Exercise Physiology Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance 10th Edition 10Th Edition by Scott Powers – Test Bank

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Exercise Physiology Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance 10th Edition 10Th Edition by Scott Powers – Test Bank

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Chapter 2

Control of the Internal Environment

 

Multiple Choice Questions

 

Level 1 questions-Lowest level of difficulty questions (correct response requires remembering key information)

 

1. The term homeostasis is defined as
   A. a constant metabolic demand placed upon the body.
   B.the maintenance of a constant internal environment.
   C. a low metabolic rate.
   D. a change within the internal environment.

 

2. Physiologists use the term steady state to denote
   A.a steady and unchanging level of a physiological variable.
   B. a completely normal external environment.
   C. a changing internal environment.
   D. an increase in body heat storage.

 

3. A series of interconnected components that serve to maintain a physical or chemical parameter of the body near a constant value is
   A. homeostasis.
   B. steady state.
   C.a biological control system.
   D. an organ system.

 

4. The general components of a biological control system are the
   A. receptor, control center, and response.
   B.receptor, control center, and effector.
   C. effector, remote control, and stimulus.
   D. receptor and integrating center.

 

5. Most control systems of the body operate via
   A. positive feedback.
   B. low-gain receptors.
   C.negative feedback.
   D. feed forward mechanisms.

 

6. The gain of a biological control system can be thought of as the
   A. precision with which the control system maintains homeostasis.
   B. ratio of the amount of abnormality to the amount of correction needed to maintain a constant internal environment (i.e., amount abnormality/amount of correction needed).
   C. positive feedback needed to maintain homeostasis.
   D. stimulus that triggers the biological control system to bring the internal environment back to normal.

 

7. Exercise training can improve homeostatic control via
   A. an increase in positive feedback.
   B. an increase in negative feedback.
   C. a decrease in negative feedback.
   D.cellular adaptation.

 

8. Cellular adaptation to environmental stress (i.e., hot environment) is called
   A.acclimation
9. adaptation
   C. homeostatic conversion
10. accomodation.

 

9. A chemical messenger is released from one cell and stimulates nearby cells is an example of
   A. autocrine signaling.
   B. endocrine signaling.
   C. juxtacrine signaling.
   D.paracrine signaling.

 

10. Endocrine signaling involves the release of _________ into the bloodstream.
    A. heat shock proteins
    B. neurotransmitters
    C.hormones
    D. transcription factors

 

11. The formation of mRNA in the cell is called
    A.transcription.
    B. translation.
12. transduction.
13. transfection.

 

12. Translation is the production of a protein from mRNA at the
    A. nucleus.
    B.ribosome.
    C. mitochondria.
    D. Golgi apparatus.

 

13. The factor that “turns on” genes to promote the production of mRNA is called a
14. myonuclei
15. mRNA tranducer
16. transcriptional activator
17. DNA transcriber

 

14. Autocrine signaling occurs when a cell produces
15. and releases a chemical messenger into the extracellular fluid that acts upon the cell that produced the messenger.
16. a signal that acts upon nearby cells.
17. chemical signals are released into the blood and carried throughout the body.
18. a signal that acts with the cell that produced the signal.

 

15. The term cell signaling refers to
16. depolarization of the cell.
17. hyperpolarization of the cell.
18. a system of communication between cells.
19. None of the above answers are correct.

 

Level 2 questions-Moderate level of difficulty (correct response requires understanding

and comprehending information)

 

16. Stress proteins (i.e., heat shock proteins) are manufactured by cells in response to exercise and other stresses. Importantly, increasing the cellular levels of heat shock proteins
    A. can lead to an increased production of free radicals.
    B. can lead to further disruptions in homeostasis.
    C. can lead to an increased degree of cellular injury.
    D.can repair damaged cellular proteins and restore homeostasis.

 

17. During 60 minutes of constant-load submaximal exercise, the body temperature reaches a plateau after 35-45 minutes. This is an example of
    A. homeostasis.
    B. effector.
    C.a steady state.
    D. changing internal environment.

 

18. In order to maintain blood glucose homeostasis, which of the following events would likely occur in response to a significant rise in blood glucose?
    A. decreased insulin secretion from the pancreas
    B.increased uptake of glucose by cells
    C. release of blood glucose from the liver
    D. all of the above answers are correct

 

 

19. Which of the following physiological events is an example of positive feedback?
    A. regulation of blood glucose
    B. regulation of body temperature
    C.labor contractions during childbirth
    D. the cellular stress protein response

 

20. In negative feedback, the response of the system is
    A. to increase the gain of the receptor.
    B. to modify the receptor’s response to the stimulus.
    C.opposite to that of the stimulus.
    D. to increase the stimulus.

 

 

Level 3 questions -Highest level of difficulty (correct response requires applying and analyzing information)

 

21. Some cells communicate by cell-to-cell contact. This type of signaling
22. is called intracrine signaling and requires that the cytoplasm of one cell makes contact with the cytoplasm of another cell.
23. is called juxtacrine signaling and requires that the cytoplasm of one cell makes contact with the cytoplasm of another cell.
24. is called autocrine signaling and requires that the cytoplasm of one cell makes contact.
25. None of the above answers are correct

 

22. The most important control systems in the body are those systems that regulate a physiological variable that is required to sustain life. Which of the following control systems would likely have a large gain?
23. cardiovascular control system
24. pulmonary control system
25. temperature control system
26. All of the above answers are correct

 

23. Negative feedback is an important class of biological control systems in the body that serves to restore normal values of a variable to maintain homeostasis. Which of the following examples illustrate a negative feedback control system of the body?
24. regulation of CO2 concentrations in the blood
25. control of body temperature
26. regulation of blood glucose
27. All of the above answers are correct

 

All true/false questions are rated as Level 1 questions-Lowest level of difficulty questions (correct response requires remembering key information)

 

True / False Questions

24. Because of complex control systems, the body always maintains homeostasis, even during prolonged or high intensity exercise.

FALSE

 

25. Failure of a biological control system can result in disease.

TRUE

 

26. Diabetes is a disease that results in high blood glucose levels (i.e., hyperglycemia).

TRUE

 

27. The endocrine system plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis in the body.

TRUE

 

28. The gain of a control system is the ability of a receptor to adapt to a repeated stimulus. FALSE

 

 

TEST BANK

Chapter 4

Exercise Metabolism

Multiple Choice Questions

 

Level 1 questions-Lowest level of difficulty questions (correct response requires remembering key information)

1. At rest, the O₂ consumption of a 70-kg young adult is approximately
   A. 250 ml/min.
   B. 0.25 L/min.
   C. 3.5 ml/kg/min.
   D.all of the above answers are correct.

 

2. The first bioenergetic pathway to become active in skeletal muscle at the onset of exercise is
   A. glycolysis.
   B.the ATP-CP system.
   C. the Krebs cycle.
   D. the electron transport chain.

 

3. The term oxygen deficit refers to the
   A.lag in oxygen consumption at the beginning of exercise.
   B. excess oxygen consumption during recovery from exercise.
   C. amount of oxygen required to maintain a steady state during constant-load exercise.
   D. amount of oxygen utilized by the brain in the first few minutes of exercise.

 

4. The exercise intensity that promotes the highest amount of total fat oxidation is approximately
5. 30% of VO₂ max.
   B.60% of VO₂ max.
   C. 75% of VO₂ max.
   D. 90% of VO₂ max.

 

5. The lactate threshold is defined as the work rate or oxygen uptake at which there is a systematic
   A. rise in blood levels of lactate dehydrogenase.
   B. rise in aerobic metabolism.
   C. decrease in blood lactic acid concentration.
   D. rise in blood levels of lactic acid.

 

6. A respiratory quotient (RQ) of 0.95 during steady-state exercise is suggestive of a(n)
   A.high rate of carbohydrate metabolism.
   B. high rate of fat metabolism.
   C. equal rate of fat/carbohydrate metabolism.
   D. high rate of protein metabolism

 

7. Most of the carbohydrate (e.g., for a rested, well-fed athlete) used as a substrate during high-intensity exercise comes from
   A.muscle glycogen stores.
   B. blood glucose.
   C. liver glycogen stores.
   D. glycogen stored in fat cells

 

8. The process of breaking down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol is called
   A. beta oxidation.
   B. glycogenolysis.
   C.lipolysis.
   D. lipogenesis.

 

9. During the “rapid” portion of the oxygen debt (or EPOC), the excess VO₂ is due to
   A. high body temperature.
   B. gluconeogenesis.
   C.restoration of muscle CP and replacement of blood and muscle oxygen stores.
   D. elevated blood levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine.

 

10. The drift upward of VO₂ during constant-load exercise in a hot environment is due to
    A. rising blood levels of lactate.
    B. decreasing blood levels of hormones.
    C.increasing body temperature.
    D. decreasing body temperature.

 

11. The slow rise in oxygen consumption over time during submaximal, prolonged exercise in a hot environment is likely due to
    A. high blood levels of lactic acid.
    B.rising body temperature.
    C. rising blood levels of insulin.
    D. a decrease in blood glucose levels.

 

12. As exercise intensity increases, there is a progressive increase in the reliance of carbohydrate metabolism in the exercising skeletal muscles. This fact has been described as the
13. substrate shift phenomenon.
    B. RQ effect.
    C.crossover concept.
    D. glycolytic surge.

 

13. The primary fuel source during high-intensity (85% VO₂ max) exercise is
    A.muscle glycogen.
    B. blood glucose.
    C. muscle triglycerides.
    D. plasma FFA.

 

14. Which of the following is true concerning VO₂ max?
    A. It occurs at a lower intensity of exercise than the lactate threshold.
    B. It is the maximal volume of oxygen that can be moved into the lungs in one minute.
    C.It is a valid measure of cardiovascular fitness.
    D. It is the highest VO₂ achieved during prolonged steady-state exercise.

 

15. Which of the following exercise intensities wouldrely primarily on carbohydrate as a fuel source?
16. 30% of VO₂ max.
    B.50% of VO₂ max.
    C. 65% of VO₂ max.
    D. 90% of VO₂ max.

 

Level 2 questions-Moderate level of difficulty (correct response requires understanding and comprehending information)

 

16. Which of the following factors are possible mechanisms to explain the lactate threshold?
17. low muscle oxygen
    B.recruitment of fast-twitch muscle fibers
18. reduced rate of lactate removal from the blood
19. All of the above answers are correct

 

17. After the first few minutes of constant-load, submaximal exercise, VO₂ reaches steady state, indicating that
    A.the ATP demand is being met aerobically.
    B. levels of lactic acid in the blood are very high.
    C. the exercise can be continued indefinitely without fatigue.
    D. the oxygen uptake is not sufficient to meet the ATP demand.

 

18. Any factor that increases the amino acid pool in the muscle can enhance protein metabolism in the exercising muscle. Which of the following factors can increase the amino acid pool in the muscle?
    A. short-duration (i.e., 1-3 minutes) high intensity exercise.
    B.prolonged exercise (> 2 hours).
    C. high levels of lactate in the blood.
    D. None of the above answers are correct.

 

19. Energy to run a maximal 400-meter race (i.e., 50 to 60 seconds) comes from
    A. aerobic metabolism exclusively.
    B. mostly aerobic metabolism with some anaerobic metabolism.
    C.a combination of aerobic/anaerobic metabolism, with most of the ATP coming from anaerobic sources.
    D. the ATP-CP system exclusively.

 

20. Energy to run a 40-yard dash comes
    A.almost exclusively from the ATP-CP system.
    B. exclusively from glycolysis.
    C. almost exclusively from aerobic metabolism.
    D. from a combination of aerobic/anaerobic metabolism, with most of the ATP being produced aerobically.

 

21. The energy to perform long-term exercise (i.e., >30 minutes) comes primarily from
    A.aerobic metabolism.
    B. a combination of aerobic/anaerobic metabolism, with anaerobic metabolism producing the bulk of the ATP.
    C. anaerobic metabolism.
    D. anaerobic metabolism, with the ATP-PC system producing the bulk of the ATP.

 

22. The oxygen debt is generally higher following heavy exercise when compared with light exercise because heavy exercise
    A. produces more lactic acid.
    B.results in greater body heat gained, greater CP depleted, higher blood levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine, and greater depletion of blood and muscle oxygen stores.
    C. results in a greater level of liver glycogen depletion.
    D. is of shorter duration than light exercise.

 

23. Which of the following is true about VO₂ during exercise?
    A. VO₂ increases linearly with work rate.
    B. VO₂ is an indicator of glycolytic ATP production.
    C. VO₂ drops sharply just prior to fatigue.
    D. None of the above are true.

 

24. Removal of lactic acid following a bout of intense exercise is
    A. more rapid if the subject rests, compared to performing light exercise.
    B. more rapid if the subject performs heavy exercise (>70% VO₂ max), compared to rest.
    C. more rapid if the subject performs light exercise (~30% VO₂ max), compared to rest.
    D. the same whether the subject rests or performs light exercise (~30% VO₂ max).

 

25. Exercise trained individuals have a lower oxygen deficit; this may be due to
    A. increased pulmonary lung capacity.
    B. increased levels of glycolytic enzymes in the trained muscle.
    C. a greater involvement of the ATP-CP energy system at the onset of exercise.
    D.having a better developed aerobic bioenergetic capacity.

 

26. The primary fuel source during prolonged (i.e., 40-60 minutes), light-intensity (25% VO₂ max) exercise is
    A. muscle glycogen.
    B. blood glucose.
    C. muscle triglycerides.
    D.plasma FFA.

 

27. The carbohydrate fuel source that becomes most important after 3-4 hours of moderate-intensity (~70% VO₂ max) exercise is
    A. muscle glycogen.
    B.blood glucose.
    C. muscle triglycerides.
    D. plasma FFA.

Level 3 questions -Highest level of difficulty (correct response requires applying and analyzing information)

 

28. Which of the following is true of the Cori cycle?
    A.This cycle can decrease blood lactate concentration by liver removal of lactate from the blood and converting this lactate into glucose.
    B. This cycle plays a key role in gluconeogenesis in skeletal muscle.
    C. This cycle coverts glycogen into lactate in the liver.
    D. This cycle is responsible for converting amino acids into glucose.

 

29. During steady-state exercise, an RQ of 0.73 would indicate
30. a high level of fat metabolism.
    B. a high level of carbohydrate metabolism.
31. a high level of protein metabolism.
    D. None of the answers above are correct

 

30. The RER can rise above 1.00
    A. during high-intensity exercise.
    B. if VCO₂> VO₂.
    C. when the buffering of lactic acid stimulates ventilation to eliminate CO₂.
    D.when all of these occur.

 

 

31. Which of the following would NOT increase (whole body) oxygen consumption during recovery from exercise andincrease excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)?
    A.high intensity of exercise
    B. elevated body temperature above normal
    C. high blood levels of hormones (i.e., epinephrine)
    D. None of the above answers are true

 

32. VO₂ max is determined by
    A. the maximum ability of the cardiorespiratory system to deliver oxygen to the muscle.
    B. the ability of the muscle to take up and use oxygen to produce ATP.
    C.both A and B are correct.
    D. none of the above answers are correct.

 

33. Which of the following factors could explain the rise in blood lactic acid at the lactate threshold?
    A. an increased rate of lactate production
    B. a decreased rate of removal of lactic acid from the blood
    C.both A and B are correct
    D. none of the above answers are correct.
34. When using the RQ to estimate fuel usage during exercise, the role that protein plays as a fuel source is often ignored. Why?
    A.because protein generally plays a relatively small role as a fuel source during exercise
    B. because protein cannot be used a fuel in skeletal muscle
    C. because protein is only used as a fuel in muscle during short duration exercise lasting less than 20 seconds.
35. none of the above answers are correct.

 

35. Depletion of muscle carbohydrate stores during exercise can decrease the ability of the muscle to metabolize fat by
    A. decreasing the rate of muscle lactic acid production.
    B.reducing the concentrations of citric acid cycle intermediates.
    C. increasing the rate of protein metabolism.
    D. reducing the rate of protein metabolism.

 

All true/false questions are rated as Level 1 questions-Lowest level of difficulty questions (correct response requires remembering key information)

True / False Questions

 

36. Lactate is formed and accumulates in the muscle when the rate of glycolytic production of NADH exceeds the rate at which these products are shuttled into the mitochondria.
    TRUE

 

37. The respiratory exchange ratio is often referred to as the respiratory quotient during steady-state exercise.
    TRUE

 

38. Fat oxidation requires more oxygen than carbohydrate oxidation because carbohydrates contain LESS oxygen than fats.
    FALSE

 

39. Exercise trained individuals usually produce less lactate than untrained individuals during the transition from rest to steady-state exercise.
    TRUE

 

40. Lactate accumulation during exercise is a major cause of the muscle soreness that occurs 24-48 hours after exercising.
    FALSE

 

41. The exercise intensity at which blood lactate levels reach four millimoles per liter is often termed the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA).
    TRUE