Ethical Dilemmas and Decisions in Criminal Justice 8th Edition by Joycelyn M. Pollock – Test Bank

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Ethical Dilemmas and Decisions in Criminal Justice 8th Edition by Joycelyn M. Pollock – Test Bank

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CHAPTER 2 – Test Bank

 

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

1. A structured set of principles that defines what is moral is referred to as:
2. a norm system
3. an ethical system
4. a morality guide
5. a principled guide

 

ANS: B                  REF: p. 24                             OBJ: LO 2

 

2. Which of the following is not a requirement of ethical systems?
3. universal in nature
4. authoritative
5. based on God (however defined)
6. not-self serving

 

ANS: C                 REF: p. 25                             OBJ: LO 2

 

3. The difference between deontological ethical systems and teleological ethical systems is that:
4. Deontological systems focus on intent instead of consequences.
5. Deontological systems prioritize the ends over the means.
6. Teleological systems focus on intent instead of consequences.
7. Teleological systems prioritize the means over the ends.

 

ANS: A                 REF: pp. 33-35                    OBJ: LO 1

 

4. Immanuel Kant is most associated with which ethical system?
5. Utilitarianism
6. ethics of care
7. ethics of virtue
8. ethical formalism

 

ANS: D                 REF: pp. 33-35                    OBJ: LO 1

 

5. An ethical system which judges the consequences of an act is referred to as:
6. a deontological ethical system
7. a teleological ethical system
8. a formal ethical system
9. a theological ethical system

 

ANS: B                  REF: p.35                              OBJ: LO 1

.

6. Which statement is not consistent with ethical formalism?
7. Moral law is self-imposed.
8. Moral actions are determined by reason.
9. Lying is never justified.
10. Individuals cannot control the consequences of their decisions.

 

ANS: C                  REF: pp. 33-34                    OBJ: LO 1

 

7. Which statement about hypothetical imperatives is true?
8. Hypothetical imperatives command action that is necessary without any reference to intended purposes or consequences
9. Hypothetical imperatives refer to the concept that some things just must be and don’t require further justification
10. Hypothetical imperatives refer to the imperative that you should do your duty and act the way you want everyone else to act
11. Hypothetical imperatives are commands that designate certain actions to attain certain ends

 

ANS: D                  REF: p. 34                             OBJ: LO 1

 

8. In ______________ utilitarianism, one judges an action in reference to the precedent it sets and the long-term utility of the rule set by that action.
9. Rule
10. Act
11. Hypothetical
12. categorical

 

ANS: A                  REF: p. 36                             OBJ: LO 1

 

9. In _______________ utilitarianism, only the basic utility derived from an action is examined.
10. rule
11. act
12. hypothetical
13. categorical

 

ANS: B                  REF: p. 36                             OBJ: LO 1

 

10. The authority of religious ethics, in particular such as those of Judeo-Christian ethics, stems from a willful and rational:
11. clergy
12. leader
13. God
14. ecclesia

 

ANS: C                  REF: p. 30                             OBJ: LO 2

 

11. According to Barry, human beings can “know” God’s will in three ways. Which of the following is not one of these three ways?
12. Individual conscience
13. Religious authorities
14. Holy scriptures
15. Individual occurrence

 

ANS: D                  REF: p. 33                             OBJ: LO 2

 

12. Which ethical system embraces human’s inclination for self-preservation?
13. ethical formalism
14. natural law
15. ethics of care
16. ethics of virtue

 

ANS: B                 REF: pp. 29-30                    OBJ: LO 2,5

 

13. Which is not considered a moral virtue?
14. Thriftiness
15. Industriousness
16. Love
17. Honesty

 

ANS: C                  REF: p. 27                             OBJ: LO 2

 

14. The system of ethics of virtue is associated with:
15. Kant
16. Aquinas
17. Aristotle
18. Hobbes

 

ANS: C                  REF: p. 28                             OBJ: LO 2

 

15. Aristotle’s concept of moderation, in which one should not err toward excess or deficiency, is called:
16. the principle of eudaimonia
17. the principle of the golden mean
18. the principle of moral latitude
19. the principle of the moral exemplar

 

ANS: B                  REF: p. 27                             OBJ: LO 2

 

16. Which of the following is not one of “The 6 Pillars of Character” presented in the text?
17. Fairness
18. Caring
19. Respect
20. Humility

 

ANS: D                  REF: p. 28                             OBJ: LO 2

 

17. Which of “The 6 Pillars of Character” encompasses the ideas of altruism and benevolence?
18. Citizenship
19. Trustworthiness
20. Caring
21. Respect

 

ANS: C                  REF: p. 28                             OBJ: LO 2,5

.

18. Which of “The 6 Pillars of Character” includes being a good steward of the natural resources and doing one’s fair share?
19. Citizenship
20. Trustworthiness
21. Caring
22. Respect

 

ANS: A                  REF: p. 28                             OBJ: LO 2,5

 

19. Which ethical system is concerned with needs and relationships?
20. Virtue
21. Religion
22. Ethical Formalism
23. Ethics of care

 

ANS: D                 REF: p. 37                             OBJ: LO 2,5

20. The peacemaking process is composed of three parts: connectedness, caring, and:
21. Respect
22. Mindfulness
23. Fairness
24. Equity

 

ANS: B                  REF: p. 39                             OBJ: LO 2

.

21. _____________________ postulates that what is good for one’s survival and personal happiness is moral.
22. Altruism
23. Narcissism
24. Egoism
25. Philanthropy

 

ANS: C                  REF: p. 39                             OBJ: LO 3,5

 

22. Giving to charity or volunteering are examples of:
23. enlightened egoism
24. altruistic egoism
25. psychological egoism
26. religious egoism

 

ANS: C                  REF: p. 39                             OBJ: LO 3,5

 

23. Altruistic acts that benefit the individual by ensuring reciprocal assistance reflect:
24. enlightened egoism
25. altruistic egoism
26. psychological egoism
27. religious egoism

 

ANS: A                  REF: p. 39                             OBJ: LO 3

 

24. Which of the following is one of the three principles of ethical decision making as described by Krogstand and Robertson?
25. the egoistic principle
26. the golden mean principle
27. the utilitarian principle
28. the ethical principle

 

ANS: C                  REF: p. 41                             OBJ: LO 2

 

25. The _________________ principle directs a decision maker to act according to a specific, unbending rule.
26. generalization
27. imperative
28. utilitarian
29. golden mean

 

ANS: B                  REF: p. 41                             OBJ: LO 1

 

26. Subcultural deviance theory is most consistent with which type of ethical system?
27. Deontological
28. Absolutist
29. Legalist
30. Relativist

 

ANS: D                  REF: p. 43                             OBJ: LO 4

27. ________________________________ describes the position of what is good or bad changes depending on the individual or group, and that are no moral absolutes.
28. Moral absolutism
29. Ethical relativism
30. Sub-cultural moralism
31. Global relativism

 

ANS: B                  REF: p. 43                             OBJ: LO 4,5

 

28. Which of the following statements about the principle of forfeiture is false?
29. It holds that people who treat others as means to an end forfeit the right to protection of their own freedom and well-being
30. It holds that people who aggress forfeit their own right to be protected from harm
31. It holds that self-defense is morally unacceptable
32. It holds that lying to a person who threatens harm is acceptable

 

ANS: C                  REF: p. 44                             OBJ: LO 4

 

29. The concept that there are fundamental truths that may dictate different definitions of what is moral in different situations is called:
30. moral pluralism
31. utilitarianism
32. ethical formalism
33. natural law

 

ANS: A                  REF: p. 44                             OBJ: LO 4,5

 

30. Situational ethics is often used as a synonym for:
31. absolutism
32. relativism
33. formalism
34. pluralism

 

ANS: B                  REF: p. 44                             OBJ: LO 4

 

 

CRITICAL THINKING

 

Case 2.1

Larry has always been a peaceful, law-abiding man, and he has raised his kids to be the same way. He donates to charitable causes and provides a comfortable life for his family. One night he takes his kids to a carnival and in the parking lot, they are confronted by an armed robber.  The robber has a knife and threatens to harm one of Larry’s kids if he does not hand over his wallet.

 

1. Larry has always professed non-violence, but in this instance he fights the robber to protect his child. Technically, by fighting, he is violating his moral belief that one should be non-violent.  His decision to fight in this instance, which he believes to be justified, is an example of:
2. Absolutism
3. Universality
4. Egoism
5. Situational ethics

 

ANS: D                  REF: p. 44                             OBJ: LO 4

 

 

2. A deontological response to the situation would require Larry to:
3. remain passive, regardless of the consequences
4. pray for guidance
5. fight hard against the robber, regardless of the injury he might inflict
6. only be concerned with protecting himself

 

ANS: A                  REF: pp. 33-34                    OBJ: LO 1,5

 

3. A teleological response to the situation would require Larry to:
4. remain passive, regardless of the consequences
5. pray for guidance
6. fight hard against the robber, regardless of the injury he might inflict
7. only be concerned with protecting himself

 

ANS: C                  REF: pp. 35-36                    OBJ: LO 1,5

 

4. As stated in the scenario, Larry donates to charity but still provides a comfortable life for his family. He has found a balance between the competing virtues of giving to the less-fortunate while also ensuring that he provides for his family.  This is an illustration of:
5. ethical formalism
6. egoism
7. natural law
8. principle of the golden mean

 

ANS: D                  REF: p. 27                             OBJ: LO 2,5

 

Case 2.2

Mary is a new police officer. One day she observes two fellow officers removing drugs from the evidence room.  Mary’s ethical system includes a devotion to loyalty, so she is inclined to protect her fellow officers.  On the other hand, she also believes in upholding the law.

 

5. Mary’s situation is an example of:
6. cultural relativism
7. egoism
8. an ethical dilemma
9. the ethics of care

 

ANS: C                  REF: p. 24                             OBJ: LO 2

 

6. Mary decides to report the crime that she observed, even though it will mean that her fellow officers will lose their jobs and might also be prosecuted. She has decided that the other officers brought this upon themselves; they WERE originally worthy of her loyalty, but lost that loyalty through their own actions.  This illustrates:
7. ethical formalism
8. egoism
9. principle of forfeiture
10. principle of the golden mean

 

ANS: C                  REF: p. 44                             OBJ: LO 4

 

 

7. Mary’s decision to report the crime had negative effects for the two officers involved, and for Mary personally. However, the rest of the community has benefited from the removal of corrupt police officers. A(n) ____________ viewpoint would find this outcome to be ethical.
8. absolutist
9. utilitarian
10. egoist
11. imperative

 

ANS: B                  REF: pp. 36-37                    OBJ: LO 1,5

 

Case 2.3

The environmental movement in the United States seeks to protect forests and other pristine lands. To most Americans, respecting natural lands and animals probably is consistent with their ethical system. In some other countries, laws protecting the lands do not exist.  Farmers and ranchers routinely “slash and burn” in order to farm or raise livestock, and loggers harvest trees indiscriminately.  There is no ethical dilemma, since their society accepts these practices as normal and necessary.

 

8. In this instance, their society’s definitions differ from the American definitions.  This is an example of:
9. deontology
10. egoism
11. cultural relativism
12. absolutism

 

ANS: C                  REF: p. 43                             OBJ: LO 4

 

9. Farmers, ranchers, and loggers in these countries engage in these practices because they deem it necessary to provide for their families. Because their focus is on providing for their families and communities, they are adhering to the ethical system known as:
10. ethics of care
11. egoism
12. psychological egoism
13. golden mean

 

ANS: A                  REF: p. 44                             OBJ: LO 2,5

 

10. In America, state, federal, and local governments have enacted laws to protect forests from destruction. Through these laws, the overall community is protected, even though individuals may be negatively affected.  By meeting the needs of the overall community, these laws exhibit:
11. principle of forfeiture
12. principle of the golden mean
13. hypothetical imperative
14. utilitarianism

 

ANS: D                  REF: p. 44                             OBJ: LO 1,5

 

 

TRUE/FALSE

 

1. Ethical systems are the same as moral rules.

 

ANS: F                   REF: pp. 25-26                    OBJ: LO 2

 

 

2. Ethical formalism is a deontological ethical system.

 

ANS: T                   REF: p. 33                             OBJ: LO 1

 

3. Giving someone a car because they need it is a good act according to ethical formalism, even if he later dies in a crash because the brakes failed.

 

ANS: T                   REF: p. 33                             OBJ: LO 1,5

 

4. Telling a lie to someone who doesn’t deserve the truth is not a lie according to ethical formalism.

 

ANS: T                   REF: pp. 34-35                    OBJ: LO 1

 

5. Utilitarianism would sacrifice the individual for the good of the majority.

 

ANS: T                   REF: pp. 35-36                    OBJ: LO 1,5

 

6. The definition of eudaimonia or happiness is equivalent to the idea of hedonism.

 

ANS: F                   REF: p. 27                             OBJ: LO 2

 

7. Under the ethics of virtue philosophy, it is possible to have an excess of honor, truth, or shame.

 

ANS: T                   REF: p. 27                             OBJ: LO 2

 

8. Acts of charity are inconsistent with enlightened egoism.

 

ANS: F                   REF: p. 39                             OBJ: LO 3

 

9. The imperative principle is associated with utilitarianism.

 

ANS: F                   REF: p. 41                             OBJ: LO 1

 

10. The most commonly utilized ethical systems are religion and egoism.

 

ANS: F                   REF: p. 26                             OBJ: LO 2

 

11. Socrates believed that ignorance leads to bad behavior because if one was rational and wise, he or she would know what virtue was and behave accordingly.

 

ANS: T                   REF: p. 26                             OBJ: LO 2

 

12. Aristotle believed that, by nature, we are born “good” and some later learn to be evil.

 

ANS: F                   REF: pp. 26-27                    OBJ: LO 2

 

13. A man makes a donation to charity for the purpose of looking good to his friends. A deontological review of this action would find it immoral.

 

ANS: T                   REF: p. 33                             OBJ: LO 1,5

 

14. A teleological ethical system would approve of a bad act if it resulted in a good consequence.

 

ANS: T                   REF: p. 35                             OBJ: LO 1,5

 

 

15. “Situational ethics” is an example of an absolutist ethical system.

 

ANS: F                   REF: pp. 44-45                    OBJ: LO 4

 

 

FILL-IN-THE-BLANK

1. ______________________ systems emphasize the intent of the actor or good will as the key element of morality.

 

ANS: Deontological ethical                               REF: p. 33                             OBJ: LO 1

 

2. The term ____________________ holds that the only thing truly good is a good will, and what is good is that which conforms to the categorical imperative ethical system.

 

ANS: ethical formalism                                      REF: p. 33                             OBJ: LO 1,5

 

3. _____________________ is an ethical system that defines good as that which results in the greatest good for the greatest number.

 

ANS: Utilitarianism                                             REF: p. 35                             OBJ: LO 1,5

 

4. _____________________ suggests that preservation of one’s own being is a basic principle of morality.

 

ANS: Natural law                                                REF: pp. 29-30                    OBJ: LO 2,5

 

5. ____________________ is an ethical system that bases ethics largely upon character and possession of valued qualities.

 

ANS: ethics of virtue                                           REF: p. 26                             OBJ: LO 2

 

6. ____________________ is an ethical system that defines what is good as meeting needs and preserving and enriching relationships.

 

ANS: ethics of care                                             REF: p. 37                             OBJ: LO 2,5

 

7. According to the concept of ______________________ humans naturally and inherently seek self-interest, and that they can do nothing else because it is their nature.

 

ANS: psychological egoism                               REF: p. 39                             OBJ: LO 3

 

8. The term ____________________ refers to the idea that many values and behaviors differ from culture to culture and are functional to the culture that holds them.

 

ANS: cultural relativism                                     REF: p. 43                             OBJ: LO 4

 

9. The ______________________________ refers to the idea that when one violates someone else’s rights, he gives up his own right to be treated under the principles of respect.

 

ANS: principle of forfeiture                               REF: p. 44                             OBJ: LO 4

 

 

10. ______________________ is the philosophical position that, although there are a few universal trut different situations call for different response; therefore, some action can be right or wrong depending on situational factors.

 

ANS: situational ethics                                       REF: p. 44                             OBJ: LO 4

 

11. ________________ have several characteristics; among them are the facts that they are the source of moral beliefs and that they are the underlying premises upon which we base our judgments.

 

ANS: Ethical systems                                         REF: p. 24                             OBJ: LO 2

 

12. Harris defined ethical systems as a systematic ordering of __________________.

 

ANS: moral principles                                         REF: p. 25             OBJ: LO 2

 

13. Socrates and Plato identified four virtues: justice, wisdom, _________, and ___________.

 

ANS: fortitude and temperance                       REF: p. 26             OBJ: LO 2

 

14. According to Hinduism, the concept of ________________ suggests that what happens in a future life is determined by how we behave in our present life.

 

ANS: karma                                                         REF: p. 32             OBJ: LO 2

 

15. Under _______________ ethics, the murder of one person would be justified if it resulted in many others being saved.

 

ANS: utilitarian                                                    REF: pp. 35-36    OBJ: LO 1

 

 

ESSAY

1. Discuss the differences between teleological systems and deontological systems.

 

ANS:  answer not provided    REF: pp. 33-36                   OBJ: LO 1

 

2. Describe two teleological ethical systems and describe two deontological systems.

 

ANS:  answer not provided    REF: pp. 33-37                    OBJ: LO 1

 

3. Compare and contrast hypothetical and categorical imperatives. Provide an example of each.

 

ANS:  answer not provided    REF: p. 34                             OBJ: LO 1

 

4. Discuss the similarities between the religious systems presented in the chapter.

 

ANS:  answer not provided    REF: pp. 31-33                    OBJ: LO 2

 

5. Compare the natural law system with religion.

 

ANS:  answer not provided    REF: pp. 32-34                    OBJ: LO 2

 

 

6. Describe and discuss the ethics of virtue ethical system. Provide examples.

 

ANS:  answer not provided    REF: pp. 29-31                    OBJ: LO 2

 

7. Describe another way of resolving ethical dilemmas that does not use the ethical systems.

 

ANS:  answer not provided                REF: pp. 41-42                    OBJ: LO 2

 

8. Define cultural relativism. Provide examples.

 

ANS:  answer not provided    REF: pp. 43-44                    OBJ: LO 4

 

9. Discuss the arguments against and supporting relativism. Do the same for absolutism.

 

ANS:  answer not provided    REF: pp. 43-44                    OBJ: LO 4

 

10. Review egoism and identify its relationship to natural law.

 

ANS:  answer not provided    REF: pp. 39-40                    OBJ: LO 3

 

CHAPTER 4 – Test Bank

 

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

1. Which part of the brain is associated with feelings of empathy?
2. frontal lobes
3. inferior parietal lobe
4. left hemisphere
5. right hemisphere

 

ANS: A                  REF: p. 82                             OBJ: LO 1

 

2. Which of the following is not a characteristic of frontal lobe damage?
3. difficulty in logical reasoning
4. impulsivity
5. tendency toward apathy
6. loss of motor function

 

ANS: D                  REF: p. 82                             OBJ: LO 1

 

3. Which of the following is a type of test that measures an individual’s ability to recognize and/or agree with moral terms?
4. memory tests
5. spatial skill tests
6. recognition tests
7. intelligence tests

 

ANS: C                  REF: p. 89                             OBJ: LO 1

 

4. Studies regarding biological sex differences in brain activity found evidence of sex differences in all except:
5. antisocial tendencies
6. delinquency
7. conduct disorders
8. intelligence

 

ANS: D                  REF: p. 82                             OBJ: LO 1

 

5. Shermer believes that morality is a product of?
6. Learning
7. Reasoning
8. Evolution
9. Negative reinforcement

 

ANS: C                  REF: p. 81                             OBJ: LO 1

 

6. According to learning theorists:
7. Behavior arises from moral beliefs.
8. Moral behavior arises through reason.
9. Moral beliefs arise from a habit of moral behavior that is the product of reinforcement.
10. Negative reinforcement is the most effective way to teach moral belief.

 

ANS: C                  REF: p. 83                             OBJ: LO 1

 

7. Which of the following is not associated with learning theory?
8. moral reasoning
9. cognitive dissonance
10. reinforcement
11. modeling

 

ANS: A                  REF: pp. 83-84                    OBJ: LO 1

 

8. Ethical leaders should foster personal relationships with their subordinates in order to facilitate:
9. caring
10. modeling
11. knowledge of weaknesses
12. friendship

 

ANS: B                  REF: p. 98                             OBJ: LO 5

 

9. Pinker refers to the incorrect belief that the body is separate from the mind as:
10. the “blank slate”
11. ”moral imagination”
12. the “ghost in the machine”
13. the “noble savage”

 

ANS: C                  REF: p. 80                             OBJ: LO 3

 

10. A survey of police chiefs found that they recommend that ethics training should focus on __________________ rather than rules.
11. shared values and problem solving
12. legal requirements for each position
13. reviewing and updating the organization’s Code of Ethics
14. defining basic terms for new recruits

 

ANS: A                  REF: p. 95                             OBJ: LO 4

 

11. Social learning theory was developed by:
12. Albert Bandura
13. Jean Piaget
14. Erik Erikson
15. F. Skinner

 

ANS: A                  REF: p. 83                             OBJ: LO 1

 

12. ____________________ can be defined as the individual’s feelings of competence, and this sense is developed by comparing the self to others.
13. Cognitive dissonance
14. Self-efficacy
15. Euphemistic morality
16. Self-adequacy

 

ANS: B                  REF: p. 83                             OBJ: LO 1

 

13. Sanitizing language, such as “wasting” or “whacking” instead of killing is an example of:
14. behavioral classification
15. metaphorical cataloging
16. cognitive adage
17. euphemistic labeling

 

ANS: D                  REF: p. 92                             OBJ: LO 3

 

14. Which of the following statements about social learning theory is true?
15. Social learning theory was developed by Lawrence Kohlberg.
16. Social learning theory reflects the idea of modeling as the mechanism of development.
17. Social learning theorists believe moral behavior is hierarchical.
18. Social learning theorists believe that as we develop, we move from pure egoism toward altruism.

 

ANS: B                  REF: p. 83                             OBJ: LO 1

 

15. According to Bandura, self-regulation can be “turned off,” leading to inhumane acts, through cognitive restructuring via several different mechanisms. Which of the following is not one of these mechanisms?
16. Dehumanization
17. Displacement of responsibility
18. Advantageous labeling
19. Disregard of the consequences

 

ANS: C                  REF: p. 92                             OBJ: LO 3

 

16. Who of the following is not associated with developmental theories?
17. Kohlberg
18. Bentham
19. Gilligan
20. Piaget

 

ANS: B                  REF: pp. 84-87                    OBJ: LO 1

 

17. Which of the following statements about developmental theories is false?
18. Developmental theories propose that individuals mature physically, cognitively, and emotionally.
19. Developmental theories argue that individuals have normal growth phases in areas such as morality and emotional maturity.
20. Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg are well-known developmental theorists.
21. Kohlberg’s moral stages of development consist of two levels of moral reasoning, with three stages in each level.

 

ANS: D                  REF: pp. 84-85                    OBJ: LO 2

 

18. Research indicates, for instance, that when workers are busy and stressed, they are more likely to make unethical choices because, possibly, the brain processes responsible for ______________ is already overloaded with other demands
19. remembering ethics training
20. perceiving instructions being given
21. communicating with co-workers
22. rationally deciding the correct action

 

ANS: D                  REF: p. 91                             OBJ: LO 5

 

19. According to Kohlberg, which is the first stage of moral development?
20. punishment and obedience orientation
21. instrument and relativity orientation
22. social contract orientation
23. law and order orientation

 

ANS: A                  REF: pp. 84-86                    OBJ: LO 2

 

20. Which of Kohlberg’s moral stages has an interpersonal concordance orientation?
21. Stage 1
22. Stage 2
23. Stage 3
24. Stage 4

 

ANS: C                  REF: pp. 84-86                    OBJ: LO 2

 

21. During Kohlberg’s __________________level, the person approaches a moral issue motivated purely by personal interests.
22. pre-conventional
23. post-conventional
24. un-conventional
25. conventional

 

ANS: A                  REF: pp. 84-86                    OBJ: LO 2

 

22. During Kohlberg’s __________________ level, a person moves beyond the norms and laws of a society to determine universal good, that is, what is good for all societies.
23. pre-conventional
24. post-conventional
25. un-conventional
26. conventional

 

ANS: B                  REF: pp. 84-86                    OBJ: LO 2

 

23. During Kohlberg’s __________________ level, people perceive themselves as members of society, and living up to role responsibilities is paramount in believing oneself to be good.
24. pre-conventional
25. post-conventional
26. un-conventional
27. conventional

 

ANS: D                  REF: pp. 84-86                    OBJ: LO 2

 

24. Which of Kohlberg’s moral stages centers on universal ethical principles?
25. Stage 3
26. Stage 4
27. Stage 5
28. Stage 6

 

ANS: D                  REF: pp. 84-86                    OBJ: LO 2

 

25. Kohlberg advanced the possibility of a seventh stage described as a:
26. “enlightened” stage involving law-and-order orientation
27. “soft” stage of ethical awareness with an orientation of cosmic or religious thinking
28. “universal” stage where the child becomes aware of and is concerned with others’ needs
29. “final” stage where the individual performs conventionally determined good behavior to be considered a good person

 

ANS: B                  REF: p. 85                             OBJ: LO 2

 

26. Which of the following individuals added a “care perspective” to Kohlberg’s theory?
27. Jean Piaget
28. Albert Bandura
29. Carol Gilligan
30. Jackson Flanagan

 

ANS: C                  REF: p. 86                             OBJ: LO 2

 

27. Which of the following statements about developmental theories is true?
28. Developmental theories propose that individuals mature physically, cognitively, and emotionally
29. Developmental theorists believe that exceptionally bright individuals can skip stages
30. Bentham is a well-known developmental theorist
31. Developmental theories argue that individual have normal “moral imaginations”

 

ANS: A                  REF: p. 84                             OBJ: LO 1

 

28. According to the “corruption continuum” organizations can become corrupt through all of the following except:
29. administrative indifference toward integrity
30. ignoring obvious ethical problems
31. hypocrisy and fear dominated culture
32. charismatic leadership

 

ANS: D                  REF: pp. 95-96                    OBJ: LO 5

 

29. ___________ are often put into place to guard against ethics problems but sometimes have the unintended effect of actually increasing unethical behavior.
30. Polygraph examinations
31. Compliance systems
32. The ‘honor system’
33. Security cameras

 

ANS: B                  REF: p. 93                             OBJ: LO 5

 

30. According to the text, injury to the frontal lobe of the brain can result in all of the following except:
31. memory loss
32. decreased attention span
33. an difficulty following directions
34. tactless behavior

 

ANS: A                  REF: p. 82                             OBJ: LO 1

 

 

CRITICAL THINKING

 

Case 4.1

A terrorist leader has recruited new volunteers and is addressing them. He tells them that their mission will “eliminate” many people but that they would be serving a higher purpose.  He explains that their group’s struggle depends on martyrs such as themselves.  He goes on to say that their victims belong to a lesser class of people and refers to them with an insulting ethnic slur.  He declares that they deserve to be eliminated. The new volunteers not only agree to take part in a suicide mission, they are happy to have been chosen.

 

1. By telling the recruits that their victims are a lesser class of people and calling them an insulting name, the leader is using which method of cognitive restructuring?
2. Dehumanization
3. cognitive dissonance
4. advantageous comparison
5. displacement of responsibility

 

ANS: A                  REF: p. 92                                             OBJ:LO 3

 

2. By referring to the recruits as “martyrs” and saying that their mission will serve a higher purpose, leader is using which method of cognitive restructuring?
3. Dehumanization
4. moral justification
5. advantageous comparison
6. displacement of responsibility

 

ANS: B                  REF: p. 92                                             OBJ:LO 3

 

3. The volunteers accept the instructions of their leader and intend to carry out the mission. They have no ethical reservations, as they have been trained to follow orders.  Which method of cognitive restructuring are the volunteers employing?
4. Dehumanization
5. cognitive dissonance
6. advantageous comparison
7. displacement of responsibility

 

ANS: D                  REF: p. 92                             OBJ:LO 3

 

4. By telling the recruits that they will be “eliminating” victims (as opposed to “killing,” “blowing up,” “gunning down,” etc), the leader is using which method of cognitive restructuring?
5. euphemistic labeling
6. cognitive dissonance
7. advantageous comparison
8. displacement of responsibility

 

ANS: A                  REF: p. 92                                             OBJ:LO 3

 

Case 4.2

Joe is in charge of an FBI field office.  His office has been monitoring an organized crime family in his jurisdiction. The criminals have been unusually active lately, and there has been much criticism in the media about the FBI’s inability to shut them down.  Joe approves the use of GPS trackers to gather intelligence, despite having been told in the past that doing so without a warrant was a violation of suspects’ rights.

 

5. Joe’s decision to ignore his ethical reservations is a result of the pressure he feels to obtain results. Bazerman and Tenbrunsel would refer to Joe’s decision as:
6. euphemistic labeling
7. motivated blindness
8. advantageous comparison
9. failure of duty

 

ANS: B                  REF: p. 92                                             OBJ:LO 5

 

6. Goldberg would assert that Joe has failed to act as:
7. a post-conventional adult
8. a synthesizing mind
9. an ethical role model
10. a “noble savage”

 

ANS: C                  REF: p. 98                                             OBJ:LO 5

NARR: Case 4.2

 

7. If an agent in Joe’s office reports Joe’s actions, that agent would be referred to as:
8. an inside reporter
9. a whistleblower
10. a “disciplined mind”
11. a “noble savage”

 

ANS: B                  REF: p. 97                                             OBJ:LO 5

 

Case 4.3

In the text, the author describes an experiment in which a group of children were told a hypothetical story in which an adult punished a neutral act, such as a child practicing a musical instrument.  Afterward, the children classified the act of playing a musical instrument as bad behavior.

 

8. This experiment lends credence to the power of:
9. cognitive dissonance
10. modeling
11. the “blank slate”
12. reinforcement

 

ANS: D                  REF: p. 83                                             OBJ:LO 1

 

Case 4.4

The text describes the case of Penn State football coach Jerry Sandusky, who was convicted of more than 40 counts of child sexual assault.  His crimes occurred over a span of more than ten years, as Penn State administrators failed to act, despite their knowledge of his behavior.  At one point, another coach witnessed an assault, but only reported it to the head coach, who in turn only reported it to his superior. NARREND

 

9. Which of Bandura’s methods of “cognitive restructuring” is illustrated by the other coaches who felt they had done their duty by merely passing the information up the chain?
10. diffusion of responsibility
11. euphemistic labeling
12. dehumanization
13. advantageous comparison

 

ANS: A                  REF: p. 92                                             OBJ:LO 3

 

10. All of the following elements of Trautman’s “corruption continuum” seem to be present in the description of the Penn State scandal found in the chapter, except:
11. ignoring obvious ethical problems
12. administrative indifference toward integrity
13. lack of a published Code of Ethics for the organization
14. a survival-of-the-fittest approach by employees, who commit unethical acts to protect themselves

 

ANS: C                  REF: pp. 95-96                                    OBJ:LO 5

 

 

TRUE/FALSE

 

1. Some biological theorists believe that morality lies in the “emotion” centers of the brain.

 

ANS: T                   REF: p. 82                             OBJ: LO 1

 

2. Correctional programs have been shown to improve morality scores among  offender populations.

 

ANS: T                   REF: p. 90                             OBJ: LO 1

 

3. The brain releases oxytocin in settings where there are feelings of anger or fear.

 

ANS: F                   REF: p. 81                             OBJ: LO 3

 

4. According to learning theory, moral behavior is learned best through reinforcement and exposure to higher order reasoning.

 

ANS: F                   REF: pp. 83-85                    OBJ: LO 1

 

5. According to Kohlberg, moral development is closely related to intellectual development.

 

ANS: T                   REF: pp. 84                          OBJ: LO 2

 

6. According to Kohlberg, all people progress through each stage of moral development until they reach the highest stage.

 

ANS: F                   REF: p. 84                             OBJ: LO 2

 

7. According to Gilligan, men are not capable of analyzing an ethical dilemma using the care perspective.

 

ANS: F                   REF: p. 86                             OBJ: LO 2

 

8. Kohlberg’s seventh stage of moral development centers on the concept of agape.

 

ANS: T                   REF: p. 85                             OBJ: LO 2

 

9. According to the text, training classes in ethics have more influence over the behavior of employees than the behavior of administrators and supervisors.

 

ANS: F                   REF: p. 95                             OBJ: LO 4

 

10. Zak refers to oxytocin as the “moral molecule.”.

 

ANS: T                   REF: p. 81                             OBJ: LO 1

 

11. An employee who reveals unethical behavior in an organization is known as a whistleblower.

 

ANS: T                   REF: pp. 97-98                    OBJ:LO 5

 

12. The importance of Kohlberg’s work is the link he makes between gender and moral development.

 

ANS: F                   REF: p. 84                             OBJ:LO 2

 

13. Sherman suggests that coercion is a key element in criminal justice, so the moral issues related to coercion should be studied.

 

ANS: T                   REF: p. 94                             OBJ:LO 4

 

14. Kohlberg’s research indicates that, while there are six stages of moral development, people pass through these stages in different orders, depending on their upbringing.

 

ANS: F                   REF: pp. 84-85                    OBJ:LO 2

 

15. Albert Bandura is best-known for his theories regarding the biological factors that influence one’s moral development.

 

ANS: F                   REF: pp. 83-84                    OBJ:LO 1

 

 

FILL-IN-THE-BLANK

1. _________________________ are “paper-and-pencil” tests that measure an individual’s ability to recognize and/or agree with moral terms.

 

ANS: Recognition tests                                       REF: p. 89                             OBJ: LO 1

 

2. Sherman says that ethics courses relating to criminal justice should include understanding the morality of _____________, since this concept is intrinsic to the criminal justice system.

 

ANS: coercion                                                      REF: p. 94                             OBJ: LO 3

 

3. Using words that downplay the seriousness of our actions is an example of ________________________.

 

ANS: euphemistic labeling                 REF: p. 92                             OBJ: LO 3

 

4. The term _____________________ refers to an individual’s feeling of competence.

 

ANS: Self-efficacy                                              REF: p. 83                             OBJ: LO 1

 

5. _____________________ theories of behavior propose individuals have normal growth patterns in such areas as morality and emotional maturity.

 

ANS: Developmental                                          REF: p. 84                             OBJ: LO 1

 

6. Kohlberg’s “moral stages” are ____________, meaning that each succeeding stage encompasses and is more comprehensive and complicated than the preceding stage.

 

ANS: hierarchical                                                REF: p. 84                             OBJ: LO 2

 

7. ____________________ refers to a non-exclusive love and acceptance of everyone.

 

ANS: Agape                                                          REF: p. 85                             OBJ: LO 2

 

8. Gilligan suggests women tend to approach moral dilemmas with an orientation emphasizing relationships and needs; she refers to this as the ________________________.

 

ANS: care perspective                                        REF: p. 86                             OBJ: LO 2

 

9. According to ___________________ theorists, the most effective way to change the ethics of a profession is to utilize rewards and punishments to change behaviors; that is, supervision and discipline are the vehicles to creating an ethical organization.

 

ANS: learning                                                       REF: p. 89                             OBJ: LO 5

 

10. ______________________ are employees who expose what they believe to be wrongdoing or illegality in their organization.

 

ANS: Whistleblowers                                          REF: p. 97                             OBJ: LO 5

 

11. Pinker’s concept of the ___________ refers to the idea that humans are naturally peaceful and altruistic.

 

ANS: “noble savage”                                          REF: p. 80                             OBJ:LO 1

 

12. A person whose moral development has progressed to the point where he or she has moved beyond the norms of society to determine universal good is, according to Kohlberg, at the ____________ level.

 

ANS: post-conventional                                     REF: p. 85                             OBJ:LO 2

 

13. Gilligan found that most men analyze moral decisions with a rules or justice orientation (Stage 4), whereas many women see the same moral dilemma with an orientation toward _____________

 

ANS: needs and relationships                           REF: p. 86                             OBJ:LO 2

 

14. Research indicates that workers are more likely to make unethical choices when they are ________________.

 

ANS: busy and stressed                                      REF: p. 91                             OBJ:LO 5

 

15. One who justifies unethical behavior by claiming to only be following orders is using Bandura’s ________________________ method of cognitive restructuring.

 

ANS: displacement of responsibility                REF: p. 92                             OBJ:LO 3

 

 

ESSAY

 

1. What are the three basic approaches used to explain human behavior? Explain each.

 

ANS:  answer not provided            REF: p. 79-87                       OBJ: LO 1

 

2. Briefly explain how men and women differ in their moral development, according to the research presented in the text..

 

ANS:  answer not provided            REF: pp. 82, 85-86              OBJ: LO 1,2

 

3. Describe and discuss modeling and reinforcement and how they are related to moral development.

 

ANS:  answer not provided            REF: p. 83-84                       OBJ: LO 1

 

4. Describe Bandura’s definition of self-regulation and discuss at least four of the ways it can be “turned off.”

 

ANS: answer not provided                 REF: p. 92                             OBJ: LO 3

 

5. Describe and discuss Kohlberg’s moral development theory. What problems do critics see with his theory?

 

ANS:  answer not provided            REF: pp. 84-86                    OBJ: LO 2

 

6. Describe how organizations can become corrupt, according to Trautman’s “Corruption Continuum.”

 

ANS:  answer not provided            REF: pp. 95-96                    OBJ: LO 4

 

7. List and discuss the necessary elements that Sherman identified for teaching ethics in criminal justice.

 

ANS:  answer not provided            REF: p. 94                             OBJ: LO 4

 

8. What advice does Souryal offer to those who desire to be good leaders?

 

ANS:  answer not provided            REF: p. 97                             OBJ: LO 5

 

9. What advice does Metz offer for leaders?

 

ANS:  answer not provided            REF: p. 97                             OBJ: LO 5

 

10. Review the role that biochemistry plays in one’s moral development.

 

ANS:  answer not provided            REF: p. 81                             OBJ: LO 1