that triggers the illness |
| d. | abnormalities are inherited and the symptoms start with a biological basis |
ANS: A REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual
- Joseph, a student in the abnormal psychology class, says, “Why are we studying Freud? All he ever talked about was sex and his theory is totally outdated!” What would a valid response from his professor be?
| a. | “I agree. Your assessment of Freud’s theory is correct.” |
| b. | “Let me show you how all of Freud’s theories have been supported by modern research.” |
| c. | “Freud’s focus on early childhood experiences, the role of the unconscious, and the use of insight continue to assert a pervasive impact on mental health practice.” |
| d. | “Freud’s emphasis on sexuality as a precipitating factor in all mental disorders has been found to be totally valid.” |
ANS: C REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied
- Two characters on the “Star Trek” television series, Mr. Spock and Commander Data, are completely logical. They make their decisions on the basis of realistic considerations, not emotions or moral judgment. From a psychodynamic perspective, their personalities are entirely based on their ____.
| a. | ego | c. | superego |
| b. | id | d. | ego ideal |
ANS: A REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied
- Thuy is faced with a dilemma: She lives in a war-torn country in which for years, the economy has been severely disrupted. In order to feed herself and her children, she steals food, but she feels a great sense of guilt when she does. According to Freud, the personality structure involved in stealing food is the ____, whereas the one involved in guilt feelings is the ____.
| a. | id; ego | c. | superego; id |
| b. | ego; superego | d. | conscience; ego ideal |
ANS: B REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied
- Jason exploits other people and never feels guilty about it. He rarely helps other people and feels no pride when he does. According to psychodynamic thinking, Jason has ____.
| a. | an underdeveloped superego | c. | too much ego ideal |
| b. | an underdeveloped ego | d. | no id |
ANS: A REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied
- According to Freud, the two most important instincts in people are ____.
| a. | pleasure and reality | c. | sex and aggression |
| b. | responsibility and irresponsibility | d. | fear and happiness |
ANS: C REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual
- Dr. Young says, “My client faced such severe traumas in her first two years of life that her emotional development was arrested in that period. The result is that although she is 29 years old, she is passive and feels helpless.” Dr. Young is describing the psychodynamic concept of ____.
| a. | reaction formation | c. | resistance |
| b. | transference | d. | fixation |
ANS: D REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied
- According to the psychodynamic model, people use unconscious strategies to protect their egos from anxieties. These strategies are called ____.
| a. | defense mechanisms | c. | ego distortions |
| b. | anti-anxiety mechanisms | d. | reaction formations |
ANS: A REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual
- Constance is instructed by her therapist to say whatever comes to mind, even if it is illogical or embarrassing. Her therapist is using which psychodynamic technique?
| a. | dream analysis | c. | resistance |
| b. | free association | d. | catharsis |
ANS: B REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied
- After three sessions, Molly decided she was madly in love with Dr. Arnold. As a psychoanalyst, Dr. Arnold would most likely ____.
| a. | discontinue their sessions |
| b. | interpret her feelings as a way to understand important relationships in her life |
| c. | encourage her feelings as a way to help her feel secure in her relationships |
| d. | refer her to another therapist |
ANS: B REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied
- Patients in psychoanalysis unconsciously attempt to impede their treatment by preventing exposure of repressed material. This process is referred to as ____.
| a. | transference | c. | projection |
| b. | suppression | d. | resistance |
ANS: D REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Conceptual
- Defense mechanisms ____.
| a. | operate consciously | c. | are used only by neurotic people |
| b. | protect individuals from anxiety | d. | provide a realistic perspective |
ANS: B REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Conceptual
- Which model of psychopathology considers unconscious influences to be the motivation for behavior?
| a. | existential | c. | cognitive |
| b. | psychodynamic | d. | humanistic |
ANS: B REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual
- Unlike traditional psychoanalysts, contemporary psychodynamic theories tend to ____.
| a. | deemphasize sexual motivation as the cause of behavior |
| b. | view all behavior as originating predominantly from conscious thought |
| c. | deemphasize the importance of personal choice and future goals |
| d. | feel that talking in therapy is a waste of time |
ANS: A REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Conceptual
- Erik Erikson, Carl Jung, and Alfred Adler were all considered ____.
| a. | behaviorists | c. | humanists |
| b. | cognitive psychologists | d. | psychodynamic theorists |
ANS: D REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual
- Which statement about object-relations therapy is accurate?
| a. | It rejects the importance of childhood experience as a cause of adult disorder. |
| b. | It is a cognitive approach used to understand family dynamics. |
| c. | It is a psychodynamic idea involving the exploration of past interpersonal relationships. |
| d. | It employs a humanistic-existential set of concepts. |
ANS: C REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Conceptual
- Of the following, which client would be most likely to benefit from psychoanalysis?
| a. | A poor person with limited verbal skills | c. | A well-educated anxious young man |
| b. | An older woman in immediate crisis | d. | A psychotic older man |
ANS: C REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Conceptual
- Dr. O’Brien says, “Psychodynamic theory has had a significant impact on psychology because it is based largely on observations in controlled conditions. Further, the theory emphasizes freedom of choice, and the therapy is effective with all disorders.” Which part of Dr. O’Brien’s statement is accurate?
| a. | Psychodynamic therapy is effective with all disorders. |
| b. | Psychoanalysis has had a significant impact on psychology. |
| c. | Psychodynamic theory is based on observations in controlled conditions. |
| d. | Psychodynamic theory emphasizes freedom of choice. |
ANS: B REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied
- Which of the following is an accurate statement about psychodynamic theory?
| a. | It is gynocentric. |
| b. | Freud’s research methodology was advanced for his time. |
| c. | The theory can be applied to a wide range of disturbed people. |
| d. | Its use of insight continues to influence the field of mental health. |
ANS: D REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Conceptual
- A psychologist who sees a client’s problems as caused by a lack of useful, productive behaviors and lack of consequences following inappropriate actions probably supports which model of psychopathology?
| a. | existential | c. | behavioral |
| b. | psychodynamic | d. | humanistic |
ANS: C REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Conceptual
- Dr. White says, “Psychopathology is learned through a person’s interactions with his or her environment.” Dr. White’s statement best reflects which psychological model?
| a. | behavioral | c. | cognitive |
| b. | psychodynamic | d. | biological |
ANS: A REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied
- Classical conditioning is a form of associative learning. What exactly is associated?
| a. | Internal models of the world and behavior |
| b. | A neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus |
| c. | A behavior and its consequence |
| d. | Unconscious motivations and internal needs |
ANS: B REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Conceptual
- Assume that if a loud siren is sounded, any newborn infant will automatically scream. In classical conditioning terminology, the siren is a(n) ____.
| a. | conditioned response | c. | unconditioned stimulus |
| b. | unconditioned response | d. | conditioned stimulus |
ANS: C REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Conceptual
- Which statement about classical conditioning is accurate?
| a. | It was first described by Edward Thorndike after observing the behavior of cats. |
| b. | It assumes that behavior is controlled by its consequences. |
| c. | It explains most human behavior. |
| d. | It was discovered by Ivan Pavlov when he was studying the digestive processes of dogs. |
ANS: D REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Conceptual
- In his original experiments, Pavlov paired a bell tone with the presentation of food. After a while, the bell tone alone could provoke salivation. By the time this happened, the ____.
| a. | bell had become a conditioned stimulus |
| b. | food had become a conditioned stimulus |
| c. | animal had lost interest in the food |
| d. | salivation had become an unconditioned response |
ANS: A REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual
- Which statement about classical conditioning is accurate?
| a. | The conditioned response is a response the organism makes automatically when in the presence of the UCS. |
| b. | Classical conditioning does not occur unless the associated stimuli are reinforced. |
| c. | A reliable pairing of the UCS and the UCR leads to learning. |
| d. | Classical conditioning involves involuntary responses. |
ANS: D REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Conceptual
- Watson and Rayner’s famous research in classical conditioning was designed to explain the development of ____.
| a. | cognitive disorders | c. | phobias |
| b. | neuroses | d. | depression |
ANS: C REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual
- Classical conditioning has been useful in the field of abnormal psychology primarily by ____.
| a. | explaining the acquisition of phobias and other human behaviors |
| b. | emphasizing the voluntary nature of human behavior |
| c. | exploring how abnormal behavior is learned through observation of disturbed models |
| d. | demonstrating the importance of the consequences of behavior |
ANS: A REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual
- Erin has an exaggerated fear of flying. She refuses to board an airplane and avoids airports altogether. This is an example of associative learning, so which type of therapy is most likely to be helpful in her case?
| a. | cognitive | c. | modeling |
| b. | classical conditioning | d. | psychodynamic |
ANS: B REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied
- Unlike behaviors in classical conditioning, operant behaviors are ____.
| a. | learned by observing others | c. | voluntary and controllable |
| b. | unconscious | d. | instinctive |
ANS: C REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual
- Patty knows that if she cries, she will get her way. Paul knows that if he cries he will be ignored. Which model of behavior suggests that Patty will increase her crying and Paul will decrease his crying?
| a. | classical conditioning | c. | psychodynamic theory |
| b. | operant conditioning | d. | observational learning |
ANS: B REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied
- A common myth about behavioral approaches assumes that ____.
| a. | people are completely the products of their conditioning histories |
| b. | people are active participants in the developmental process |
| c. | people are overwhelmed by their free will |
| d. | people are greatly affected by their internal mental life. |
ANS: A REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual
- Which of the following is the best example of operant conditioning?
| a. | A man gets nauseated when he smells the same kind of food that once caused him food poisoning. |
| b. | A man asks for a raise because, in the past, his requests were successful. |
| c. | A woman has been frightened by thunderstorms all her life. |
| d. | A child watches a friend steal from a store, so he thinks he might steal sometime in the future. |
ANS: B REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Conceptual
- In classical conditioning, behaviors are controlled by events that ____ the response, whereas in operant conditioning, they are controlled by events that ____ the response.
| a. | intensify; reduce | c. | precede; follow |
| b. | follow; precede | d. | increase; decrease |
ANS: C REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Conceptual
- According to operant conditioning, self-injurious behavior may be learned through the use of ____.
| a. | reinforcement | c. | implosion |
| b. | personalization | d. | modeling |
ANS: A REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual
- A kindergarten teacher wants to reduce the amount of aggressiveness children display in her class and on the playground. Using operant conditioning principles, the teacher should ____.
| a. | use negative reinforcers to decrease the behavior |
| b. | pair aggressiveness with some pleasant stimulus |
| c. | eliminate the reinforcement associated with aggressiveness |
| d. | encourage the children to get the aggressiveness out of their systems |
ANS: C REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied
- Which of the following increases the frequency of a behavior because it removes or reduces an aversive (punishing) event?
| a. | positive reinforcement | c. | negative reinforcement |
| b. | vicarious conditioning | d. | modeling |
ANS: C REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual
- When Stanley is afraid of meeting a woman, he finds an excuse to run off by himself. The immediate effect of running away is to make him feel less anxious and more at ease. Stanley’s behavior illustrates the ____.
| a. | role of negative reinforcers in avoidance behavior |
| b. | fact that shaping can result in maladjusted behavior |
| c. | role of partial reinforcement in abnormal behavior |
| d. | power of positive reinforcement |
ANS: A REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied
- Unlike operant or classical conditioning, in observational learning, ____.
| a. | direct reinforcement is necessary to establish behavior |
| b. | new behaviors are primarily learned by watching others |
| c. | reinforcement must precede the person’s action |
| d. | reinforcers are not necessary to maintain a behavior |
ANS: B REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual
- Which of the following is a strength of the behavioral model?
| a. | It emphasizes the impact of environment on behavior. |
| b. | It is applied to explain intrapsychic conflict. |
| c. | It is not restricted by adherence to scientific methodology. |
| d. | It highlights the subjective life of the individual. |
ANS: A REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Conceptual
- When John was growing up, he saw his older brother severely beaten by their father when the brother was caught drinking a beer. Since then, John has not had a beer. What form of learning does this best illustrate?
| a. | classical conditioning | c. | observational learning |
| b. | instrumental learning | d. | punitive conditioning |
ANS: C REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied
- Dr. Ansorg believes that her clients can acquire appropriate social skills by watching her interact with other people in a social setting. Dr. Ansorg assumes which paradigm of learning?
| a. | classical conditioning | c. | operant conditioning |
| b. | observational learning | d. | psychodynamic |
ANS: B REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied
- A depressed person hears this from his therapist: “Your interpretation of the events in your life brings on the depression. If you can see yourself as less of a failure and more of a success, the depression will lift.” The therapist probably supports which approach to abnormal behavior?
| a. | cognitive | c. | psychodynamic |
| b. | operant conditioning | d. | family systems |
ANS: A REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied
- Catastrophizing and irrational thoughts are two terms that are used in which model of psychopathology?
| a. | family systems | c. | cognitive |
| b. | behavioral | d. | multicultural |
ANS: C REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual
- Cognitive theorists emphasize that disturbed individuals ____.
| a. | come from disturbed families |
| b. | live in stressful environments |
| c. | have irrational and maladaptive thoughts |
| d. | are deficient in interpersonal skills |
ANS: C REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual
- Who developed the A-B-C theory of personality and irrational beliefs?
| a. | Ellis | c. | Beck |
| b. | Minuchin | d. | Satir |
ANS: A REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual
- Dr. Alcott makes the following statement about Janet’s depression: “Your depression may be due to your misperception of this unfortunate situation and your tendency to blame yourself for events that are beyond your control. What we need to do is help you to recognize and modify your irrational beliefs.” Dr. Alcott’s comments are characteristic of the ____.
| a. | behavioral model | c. | humanistic model |
| b. | cognitive model | d. | psychodynamic model |
ANS: B REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied
- Dr. Danvers is a firm believer in Ellis’s A-B-C theory of personality. Given that, what could we expect Dr. Danvers to say?
| a. | “People are less troubled by their thoughts regarding the events in their lives than the actual events themselves.” |
| b. | “Belief that an event is unfortunate leads to a healthier consequence than belief that an event is a catastrophe.” |
| c. | “Our reactions are due to our learned associations.” |
| d. | “Depression is something you are most likely born with and can never really escape.”
|
ANS: B REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied
- Dr. Weinberg is a humanistically oriented psychotherapist. Which of the following comments about cognitive therapy is she most likely to make?
| a. | “People have the ability to make free choices and they are responsible for their own decisions.” |
| b. | “Therapists who use the ABC-theory are too passive; they should be more like teachers than listeners.” |
| c. | “Cognitive therapists put too much emphasis on childhood experiences and not enough on choices one makes in life.” |
| d. | “Thoughts are not observable, so they have no place in science.” |
ANS: A REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied
- The humanistic approach and the ____ approach emphasize the subjective world of the individual. Both were developed as a reaction against the deterministic and mechanistic quality of early models of psychopathology.
| a. | existential | c. | multicultural |
| b. | observational learning | d. | behavioral |
ANS: A REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual
- Dr. Abdul says to his students, “There are two key things to understand about this therapeutic approach. First, the best way to understand an individual’s behavior is to see the world from that person’s point of view. Second, people are able to make free choices in life.” To which of the following theoretical approaches could Dr. Abdul be referring?
| a. | psychodynamic | c. | cognitive |
| b. | humanistic | d. | behavioral |
ANS: B REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied
- A major contribution of the humanistic perspective is its ____.
| a. | insistence on rigorous empirical studies |
| b. | primary focus on improving the mental health of persons with serious disorders |
| c. | positive view of the individual |
| d. | emphasis on blocked instinctual forces |
ANS: C REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual
- Shelly says, “I think that everyone has an inherent tendency to strive toward their full potential. It shows in our creativity and delight in discovering new things.” What do Shelly’s thoughts best illustrate?
| a. | Maslow’s term of “self-actualization” |
| b. | Thorndike’s principle of “the law of effect” |
| c. | Freud’s view of the unconscious influences on our development |
| d. | Ellis’s concept of rational beliefs |
ANS: A REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied
- According to Rogers, behavior disorders are the result of ____.
| a. | insufficient discipline of children by parents |
| b. | observational learning from poor role models |
| c. | fixation at early psychosexual stages |
| d. | incongruence between self-concept and potential |
ANS: D REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual
- A mother says to her daughter, “I value you regardless of your behavior. I may disapprove of what you do, but I will still respect and love you.” According to Rogers, this mother is ____.
| a. | increasing the incongruence between the child’s self-concept and the child’s behavior |
| b. | expressing conditions of worth toward her daughter |
| c. | providing unconditional positive regard |
| d. | teaching the girl irrational beliefs |
ANS: C REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied
- According to Rogers, which of the following would be most important in a therapeutic relationship?
| a. | well-developed counseling techniques | c. | the therapist’s attitude |
| b. | interpretation of transference | d. | insight into the client’s problems |
ANS: C REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual
- As a person-centered therapist, Dr. Finn wants his clients to discover their strengths and their full potential. Dr. Finn would most likely do which of the following?
| a. | Rely on his clients’ own strength and potential. |
| b. | Make suggestions for ways his clients can increase their strength and potential. |
| c. | Point out how his clients get in the way of developing their strength and potential. |
| d. | Reinforce the behaviors his clients use that promote their strength and potential. |
ANS: A REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied
- Which of the following techniques is consistent with person-centered therapy?
| a. | Express and communicate respect. |
| b. | Tell a client how to think about a problem. |
| c. | Help a client achieve insight into inner motivations and desires. |
| d. | Recognize the connections between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. |
ANS: A REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual
- Humanistic therapists ____.
| a. | emphasize the use of specific techniques in therapy |
| b. | withhold unconditional positive regard when clients are unwilling to accept personal responsibility |
| c. | do not need training to develop clinical skills because it is their attitude that is paramount for effecting therapeutic change |
| d. | believe that people are able to advance and grow on their own |
ANS: D REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual
- Which perspective is not really a systemized school of thought, but instead, is more like a set of attitudes that emphasizes the individual’s quest for meaning and personal responsibility for choices?
| a. | existential | c. | psychodynamic |
| b. | cognitive | d. | behavioral |
ANS: A REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual
- The existential and humanistic approaches differ from one another in that the existentialists emphasize ____.
| a. | the need for society to control and restrict the antisocial impulses of individuals |
| b. | responsibility to society as well as personal responsibility |
| c. | the importance of the therapist’s interpretation of the client’s difficulties in life |
| d. | optimism |
ANS: B REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual
- Dr. Castillo says, “I look at psychopathology in terms of human suffering and the alienation that individuals now feel in an increasingly impersonal world. We are responsible for our actions, and responsible to others as well.” Dr. Castillo’s remarks best illustrate which approach?
| a. | humanistic | c. | post-Freudian |
| b. | cognitive | d. | existential |
ANS: D REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied
- Tuyet-Hoa says, “I tend to focus on the individual and how that person can reach his or her full potential. I am optimistic that people can fulfill themselves when they are free of society’s burdening expectations.” Tuyet-Hoa’s ideas sound most like ____.
| a. | Ellis’s A-B-C theory of personality | c. | humanistic thinking |
| b. | Thorndike’s “law of effect” | d. | existential thinking |
ANS: C REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied
- The humanistic and existential approaches have been most successful at ____.
| a. | explaining the relationship between inheritance and stress |
| b. | creating a coherent theory of behavior |
| c. | describing the human condition |
| d. | developing a scientific body of evidence for its concepts |
ANS: C REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Conceptual
- Joseph is a hardheaded scientist who puts high value on objective investigation and the clear definition of terms. The model of psychopathology he is most likely to value is ____.
| a. | humanistic | c. | behavioral |
| b. | psychoanalytical | d. | existential |
ANS: C REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied
- Which of the following describes the efficacy of psychoanalytic therapy and humanistic psychotherapies in helping severely disturbed people?
| a. | Only humanistic psychotherapies are effective; traditional psychoanalytic therapy is not. |
| b. | Psychoanalytic and humanistic psychotherapies do not work well with severely disturbed people with immediate problems. |
| c. | Both psychotherapies are designed to help severely disturbed people. |
| d. | Only traditional psychoanalytic therapy is effective; humanistic psychotherapies are not. |
ANS: B REF: Dimension Two: Psychological Factors
OBJ: 4 MSC: Conceptual
- Which of the following approaches would be most likely to emphasize how other people, especially significant others, influence our behavior?
| a. | family systems | c. | behavioral |
| b. | existentialist | d. | cognitive |
ANS: A REF: Dimension Three: Social Factors
OBJ: 5 MSC: Applied
- The conjoint family therapeutic approach developed by Virginia Satir stresses ____.
| a. | the importance of teaching message-sending and message-receiving skills to family members |
| b. | the importance of shifting the balance of power from the identified patient to the entire family |
| c. | that most family problems arise because family members are too involved with one another |
| d. | that most family problems arise because family members are not sufficiently involved with one another |
ANS: A REF: Dimension Three: Social Factors
OBJ: 5 MSC: Factual
- One limitation of the family systems approach is that ____.
| a. | id processes are overemphasized but ego and superego processes are ignored |
| b. | little research has been done to test the basic elements of the model |
| c. | research has failed to support the theory’s central idea that family relationships contribute to the development of mental disorders |
| d. | research studies have generally not been rigorous in design |
ANS: D REF: Dimension Three: Social Factors
OBJ: 5 MSC: Factual
- Alicia and Isaac are planning to get married. Before they begin to make plans, they want to ensure that they can deal effectively with conflicts that might arise from being raised in very different cultures. Among the potential problems they might encounter are their respective roles in the relationship and how to communicate their feelings to each other. They would most likely seek out a therapist who specializes in ____.
| a. | family therapy | c. | couples therapy |
| b. | behavioral therapy | d. | group therapy |
ANS: C REF: Dimension Three: Social Factors
OBJ: 5 MSC: Applied
- Anita’s therapist suggests that she enter into a therapy group that she holds in her office. Which of the following features is least likely to be a benefit Anita will experience from participating in group therapy?
| a. | Getting special attention from her therapist that she would not get in private sessions |
| b. | Developing new communication skills, social skills, and insights |
| c. | Becoming involved in a social situation so the therapist can see how Anita’s behavior affects others |
| d. | Getting strong social and emotional support |
ANS: A REF: Dimension Three: Social Factors
OBJ: 5 MSC: Applied
- Before contemporary multicultural models were developed, racial differences in rates of mental disorder were often explained in terms of ____.
| a. | cultural deprivation | c. | therapists’ biases in diagnosis |
| b. | automatic thoughts | d. | double binds |
ANS: A REF: Dimension Four: Sociocultural Factors
OBJ: 6 MSC: Factual
- Which early model of psychopathology believed that differences between various minority groups and their white counterparts resulted from minority groups not being as good as the white majority?
| a. | the deficit model | c. | the Jensen model |
| b. | the inferiority model | d. | the deprivation model |
ANS: B REF: Dimension Four: Sociocultural Factors
OBJ: 6 MSC: Conceptual
- Unlike early editions of the DSM, DSM-IV-TR recognizes culture-bound syndromes and disorders that are more prevalent in some cultures than in others. These changes show the influence of which perspective?
| a. | humanistic | c. | sociocultural |
| b. | existential | d. | multipath |
ANS: C REF: Dimension Four: Sociocultural Factors
OBJ: 6 MSC: Conceptual
- A psychologist who supports the multicultural model would most likely say that ____.
| a. | some cultures value family identity more than individuality |
| b. | Western cultures value “belongingness” over individualism |
| c. | European American therapists place too little importance on the problems within the person |
| d. | almost all non-Western cultures value individuality over collectivity |
ANS: A REF: Dimension Four: Sociocultural Factors
OBJ: 6 MSC: Applied
- A reasonable criticism of the multicultural model is that it ____.
| a. | relies too heavily on scientific evidence for its assumptions |
| b. | lacks empirical validation of its assumptions |
| c. | makes biased, culture-bound assumptions about human nature |
| d. | seeks to find universal explanations for mental health problems |
ANS: B REF: Dimension Four: Sociocultural Factors
OBJ: 6 MSC: Applied
- As we learn more about human behavior and mental disorders, the research suggests that ____.
| a. | behavioral explanations are superior to the others |
| b. | cultural factors are more important than biological or psychological factors |
| c. | biological, psychological, and cultural factors are all important |
| d. | most of the models are so different that there is little room for their integration |
ANS: C REF: Dimension Four: Sociocultural Factors
OBJ: 6 MSC: Conceptual
- According to the multicultural model, cultural differences ____.
| a. | result from the interplay of undesirable elements in a person’s biological makeup |
| b. | result from not being born into the “right culture” |
| c. | are unimportant |
| d. | do not necessarily equate with deviance |
ANS: D REF: Dimension Four: Sociocultural Factors
OBJ: 6 MSC: Factual
CHAPTER 4: ANXIETY AND OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE AND
RELATED DISORDERS
MULTIPLE CHOICE
- Anxiety symptoms turn into an anxiety disorder when they ____.
| a. | cause uneasiness |
| b. | cause apprehension |
| c. | no longer protect an individual from danger |
| d. | interfere with everyday functioning |
ANS: D REF: Introduction
OBJ: 1 MSC: Factual
- Which anticipatory human emotion produces bodily reactions that prepare us for fight or flight in the face of danger?
| a. | fear | c. | anxiety |
| b. | anger | d. | hatred |
ANS: C REF: Introduction
OBJ: 1 MSC: Factual
- Anxiety disorders ____.
| a. | usually only occur before or during exposure to a feared stimulus |
| b. | are fairly common |
| c. | usually lead to development of panic disorder |
| d. | typically manifest themselves in the preschool years |
ANS: B REF: Introduction
OBJ: 1 MSC: Conceptual
- More than two-thirds of people with general anxiety disorder have co-occurring disorders such as ____.
| a. | depression | c. | Tourette’s disorder |
| b. | schizophrenia | d. | borderline personality disorder |
ANS: A REF: Introduction
OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual
- What is the typical age of onset for social anxiety disorder?
| a. | childhood | c. | middle adolescence |
| b. | early adolescence | d. | early adulthood |
ANS: C REF: Understanding Anxiety Disorders from a Multipath Perspective
OBJ: 1 MSC: Factual
- Holly describes herself this way: “I am always tense and worried. Sometimes I get so frightened, I feel as if I’ll die. I get terribly embarrassed by my behavior, but I can’t control it. It is often so bad that it interferes with my work.” Holly is probably suffering from what type of disorder?
| a. | anxiety disorder | c. | malingering |
| b. | avoidance disorder | d. | somatoform disorder |
ANS: A REF: Understanding Anxiety Disorders from a Multipath Perspective
OBJ: 1 MSC: Applied
- Brain structure and genetic influences are the two main ____ factors affecting anxiety disorders.
| a. | psychosomatic | c. | cognitive |
| b. | biological | d. | psychological |
ANS: B REF: Understanding Anxiety Disorders from a Multipath Perspective
OBJ: 1 MSC: Factual
- Marilyn is undergoing a series of neuroimaging techniques to shed light on her anxiety disorder. The tests can determine ____.
| a. | which parts of her brain are or are not activated when Marilyn is exposed to fearful stimuli |
| b. | specify which genes are involved in Marilyn’s anxiety disorder |
| c. | why her gender plays a role in the development of anxiety disorder |
| d. | why medication and psychotherapy has an effect on her brain |
ANS: A REF: Understanding Anxiety Disorders from a Multipath Perspective
OBJ: 1 MSC: Applied
- Which of the following is an anxiety disorder?
| a. | somatoform disorder | c. | obsessive-compulsive disorder |
| b. | depression | d. | substance use disorder |
ANS: C REF: Understanding Anxiety Disorders from a Multipath Perspective
OBJ: 1 MSC: Factual
- Which area of the brain alerts the other brain structures when a threat is present?
| a. | the amygdala | c. | the prefrontal cortex |
| b. | the hippocampus | d. | the hypothalamus |
ANS: A REF: Understanding Anxiety Disorders from a Multipath Perspective
OBJ: 1 MSC: Factual
- What role does inheritance play in the development of anxiety disorders?
| a. | Inheritance does not play any role in anxiety disorders. |
| b. | Inheritance plays a very strong role. |
| c. | Inheritance plays only a modest role. |
| d. | Although inheritance plays a role in developing anxiety disorders, it is much stronger in GAD than other anxiety disorders. |
ANS: C REF: Understanding Anxiety Disorders from a Multipath Perspective
OBJ: 1 MSC: Factual
- Which of the following is a cultural factor that contributes to anxiety disorders?
| a. | early childhood experiences |
| b. | genetic predispositions |
| c. | cognitive distortions |
| d. | exposure to discrimination and prejudice |
ANS: D REF: Understanding Anxiety Disorders from a Multipath Perspective
OBJ: 1 MSC: Factual
- Research by Fox (2005) suggests that which child would be most likely to display behavioral inhibition (i.e., shyness)?
| a. | a child who has a long allele 5-HTTLPR and whose parents provided low levels of social support |
| b. | a child who has a long allele 5-HTTLPR and whose parents provided excessive levels of social support |
| c. | a child who has a short allele 5-HTTLPR and whose parents provided low levels of social support |
| d. | a child who has a short allele 5-HTTLPR and whose parents provided excessive levels of social support |
ANS: C REF: Understanding Anxiety Disorders from a Multipath Perspective
OBJ: 1 MSC: Factual
- Current research on the influence of genes on anxiety disorders suggests that ____.
| a. | the disorders are present in people who inherit long alleles of the serotonin transporter gene 5-HTTLPR |
| b. | the disorders are absent in people who inherit the serotonin transporter gene 5-HTTLPR |
| c. | while genes may predispose a person to develop an anxiety disorder, expression of the disorder depends on interactions between the allele and environmental influences |
| d. | little, if any, relationship has been found that links genes with the development of anxiety disorders |
ANS: C REF: Understanding Anxiety Disorders from a Multipath Perspective
OBJ: 1 MSC: Factual
- Which neurotransmitter appears to have the greatest influence on mood and anxiety disorders?
| a. | serotonin | c. | GABA |
| b. | dopamine | d. | acetylcholine |
ANS: A REF: Understanding Anxiety Disorders from a Multipath Perspective
OBJ: 1 MSC: Factual
- Research with young monkeys demonstrates that ____ can reduce vulnerability to developing anxiety disorders.
| a. | being comforted | c. | a sense of control |
| b. | receiving adequate nourishment | d. | genetic inheritance |
ANS: C REF: Understanding Anxiety Disorders from a Multipath Perspective
OBJ: 1 MSC: Factual
- A strong, persistent, and unwarranted fear of some specific object or situation is referred to as ____.
| a. | a phobia | c. | agoraphobia |
| b. | generalized anxiety | d. | panic disorder |
ANS: A REF: Phobias
OBJ: 2 MSC: Factual
- Tiffany is typical of many children who suffer from phobias. Karen is typical of adults with phobias. Which of the following would be the most likely reported cause?
| a. | abuse during childhood |
| b. | genetic inheritance on the father’s side |
| c. | thoughts of depression |
| d. | conditioning experiences |
ANS: D REF: Phobias
OBJ: 2 MSC: Applied
- Dr. Fried believes that it is easier for humans to learn fears for which we are physiologically predisposed, such as fear of heights or snakes. She accepts which view of the development of fear reactions?
| a. | overactivation of the amygdala | c. | psychodynamic |
| b. | preparedness | d. | disgust |
ANS: B REF: Phobias
OBJ: 2 MSC: Applied
- Dr. Swensen says this about treating phobias: “Treatment should involve positive coping statements. It should also involve convincing clients to believe in the power of their medication, and relaxation skills. Psychodynamic approaches like this have higher success rates than treatments that rely on medication.” What portion of Dr. Swensen’s statement is accurate?
| a. | That treatment should involve positive coping statements |
| b. | That clients should become convinced in the power of medication |
| c. | That relaxation training is a psychodynamic approach |
| d. | That behavioral approaches have higher success rates than medication |
ANS: A REF: Phobias
OBJ: 2 MSC: Applied
- There are three subcategories of phobias:
| a. | cognitive, behavioral, and somatic. | c. | general, specific, and situational. |
| b. | agoraphobic, panic, and social. | d. | specific, social, and agoraphobic. |
ANS: D REF: Phobias
OBJ: 2 MSC: Factual
- Which of the following disorders is most common in the United States?
| a. | posttraumatic stress disorder | c. | generalized anxiety disorder |
| b. | phobias | d. | obsessive-compulsive disorder |
ANS: B REF: Phobias
OBJ: 2 MSC: Factual
- Larry is so afraid of being alone in public places that he cannot bring himself to leave his house. The mere thought of leaving produces overwhelming panic. Larry probably suffers from ____.
| a. | obsessive-compulsive disorder | c. | social phobia |
| b. | generalized anxiety disorder | d. | agoraphobia |
ANS: D REF: Phobias
OBJ: 2 MSC: Applied
- Most people who suffer from phobias ____.
| a. | were overindulged by their parents as children |
| b. | are less likely than other people to suffer from other psychological disorders |
| c. | also are likely to have anxiety, mood, or substance disorders |
| d. | also suffer from dissociative identity disorder (DID) |
ANS: C REF: Phobias
OBJ: 2 MSC: Factual
- Gina has been diagnosed with agoraphobia. If we ask her how the symptoms of the disorder started, we can expect she will say that ____.
| a. | she had previous problems with obsessive-compulsive disorder |
| b. | they were preceded by panic attacks |
| c. | she had never had any problems with anxiety before |
| d. | they came on suddenly without any apparent reason |
ANS: B REF: Phobias
OBJ: 2 MSC: Applied
- Recent research on agoraphobia suggests that ____.
| a. | a genetic marker on chromosome 5 is the likely cause |
| b. | repressed memories are the key causal factors |
| c. | cognitions may play a major causal role |
| d. | the disorder is inherited from the mother |
ANS: C REF: Phobias
OBJ: 2 MSC: Conceptual
- Shane is ready to break up with Kayla. He is extremely frustrated with her and does not know what to do. One of his favorite activities is to eat out and try new restaurants. Kayla, however, hates eating in restaurants. She has told Shane that she loses her appetite at the mere thought of having to eat out. When he pushed her for an explanation, Kayla explained that she is afraid that she might spill something on herself or do something equally foolish and other people would see it. Even though she knows how frustrated Shane is with her, Kayla cannot bring herself to eat in a restaurant. What diagnosis would be the most appropriate for Kayla’s fears?
| a. | agoraphobia | c. | specific phobia |
| b. | social anxiety disorder | d. | xenophobia |
ANS: B REF: Phobias
OBJ: 2 MSC: Applied
- Patrick is a musical conductor, but he is terrified of giving performances and speaking to the audience between pieces. He is perfectly comfortable during rehearsal sessions but sometimes has to cancel concerts because of his fears. According to the DSM-IV-TR, Patrick probably has ____.
| a. | agoraphobia due to earlier panic attacks |
| b. | SAD of the generalized type |
| c. | SAD of the limited interactional type |
| d. | SAD of the performance type |
ANS: D REF: Phobias
OBJ: 2 MSC: Applied
- Who is at highest risk for developing SAD?
| a. | Marni, whose parents exhibited no emotional warmth |
| b. | Maryanne, whose mother was overprotective |
| c. | Marcie, who was rejected by her parents |
| d. | Mariel, whose parents used shame as a method of control |
ANS: D REF: Phobias
OBJ: 2 MSC: Applied
- Momoko is Japanese. Because she suffers from Taijin Kyofusho, we would expect her to fear ____.
| a. | snakes | c. | social situations |
| b. | offending other people | d. | public places |
ANS: B REF: Phobias
OBJ: 2 MSC: Applied
- A pediatrician is interested in phobias that typically begin in childhood. One phobia that he might study is ____.
| a. | agoraphobia | c. | social anxiety disorder |
| b. | animal phobia | d. | claustrophobia |
ANS: B REF: Phobias
OBJ: 2 MSC: Conceptual
- Between ages 13 to 15, the most common phobia is fear of ____.
| a. | closed spaces | c. | snakes |
| b. | spiders | d. | speaking in class |
ANS: D REF: Phobias
OBJ: 2 MSC: Factual
- A behavioral therapist would explain the agoraphobic’s fear of leaving the house as ____.
| a. | a direct conditioning experience |
| b. | an exaggerated fear stemming from a single panic attack |
| c. | an unconscious way of preventing the acting out of sexual desires |
| d. | a subtype of obsessive compulsive disorder |
ANS: A REF: Phobias
OBJ: 2 MSC: Conceptual
- Tamisha is so afraid of heights that she cannot enter buildings with more than two floors. Her cognitive-behavioral therapist would probably diagnose her with ____ and explain the problem in terms of ____.
| a. | generalized anxiety disorder; faulty reasoning |
| b. | agoraphobia; genetic predisposition |
| c. | SAD; repression and denial |
| d. | SAD; cognitive distortions |
ANS: D REF: Phobias
OBJ: 2 MSC: Applied
- The case of Little Albert is used by behaviorists to explain ____.
| a. | Phobias | c. | generalized anxiety disorder |
| b. | obsessive-compulsive disorder | d. | posttraumatic stress disorder |
ANS: A REF: Phobias
OBJ: 2 MSC: Factual
- Tina is afraid of dogs. She has never had a bad experience with dogs, but her father was injured by a dog when he was a young boy. Tina’s father goes to great lengths to avoid contact with dogs. What behavioral theory best explains Tina’s fear of dogs?
| a. | classical conditioning | c. | operant conditioning |
| b. | avoidance response | d. | observational learning |
ANS: D REF: Phobias
OBJ: 2 MSC: Applied
- In a research study, cancer patients, prior to undergoing chemotherapy, were given a drink in a container with a bright orange lid. After pairing the drink with chemotherapy, the patients experienced distress and nausea when presented with the container. This study supports what theory of phobias?
| a. | observational learning | c. | classical conditioning |
| b. | Psychodynamic | d. | cognitive-behavioral |
ANS: C REF: Phobias
OBJ: 2 MSC: Factual
- Research indicates genetic, psychological, social, and sociocultural components in the development of phobias. This statement suggests that ____.
| a. | the manifestations of phobias are complicated and thus poorly understood |
| b. | there can be multiple pathways involved in the development of phobias |
| c. | phobias develop from predispositions |
| d. | defective genes are transmitted to offspring resulting in phobias |
ANS: B REF: Phobias
OBJ: 2 MSC: Factual
- Some people fear using public restrooms and eating in public places. This fact diminishes the validity of which explanation to account for all phobias?
| a. | substitution | c. | classical conditioning |
| b. | preparedness | d. | modeling |
ANS: B REF: Phobias
OBJ: 2 MSC: Factual
- Dr. Vannucci says, “Some individuals have high social anxiety and interpret others’ actions more negatively than other individuals; they overestimate the chances of unpleasant things happening generally. This is the background for developing a phobia.” Dr. Vannucci probably supports which perspective on phobias?
| a. | classical conditioning | c. | operant conditioning |
| b. | cognitive-behavioral | d. | biological |
ANS: B REF: Phobias
OBJ: 2 MSC: Applied
- Which of the following phobias would be the easiest to eliminate?
| a. | fear of flying | c. | fear of meeting new people |
| b. | fear of public speaking | d. | prepared fears |
ANS: D REF: Phobias
OBJ: 2 MSC: Conceptual
- What is the most major drawback when using benzodiazepines to treat phobias?
| a. | Symptoms often recur when the patient stops taking the medication. |
| b. | Drugs don’t work for a large percentage of patients with anxiety disorders. |
| c. | It is difficult to find the exact medication to treat each patient effectively. |
| d. | Most medications are too expensive to be taken on a regular basis. |
ANS: A REF: Phobias
OBJ: 2 MSC: Factual
- Julie suffers from agoraphobia. Her therapist urges her to take longer and longer walks outside the home with the therapist. What kind of therapy is Julie receiving?
| a. | cognitive restructuring | c. | systematic desensitization |
| b. | exposure therapy | d. | substitution therapy |
ANS: B REF: Phobias
OBJ: 2 MSC: Applied
- Ahmad has a specific phobia about elevators. His therapist teaches him how to relax and then has him relax when he is in a building with elevators. Then he practices being relaxed when pushing an elevator button, and finally when taking an elevator ride. What kind of therapy did Ahmad experience?
| a. | systematic desensitization | c. | cognitive graduated exposure |
| b. | modeling | d. | flooding |
ANS: A REF: Phobias
OBJ: 2 MSC: Applied
- Dr. Duran is a cognitive-behavioral therapist. When treating patients with anxiety disorders, he is most likely to focus on ____.
| a. | the interaction between their genetic predisposition and the support they received from their families |
| b. | the medical aspects of their disorder |
| c. | how their thoughts influence their experiences of anxiety |
| d. | the relationship they have with their parents currently and in the past |
ANS: C REF: Phobias
OBJ: 2 MSC: Applied
- Sue screams for her husband every time she sees a spider or a spider web. Even if the spider is dead, she starts to shake and becomes terrified. Several times she has called her husband at work and demanded that he come home to deal with the spider. Finally she sees a therapist. Over several sessions, she views videos of people picking up spiders, then watches her therapist pick up a plastic spider in the office, then a real spider. Finally, Sue is able to pick up a spider herself and put it outside. The therapy described is ____.
| a. | flooding | c. | systematic desensitization |
| b. | modeling | d. | exposure |
ANS: B REF: Phobias
OBJ: 2 MSC: Applied
- Melissa’s therapist encourages her to interpret her emotional and physical tension as “normal anxiety” and to redirect her attention from herself to others in social situations. The therapist is using which behavioral treatment?
| a. | exposure therapy | c. | modeling |
| b. | systematic desensitization | d. | cognitive restructuring |
ANS: D REF: Phobias
OBJ: 2 MSC: Applied
- Xenophobia is the fear of ____.
| a. | strong women | c. | strangers |
| b. | extraterrestrials | d. | xylophones |
ANS: C REF: Phobias
OBJ: 2 MSC: Factual
- What is the first step in treating anxiety disorders?
| a. | getting the client to relax |
| b. | teaching the client some simple cognitive strategies |
| c. | ruling out possible medical or physical causes |
| d. | explaining various perspectives about the disorders to the client |
ANS: C REF: Phobias
OBJ: 2 MSC: Factual
- Eduardo was rushed to the emergency room with symptoms of chest pains, breathlessness, sweating, choking, nausea, and heart palpitations. He believed he was having a heart attack. After a thorough examination, he was told that physically he was fine. However, he was apparently suffering from ____.
| a. | OCD | c. | acute stress disorder |
| b. | GAD | d. | a panic attack |
ANS: D REF: Panic Disorder
OBJ: 3 MSC: Applied
- Alma has recurrent terrifying episodes that last twenty minutes. Her heart beats so fast that she thinks she is having a heart attack, she sweats profusely, and she feels a sense of doom. For more than a month she has feared having another episode. An appropriate diagnosis is ____.
| a. | panic disorder | c. | agoraphobia |
| b. | posttraumatic stress disorder | d. | generalized anxiety disorder |
ANS: A REF: Panic Disorder
OBJ: 3 MSC: Applied
- Which childhood experience is commonly related to later development of panic disorder?
| a. | physical abuse | c. | bedwetting |
| b. | overindulgent mothers | d. | separation anxiety |
ANS: D REF: Panic Disorder
OBJ: 3 MSC: Factual
- The public health director of a southwestern American city has just presided over the opening of a new clinic to provide services for people with panic disorder. She knows from the research that the clinic will probably serve ____.
| a. | mostly Mexican Americans, as they are at a much higher risk for it than other groups |
| b. | a large portion of the community, since the lifetime prevalence of panic disorder is roughly 12 percent |
| c. | twice as many women as men |
| d. | a population that is distinct because people with panic disorder tend not to present with other mental disorders |
ANS: C REF: Panic Disorder
OBJ: 3 MSC: Applied
- Which statement about the prevalence of panic attacks and panic disorder is accurate?
| a. | Panic attacks are relatively common; panic disorder is relatively rare. |
| b. | Panic attacks are more common in women; panic disorder is more common in men. |
| c. | The lifetime prevalence of panic attacks is 3.5 percent, whereas the lifetime prevalence of panic disorder is 12 percent. |
| d. | Panic attacks lead to agoraphobia; panic disorder does not. |
ANS: A REF: Panic Disorder
OBJ: 3 MSC: Conceptual
- Dr. Mahoney is a cognitive-behavioral therapist. When treating a client with panic disorder, she is most likely to focus on the client’s ____.
| a. | thoughts and beliefs before and during fearful episodes |
| b. | family history of panic disorder |
| c. | response to sodium lactate |
| d. | early childhood experiences with sexuality |
ANS: A REF: Panic Disorder
OBJ: 3 MSC: Applied
- Which explanation for panic disorder would most likely be offered by a cognitive-behavioral theorist?
| a. | “A malfunction in the receptors monitoring oxygen in the blood causes the patient to feel that he or she is suffocating when, in fact, he or she isn’t.” |
| b. | “Abnormalities of benzodiazepine receptors in the brain cause a person to feel mounting anxiety that leads to a panic attack.” |
| c. | “When ego defenses have weakened because of overuse, forbidden sexual impulses threaten to break into consciousness, causing an attack.” |
| d. | “When small changes in the body are misinterpreted as dreadful events, these beliefs start a positive-feedback loop that brings on an attack.” |
ANS: D REF: Panic Disorder
OBJ: 3 MSC: Conceptual
- According to the cognitive-behavioral perspective, panic attacks are due to a feedback loop involving ____.
| a. | bodily sensations and thoughts | c. | neurotransmitters and receptors |
| b. | id impulses and ego defenses | d. | the amygdala and the hippocampus |
ANS: A REF: Panic Disorder
OBJ: 3 MSC: Factual
- Dr. Baldwin is explaining a cognitive model for the development of panic disorder. She describes a connection between cognitions and somatic symptoms that begin with physical changes that create catastrophic thoughts, which result in fear and more physiological changes. She is describing the beginning steps of the ____.
| a. | classical conditioning loop | c. | positive feedback loop |
| b. | circular pattern of anxieties | d. | negative feedback loop |
ANS: C REF: Panic Disorder
OBJ: 2 MSC: Applied
- In medical settings worldwide, what is the most frequently diagnosed anxiety disorder?
| a. | generalized anxiety disorder | c. | agoraphobia |
| b. | phobia | d. | panic disorder |
ANS: A REF: Generalized Anxiety Disorder
OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual
- Professor Lutz is conducting twin studies of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). What is he most likely to find in terms of genetic influences for GAD?
| a. | He is most likely to find a strong genetic influence. |
| b. | He is most likely to find a modest genetic influence. |
| c. | He is most likely to find an insignificant genetic influence. |
| d. | He is most likely to find no genetic influence. |
ANS: B REF: Generalized Anxiety Disorder
OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied
- John describes himself as feeling tense, nervous, and on edge. He is restless and has problems sleeping. He often experiences restlessness and muscle tension. He says that he seems to worry about everything, including finances, whether his family is eating a proper diet, his job performance, and whether people like him. What diagnosis would John most likely be given?
| a. | panic disorder | c. | generalized anxiety disorder |
| b. | agoraphobia | d. | obsessive-compulsive disorder |
ANS: C REF: Generalized Anxiety Disorder
OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied
- Laurel has been diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder. To meet the criteria for making this diagnosis, she must ____.
| a. | have a specific situation that she fears and avoids |
| b. | fear leaving home for any length of time |
| c. | have symptoms lasting three months or more |
| d. | have had four or more panic attacks in the past year |
ANS: C REF: Generalized Anxiety Disorder
OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied
- Dr. Nakamura thinks that his client might be suffering from generalized anxiety disorder. Which fact would make that diagnosis unlikely at this time?
| a. | The client worries over both minor and major problems and constantly feels “on edge.” |
| b. | The client has experienced anxiety symptoms for about one month. |
| c. | The client reports that the anxiety has interfered with her life activities. |
| d. | The client’s symptoms include physiological responses such as muscle tension. |
ANS: B REF: Generalized Anxiety Disorder
OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied
- The biological explanation for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) suggests that ____.
| a. | GAD involves a disruption of the prefrontal cortex’s ability to modulate the response of the amygdala to threatening situations |
| b. | genetic factors play a large role in GAD based on the environment an individual is raised in |
| c. | GAD involves under activity of the anxiety circuit in the brain |
| d. | the source of the anxiety is usually known to the person suffering from the disorder |
ANS: A REF: Generalized Anxiety Disorder
OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual
- According to the model developed by Wells (2005), the roots of GAD lie in ____.
| a. | beliefs regarding the function of the actual worrying itself |
| b. | beliefs that worry can provide effective ways to cope with aversive situations |
| c. | beliefs that worry can provide solutions to a client’s challenges |
| d. | ineffective methods for dealing with difficult situations |
ANS: A REF: Generalized Anxiety Disorder
OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual
- What is the only consistently validated treatment for GAD?
| a. | medication | c. | cognitive behavioral therapy |
| b. | psychoanalysis | d. | behavioral therapy |
ANS: C REF: Generalized Anxiety Disorder
OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual
- GAD is most likely to occur among which group?
| a. | married white males |
| b. | Asian females with higher socioeconomic status |
| c. | African American females living in poverty |
| d. | white males working in jobs they hate |
ANS: C REF: Generalized Anxiety Disorder
OBJ: 4 MSC: Factual
- Barbara was told by her psychiatrist that she is being treated with the “medication of choice” for her generalized anxiety disorder. She is not sure what drug she is taking, but she knows it works. It is a good bet that the drug is ____.
| a. | an antipsychotic | c. | a tricyclic or SSRI antidepressant |
| b. | a benzodiazepine | d. | lithium carbonate |
ANS: C REF: Generalized Anxiety Disorder
OBJ: 4 MSC: Applied
- Which anxiety disorder is equally common in both men and women?
| a. | phobias | c. | obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) |
| b. | panic disorder | d. | agoraphobia |
ANS: C REF: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
OBJ: 5 MSC: Factual
- Sam has persistent and distressing thoughts of germs; he cannot eat without washing his hands three times before and three times after every meal. Although his hands are raw from the washings, he is overwhelmed with anxiety if he doesn’t wash this way. Sam’s problems illustrate ____.
| a. | posttraumatic stress disorder | c. | agoraphobia |
| b. | obsessive-compulsive disorder | d. | generalized anxiety disorder |
ANS: B REF: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
OBJ: 5 MSC: Applied
- Jack has been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder. He has persistent thoughts that are upsetting and engages in ritualistic actions to reduce anxiety. He feels that he has control over his thoughts and actions but chooses not to stop them. What aspect of Jack’s case is unusual?
| a. | It is unusual for obsessive-compulsives to feel they have control over their thoughts and actions. |
| b. | It is unusual for obsessive-compulsives to have upsetting thoughts. |
| c. | It is unusual for obsessive-compulsives to engage in ritualistic actions. |
| d. | It is unusual for obsessive-compulsives to be male. |
ANS: A REF: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
OBJ: 5 MSC: Applied
- For days after visiting Disneyland, the words and tune for “It’s a Small World” kept invading Jessica’s thoughts. She could not get them out of her head. Jessica’s experience would be similar to the ____.
| a. | obsessions seen in obsessive-compulsive disorder |
| b. | fear seen in generalized anxiety disorder |
| c. | compulsions seen in obsessive-compulsive disorder |
| d. | avoidance seen in social phobias |
ANS: A REF: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
OBJ: 5 MSC: Conceptual
- As Sheldon learns about obsessive-compulsive disorder, he is likely to learn that ____.
| a. | it is an extremely rare disorder |
| b. | it may be under-diagnosed |
| c. | it is one of the most common anxiety disorders |
| d. | it is most common among middle-aged married people. |
ANS: B REF: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
OBJ: 5 MSC: Conceptual
- Since her divorce, Angel has been worried that her intrusive, unacceptable thoughts are signs of obsessive-compulsive disorder. They did not begin until after her husband left, and she has been able to live her life the same as before they began. She is often able to dismiss them, but she then experiences them again, especially when she thinks about her divorce. Based on research and Angel’s situation, what would you tell her?
| a. | Unless the thoughts are intrusive, she does not have the disorder. |
| b. | She probably has the disorder because it is defined by intrusive thoughts. |
| c. | She cannot have the disorder unless she engages in compulsive behaviors. |
| d. | Such thoughts are common, especially in times of stress. |
ANS: D REF: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
OBJ: 5 MSC: Applied
- Which of the following statements is a cognitive characteristic of individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder?
| a. | “I have to be absolutely certain that I turned off the computer.” |
| b. | “Thinking about throwing little Timmy under the bus isn’t as bad as actually doing it.” |
| c. | “If I just find a way to relax, then everything will be okay.” |
| d. | “My thoughts are always rational.” |
ANS: A REF: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
OBJ: 5 MSC: Conceptual
- Cognitive-behaviorists would say that obsessive-compulsives repeat behaviors in order to ____.
| a. | reduce anxiety | c. | establish certainty |
| b. | eliminate threats in the environment | d. | stop adverse events from happening |
ANS: A REF: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
OBJ: 5 MSC: Factual
- Which of the following is a symptom of obsessive-compulsive disorder?
| a. | attempts are made to suppress the thoughts or behaviors |
| b. | thoughts or behaviors are identified by the individual as reasonable and justifiable |
| c. | preoccupation with imagined defects in appearance |
| d. | recurrent picking resulting in lesions |
ANS: A REF: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
OBJ: 5 MSC: Factual
- A psychologist who supports a cognitive-behavioral approach would be likely to say which of the following when explaining the cause of obsessive-compulsive disorder?
| a. | “Excessive use of defense mechanisms helps the person redirect his or her unacceptable impulses into more acceptable behaviors.” |
| b. | “Thoughts and actions that reduce anxiety are done repetitively.” |
| c. | “Some individuals’ personalities need high levels of autonomic nervous system arousal, and repetitive thoughts and behaviors satisfy that need.” |
| d. | “Certain thoughts and actions are the result of abnormal activity in particular brain centers.” |
ANS: B REF: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
OBJ: 5 MSC: Conceptual
- Before Hannah can leave the house, she must turn all four gas burners on her stove on and off 24 times, each in sequence. She performs this ritual because she does not trust her memory and fears she can’t be sure the burners are actually off unless she does this. Hannah is demonstrating which cognitive characteristic of OCD?
| a. | probability bias | c. | morality bias |
| b. | disconfirmatory bias | d. | confirmatory bias |
ANS: B REF: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
OBJ: 5 MSC: Applied
- V.J. suffers from obsessive-compulsive disorder. According to the biological perspective, he is likely to show ____.
| a. | preparedness in the objects he uses for compulsive behavior |
| b. | abnormally low levels of metabolism in the locus ceruleus |
| c. | an excess of the neurotransmitter serotonin |
| d. | increased metabolic activity in the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere |
ANS: D REF: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
OBJ: 5 MSC: Applied
- Drugs that most successfully treat obsessive-compulsive disorder raise the level of which neurotransmitter in the brain?
| a. | acetylcholine | c. | serotonin |
| b. | dopamine | d. | norepinephrine |
ANS: C REF: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
OBJ: 5 MSC: Factual
- Judy is in therapy for her compulsive handwashing. Her therapist conjures up several images of filthy clothes and digging in dirt. Judy gets the feeling of being “contaminated” but is not allowed to resort to the usual ritual of handwashing. This therapy is called ____.
| a. | desensitization and relapse prevention | c. | systematic desensitization |
| b. | exposure with response prevention | d. | cognitive restructuring |
ANS: B REF: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
OBJ: 5 MSC: Applied
- Which of the following individuals has the highest risk for developing OCD?
| a. | Samantha, a 45-year-old married woman who hates her job |
| b. | Sam, a 45-year-old married man who hates his job |
| c. | Dylan, a 20-year-old married man who is unemployed |
| d. | Darren, a 20-year-old divorced man who is unemployed |
ANS: D REF: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
OBJ: 5 MSC: Conceptual
- When her boyfriend asks her about today’s therapy session, Jamie responds, “It wasn’t very fun. My therapist had me sit right next to her trash can, which was brimming full of garbage and half-eaten food. I could almost see the germs jumping right out at me. Now she wants me to touch something I think is contaminated at least once a day every day this week.” Jamie is probably suffering from ____ and is being treated using ____.
| a. | a specific phobia; exposure |
| b. | obsessive-compulsive disorder; exposure |
| c. | a specific phobia; systematic rational restructuring |
| d. | obsessive-compulsive disorder; systematic rational restructuring |
ANS: B REF: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
OBJ: 5 MSC: Applied
- How do cultural dimensions affect the expression of obsessive-compulsive disorder?
| a. | Ethnic minorities have been underrepresented in obsessive-compulsive disorder research and symptoms may not be picked up by the current diagnostic system. |
| b. | The prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder is consistent across cultures. |
| c. | Onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder occurs more commonly in older adults than in adolescents. |
| d. | European Americans are less likely to receive an obsessive-compulsive disorder diagnosis than African Americans and Hispanic Americans. |
ANS: A REF: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
OBJ: 5 MSC: Factual
- Sharlisa suffers from OCD. What is the first step her therapist will take with her when using exposure therapy with response prevention?
| a. | education about OCD and the rationale for the treatment |
| b. | development of an exposure hierarchy |
| c. | exposure to the fearful situations |
| d. | flooding |
ANS: A REF: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
OBJ: 5 MSC: Applied
- Dr. Stanley is a behavioral therapist. We would therefore expect that he attributes the maintenance of obsessive-compulsive behaviors to ____.
| a. | unconscious feelings of guilt | c. | social factors |
| b. | a chemical imbalance | d. | their ability to reduce anxiety |
ANS: D REF: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
OBJ: 5 MSC: Applied
- David has been diagnosed with OCD. It is likely that David ____.
| a. | is overconfident about the accuracy of his memory and judgment |
| b. | has no problems with his memory or his judgment |
| c. | does not trust his memory or his judgment |
| d. | trusts his memory, but not his judgment |
ANS: C REF: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
OBJ: 5 MSC: Applied
- Dr. Chan successfully treats his clients for obsessive compulsive disorders. For many of his clients, he is likely to prescribe which medication?
| a. | fluoxetine | c. | lithium carbonate |
| b. | benzodiazepine | d. | lorazepam |
ANS: A REF: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
OBJ: 5 MSC: Factual
- What do neuroimaging techniques show when comparing the effects of medication on OCD with the effects of psychotherapy?
| a. | Medication appears to normalize OCD circuits in the brain, and psychotherapy has little if any effect. |
| b. | Psychotherapy appears to normalize OCD circuits in the brain, and medication has little if any effect. |
| c. | Psychotherapies produce neurobiological changes similar to those seen with medications. |
| d. | Neither medications nor psychotherapies appear to have much effect on OCD circuits in the brain. |
ANS: C REF: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
OBJ: 1 MSC: Factual
Reviews
There are no reviews yet.