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Ethics For Life 7Th Edition By Boss – Test Bank
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Ethics for Life, 7e (Boss)
Chapter 2 Moral Reasoning
1) At which level of thinking would one be most likely to hear the statement “Euthanasia must be immoral because it is illegal”?
- A) experience
- B) interpretation
- C) analysis
- D) praxis
Answer: B
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2) Opinions are:
- A) the foundation of moral thinking.
- B) most likely to be found at the level of moral analysis.
- C) never true.
- D) based on feeling rather than on reason.
Answer: D
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3) Which of the following groups, according to liberation ethicists, has epistemological privilege in American society?
- A) women of color
- B) White males
- C) philosophers
- D) nonhuman animals
Answer: A
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4) The pampered daughter of a wealthy businessman and a prominent Boston socialite joins the Peace Corps following college and spends one year working with orphans in a poverty-stricken nation. This experience deeply upsets her and, to her parents’ dismay, leads her to question her childhood values. What, according to Sheila Mullett, is the daughter most likely experiencing?
- A) resistance
- B) paradigm inflexibility
- C) ontological shock
- D) praxis
Answer: C
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5) In the context of moral analysis, the first of the three dimensions of Sheila Mullett’s approach to ethical analysis is ________.
- A) resistance
- B) ontological shock
- C) moral sensitivity
- D) altruism
Answer: C
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6) Marlene often gets angry and storms off when people question her views on the morality of abortion. Marlene is in all likelihood using:
- A) doublethink to avoid interpreting her worldviews.
- B) analysis to avoid experiencing her worldviews.
- C) resistance to avoid analyzing her worldviews.
- D) interpretation to avoid resisting her worldviews.
Answer: C
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7) People often go along with the attitudes or opinions of their peer group even if they disagree with them. Why do people tend to express such conformity or superficial tolerance?
- A) because people generally do not recognize conflicting attitudes unless someone points it out to them
- B) because they do not seriously think about such issues when they are with their peer groups
- C) because they are afraid that they will not be accepted by their peers if they disagree with them
- D) because people tend to empathize with others even if their beliefs and attitudes do not match
Answer: C
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8) In the context of resistance, cognitive dissonance refers to:
- A) a psychological conflict that results when people hold conflicting views simultaneously.
- B) a fallacy that suggests that a practice is morally acceptable because it is a long-standing tradition.
- C) the belief that people have a moral obligation to challenge ordinary ways of thinking through ontological debate.
- D) the process of devoting one’s life to the pursuit of a peaceful and harmonious existence.
Answer: A
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9) What is the conclusion in the following moral argument? “The United States is a democracy. Therefore, more gun control laws should be enacted in the United States because most citizens favor stricter gun control laws.”
- A) “The United States is a democracy.”
- B) “…more gun control laws should be enacted in the United States…”
- C) “…most people favor stricter gun control laws.”
- D) “Therefore” and “because”
Answer: B
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10) In the context of informal fallacies, a circumstantial fallacy occurs when:
- A) someone applies a rule that is generally accepted as valid to a particular case where exceptional or accidental circumstances render the rule inappropriate.
- B) someone appeals to an authority in a field other than the one under debate.
- C) people argue that their opponents should accept a certain position because of special circumstances, such as lifestyle or religion.
- D) one person chooses to attack the character of his or her opponent rather than addressing the argument.
Answer: C
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11) The primary purpose of rhetoric is to:
- A) discover moral truths.
- B) resolve moral dilemmas.
- C) construct a logical moral argument.
- D) win an argument through persuasive speech.
Answer: D
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12) In constructing moral arguments, we should begin by:
- A) coming up with a conclusion.
- B) checking for fallacies.
- C) compiling a list of premises.
- D) engaging in rhetoric.
Answer: C
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13) A ________, one of the components of an argument, is defined as a statement that expresses a complete thought.
- A) fallacy
- B) proposition
- C) paradox
- D) conclusion
Answer: B
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14) In resolving a moral dilemma, we should first:
- A) come up with a possible solution.
- B) make a list of the moral duties and values involved.
- C) get our facts straight.
- D) make a list of all the alternative courses of action.
Answer: C
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15) It is morally acceptable for parents to conceive a child in order to obtain blood or an organ tissue transplant to save the life of another of their children, because parents have the right to make their own decision about whether or not to conceive one child in order to save another child’s life.
- A) accident
- B) hasty generalization
- C) appeal to authority
- D) begging the question
Answer: D
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16) I fail to see why hunting should be considered cruel when it gives pleasure to so many people.
- A) abusive
- B) popular appeal
- C) irrelevant conclusion
- D) hasty generalization
Answer: C
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17) Nikolas Sigaud, a British explorer in the early 20th Century, argued that the Mayan civilization did not rely on agriculture for food. He believed that because there was no archeological evidence of the Mayans having used advanced agricultural tools, the Mayans were unlikely to have relied on agriculture to feed their large population. What logical fallacy does Nikolas Sigaud’s argument show?
- A) ignorance
- B) popular appeal
- C) begging the question
- D) accident
Answer: A
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18) “I don’t support the Obama administration’s policy on the non-use of nuclear weapons if we are attacked by another nation. As far as I’m concerned it has no validity since they’re just a bunch of naïve and spineless wimps.”
- A) circumstantial fallacy
- B) abusive fallacy
- C) appeal to tradition
- D) equivocation
Answer: B
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19) “Of course private ownership of property is morally acceptable. It’s been fundamental to our American way of life since this country’s inception.”
- A) naturalistic fallacy
- B) appeal to inappropriate authority
- C) fallacy of accident
- D) appeal to tradition
Answer: D
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20) “I believe in the Golden Rule. Therefore, I have an inherent duty to do unto others as I would have them do unto me. If I were puzzled by a question on an examination, I would want the person sitting next to me to help me. So it was my duty, professor, to let my friend sitting next to me copy answers from my test. You surely aren’t going to fail me simply for obeying the Golden Rule?”
- A) appeal to force
- B) accident
- C) begging the question
- D) ignorance
Answer: B
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21) Identify the premise in the following argument: “All moral statements are meaningless because there are no objective criteria for measuring their truth or falsity.”
- A) “All moral statements are meaningless…”
- B) “…because…”
- C) “…there are no objective criteria for measuring their truth or falsity.”
- D) “…truth or falsity.”
Answer: C
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22) The following argument is sometimes confused with ethical subjectivism: “Whatever a person believes is true for himself or herself is what that person believes is right for him or her.” Which fallacy is committed in this argument?
- A) hasty generalization
- B) ignorance
- C) accident
- D) begging the question
Answer: D
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23) Identify the fallacy in the following argument: “You shouldn’t take Wollstonecraft’s criticism of Rousseau too seriously. After all, she was abused by her father and no doubt had a grudge against all men.”
- A) appeal to force
- B) begging the question
- C) abusive
- D) ignorance
Answer: C
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24) Identify the fallacy in the following argument: “I hear that the philosopher Jeremy Bentham donated his estate to the University of London on the condition that his body be present at all the board meetings. He must have been a real fruitcake. As far as I’m concerned his moral philosophy can’t have any validity.”
- A) appeal to inappropriate authority
- B) abusive
- C) appeal to tradition
- D) equivocation
Answer: B
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25) Identify the fallacy in the following argument: “According to Kant, we ought to do our duty. As a member of a fraternity, I have a sworn duty to stand by my brothers. Therefore, it would be unethical for me to testify against my brothers in the upcoming rape trial.”
- A) equivocation
- B) irrelevant conclusion
- C) popular appeal
- D) begging the question
Answer: A
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Identify the person who said each of the following.
26) On the concept of doublethink, ________ said “Even to understand the word ‘doublethink’ involved the use of doublethink.”
- A) George Orwell
- B) Aristotle
- C) A. J. Ayer
- D) Buddha
Answer: A
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27) On the concept of liberation, ________ said “One of the gravest obstacles to the achievement of liberation is that oppressive reality [worldview] absorbs those within it…. To no longer be prey to its force, one must emerge from it and turn on it. This can be done only by means of praxis…”
- A) Thomas Jefferson
- B) Stanley Milgram
- C) Paulo Freire
- D) George Orwell
Answer: C
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Ethics for Life, 7e (Boss)
Chapter 4 Ethical Subjectivism: Morality Is Just a Matter of Personal Feeling
1) Which of the following sources of information would probably be most important to a college student who is a cultural relativist in deciding whether to ban hate speech?
- A) the student’s personal feelings
- B) the moral principle of nonmaleficence
- C) the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution
- D) the student’s past experience as a victim of hate speech
Answer: C
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2) According to ethical subjectivists, ________.
- A) the only objective moral standards are the opinions of the majority
- B) there are no objective moral standards
- C) people have to personally accept moral responsibility and blame for the harm they cause others
- D) all moral statements are meaningless
Answer: B
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3) An opinion is a statement that:
- A) is neither true nor false.
- B) is the result of logical analysis.
- C) contains both a premise and a conclusion.
- D) expresses how a person feels.
Answer: D
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4) When asked whether there are universal moral principles, Carlos replies that he does not know because there is no convincing evidence either way. Carlos is a(n):
- A) emotivist.
- B) ethical subjectivist.
- C) cynic.
- D) ethical skeptic.
Answer: D
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5) Ethical subjectivists differ from emotivists in that ethical subjectivists believe that:
- A) all moral statements are meaningless.
- B) moral truths exist.
- C) we cannot know with certainty whether there are moral truths.
- D) reason is the source of moral law.
Answer: B
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6) In the context of ethical subjectivism, ________ is the moral theory that moral statements are neither true nor false but simply expressions of feeling.
- A) ethical skepticism
- B) individual relativism
- C) emotivism
- D) egotism
Answer: C
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7) Jean-Jacques Rousseau supported ethical subjectivism because he believed that people:
- A) are by nature depraved and will not follow moral principles anyway.
- B) are too sentimental and need to pay more attention to reason.
- C) are basically good and will do the right thing if not corrupted by society.
- D) need to throw off the chains of ignorance and seek out the light of truth.
Answer: C
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8) Mary Wollstonecraft criticized Rousseau’s ethical subjectivism on the grounds that:
- A) people in a state of nature are depraved and need society to enforce moral restraints on them.
- B) society and civilization thwart the natural moral expressions of children.
- C) women make moral decisions based on care and sentiment, whereas men make moral decisions based on principles and reason.
- D) moral truths must be the same for both men and women.
Answer: D
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9) Which of the following people advocated following the “law of the heart” when making moral decisions?
- A) Mary Midgley
- B) Mary Wollstonecraft
- C) Kitty Genovese
- D) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Answer: D
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10) The Kitty Genovese syndrome is characterized by:
- A) moral indifference to others’ distress.
- B) a belief in universal moral principles.
- C) confusion when faced with a moral dilemma.
- D) compassion and sympathy to the suffering of others.
Answer: A
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11) Which of the following is a logical consequence of people adopting ethical subjectivism as a moral theory?
- A) There is no such thing as moral knowledge.
- B) There is no moral obligation for a sadist to refrain from torturing people.
- C) People will become less bigoted and more tolerant of differing views.
- D) People will become more likely to blindly follow the orders of those in authority.
Answer: B
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12) According to Stephen Satris, the ethical relativism espoused by many college students:
- A) is the result of critical analysis of universal moral theories.
- B) is used as a defense mechanism to avoid thinking about moral issues.
- C) stems from a genuine belief that there are no objective moral principles.
- D) shows just how dependent today’s college students are on their relatives for moral guidance.
Answer: B
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13) According to Mary Midgley, ________.
- A) we should avoid being judgmental while making moral judgments
- B) we should make moral judgments
- C) morality is relative to each individual
- D) morality should be based on the “law of the heart”
Answer: B
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14) Which of the following approaches to ethics education is partly based on the assumptions underlying ethical subjectivism?
- A) the Socratic method
- B) moral indoctrination
- C) values clarification
- D) moral minimalism
Answer: C
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15) According to Mary Wollstonecraft, under what circumstances does moral development thrive?
- A) when people freely express opinions or feelings without examining them further
- B) when everyone is taught the same moral standards early in their lives
- C) when people’s ideas and worldviews are challenged rather than uncritically affirmed
- D) when society places no limits on the behaviors that people can display
Answer: C
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16) ________ is a moral theory that states that it is difficult, if not impossible, to know the nature of moral truths or whether these truths exist.
- A) Ethical egoism
- B) Metaphysical dualism
- C) Ethical skepticism
- D) Psychological egoism
Answer: C
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17) In the context of moral uncertainty, ethical skepticism differs from ethical subjectivism in that it:
- A) proposes that people can inherently tell the difference between what is morally right and wrong.
- B) claims that universal moral truths do not exist, and moral truths differ from individual to individual.
- C) accepts the possibility that universal moral truths exist, though they cannot be proved.
- D) denies that men are capable of being as intelligent or morally sound as women.
Answer: C
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Identify the person who said each of the following.
18) “[Women’s] first duty is to themselves as rational creatures.”
- A) Stephen Satris
- B) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
- C) Aristotle
- D) Mary Wollstonecraft
Answer: D
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19) “SR [Student Relativism] is not the same as some such philosophical position because it is simply not a position at all… To have a position (and especially a philosophical position) it is necessary in some sense to engage with questions and issues.”
- A) Susan Sherwin
- B) Stephen Satris
- C) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
- D) A. J. Ayer
Answer: B
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20) “Nature made man happy and good, and society deprives him and makes him miserable.”
- A) René Descartes
- B) Mary Wollstonecraft
- C) Stephen Satris
- D) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Answer: D
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