Experiencing Intercultural Communication An Introduction Judith Martin 6th Edition- Test Bank

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Experiencing Intercultural Communication An Introduction Judith Martin 6th Edition- Test Bank

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CHAPTER TWO

 

Multiple Choice Questions

 

1. The learned patterns of perception, values, and behaviors shared by a group of people, which are dynamic and heterogeneous, are known as _____.
2. stereotyping
3. perception

*c. culture

1. heterogeneity

 

2. The ways in which a culture judges good or bad, or right or wrong, is often determined by _____.
3. stereotypes

*b. values

1. perceptions
2. beliefs

 

3. Collectively, the values and perceptions of a cultural group represent its _____.

*a. worldview

1. history
2. communication patterns
3. beliefs

 

4. Surveys of global attitudes toward U.S. popular culture show that the majority of people surveyed in European countries say they like American music, movies, and television, while U.S. popular culture gets generally poor reviews in the majority of Muslim nations surveyed. This difference between cultural groups illustrates that _____.

*a. culture is shared

1. culture is expressed as behavior
2. culture is dynamic
3. culture involves power

 

5. The idea that not all members of a particular group will behave or think in the same way illustrates that _____.
6. culture is shared
7. culture is expressed as behavior

*c. culture is heterogeneous

1. culture involves power

 

6. Many Native American students are soft spoken and hesitate to participate in classroom discussions. Amy, however, is a Native American who actively participates in class and often asks questions. Amy’s behavior illustrates that _____.
7. culture is shared
8. culture is expressed as behavior
9. culture is dynamic

*d. culture is heterogeneous

 

7. The symbolic process whereby meaning is shared and negotiated is called _____.
8. culture
9. power

*c. communication

1. language

 

8. The fact that Berta uses her chin instead of her finger to point at an object across the room illustrates that communication is _____.
9. dynamic
10. unintentional
11. receiver-oriented

*d. symbolic

 

9. An “easy” class or quiz can mean different things to different people. This illustrates that:

*a. communication involves sharing and negotiating meaning.

1. communication can be unintentional.
2. communication is always receiver-oriented.
3. communication is symbolic.

 

10. The idea that we are constantly sending and receiving messages that may change midstream illustrates that:
11. communication involves sharing and negotiating meaning.
12. communication can be unintentional.

*c. communication is dynamic.

1. communication is symbolic.

 

11. Jeff accidentally insulted the parents of his roommate Mohammed by putting his feet up on the desk when they were visiting him. Jeff’s behavior illustrates that:
12. communication is always dynamic.

*b. communication can be unintentional.

1. communication is receiver-oriented.
2. communication is symbolic.

 

12. Daniel offended a classmate by trying to help her with her books. She told him he was sexist and that he should not patronize her. In trying to be helpful, Daniel has illustrated that:
13. communication involves sharing and negotiating meaning.
14. communication is always unintentional.

*c. communication is receiver-oriented.

1. communication is dynamic.

 

13. Societies that are more likely to punish criminals than rehabilitate them probably see human nature as _____.
14. innate
15. basically good
16. a combination of good and evil

*d. essentially evil

 

14. Which of the following relationships between humans and nature is illustrated by societies that place less emphasis on birth control and tend not to interfere with rivers by building dams?

*a. domination of nature over humans

1. humans living in harmony with nature
2. humans dominating nature
3. low access to technology

 

15. Kyle doesn’t understand why people in some countries don’t make greater use of agricultural technology and why, if they have large populations, more people don’t practice birth control. Kyle probably lives in a society with a _____ orientation.
16. domination of nature over humans
17. humans living in harmony with nature

*c. humans dominating nature

1. technological

 

16. Which of the following statements is true about people from collectivist societies?
17. They are less likely to employ an avoidance-style conflict resolution.

*b. They are likely to place a great deal of importance on extended families.

1. They are more likely to employ direct forms of communication.
2. They are likely to place importance on individuals rather than teams.

 

17. Which of the following statements is true about a “doing” value orientation?

*a. It is the most preferred form of orientation in the United States, involving being productive and keeping busy.

1. It is more likely to be found in Greek and Spanish cultural groups.
2. It encourages spending time interacting with family and friends rather than working for financial gains.
3. It particularly places importance on the spiritual aspects of life.

 

18. Carmen would rather spend time interacting and relaxing with friends than working. In fact, she recently turned down a promotion because it would mean she would see her family and friends less. Carmen probably grew up in a culture with a _____ value orientation toward human activity.
19. doing
20. puritan
21. growing

*d. being

 

19. Shauna, age 27, has started to put money into an IRA. She doesn’t plan to use this money until she retires. Shauna probably lives in a culture with a _____ orientation toward time.

*a. future

1. past
2. present
3. financial

 

20. The extent to which less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept power is known as _____.
21. masculinity/femininity
22. uncertainty avoidance

*c. power distance

1. long-term orientation to life

 

21. Which of the following value dimensions is related to the subjective feelings of happiness?
22. power distance
23. uncertainty avoidance

*c. indulgence/restraint orientation

1. masculinity/femininity orientation

 

22. Identify a feature of national cultures that are categorized as more indulgent.
23. They report that having lots of friends is unimportant.

*b. They participate actively in sports.

1. They tend to value maintaining order over allowing freedom of speech.
2. They suppress gratification of needs.

 

23. Which of the following is a feature of societies with a long-term orientation to life?

*a. They tend to emphasize perseverance and tenacity in whatever is attempted regardless of how long it takes.

1. They hold that social pressure exists so that people can compete with their neighbors to accumulate more material goods even if it means overspending.
2. They tend to emphasize quick results in endeavors.
3. They are concerned with “possessing” the truth, which is reflected in Western religions like Christianity and Islam.

 

24. Jeremy is always polite and courteous toward his instructors at school but tends to be a bit rowdy with his friends at parties. The differences in Jeremy’s communication illustrate the importance of _____ in determining behavior and communication.
25. power distance

*b. context

1. ritual
2. ethnocentrism

 

25. The belief that one’s own cultural group is superior to all other cultural groups is known as _____.
26. prejudice
27. stereotyping
28. discrimination

*d. ethnocentrism

 

26. Which of the following terms can be best defined as a negative attitude toward a cultural group based on little or no experience?

*a. prejudice

1. ethnocentrism
2. power distance
3. stereotype

 

27. Widely held beliefs or generalizations about a group of people are known as _____.
28. prejudice

*b. stereotypes

1. discrimination
2. ethnocentrism

 

28. James believes that gay people are abnormal and overly concerned with sex, so he has never been friends with people he knew were gay. James’ attitude toward gays illustrates _____, a barrier to intercultural communication.
29. prejudice
30. stereotypes
31. discrimination

*d. a & b

 

29. People who go out of their way to engage in unimportant but positive intergroup behaviors (saying “I’m not prejudiced”) in order to convince themselves and others that they are not prejudiced, illustrate the subtle form of prejudice known as _____.
30. stereotyping

*b. tokenism

1. arms-length prejudice
2. ethnocentrism

 

True or False

 

30. People in collectivist societies tend to value direct communication and active conflict resolution styles in order to maintain their group.
31. True

*b. False

 

31. Groups with the most power determine what the acceptable communication system of their entire society will be.

*a. True

1. False

 

32. People of different ages, genders, physical abilities, or sexual orientations have relatively equal access to power in the United States.
33. True

*b. False

 

33. Communication involves tossing “message balls” back and forth, such that one person sends a single message and the other person receives it.
34. True

*b. False

 

34. We learn to be cultural members slowly and subconsciously through the process of socialization.

*a. True

1. False

 

35. People in Japan, Austria, and Mexico seem to prefer a masculine orientation, expressing a general preference for gender-specific roles.

*a. True

1. False

 

36. Countries with a predominant indulgence orientation emphasize freedom of speech over maintaining order, whereas countries with a more restraint orientation tend to value maintaining order over allowing freedom of speech.

*a. True

1. False

 

37. Weak uncertainty-avoidance societies like Great Britain, Sweden, Ireland, and Hong Kong prefer more extensive rules and regulations in organizational settings and more consensus concerning goals.
38. True

*b. False

 

38. Forces that attempt to change or retain existing social structures contribute to the political context.

*a. True

1. False

 

39. Stereotypes are a normal product of our everyday thought processes.

*a. True

1. False

 

40. Most people in the United States believe that man is essentially evil because we are interested

not in rehabilitation but in punishment of criminal offenders.

1. True

*b. False

 

41. A “growing” orientation places importance on the spiritual aspects of life.

*a. True

1. False

 

Short Essay Questions

 

42. Identify, discuss, and provide examples of the three possible relationships between humans and nature according to Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck.

 

43. Compare and contrast the individualist and the collectivist orientations toward relationships between humans.

 

44. Identify and discuss two ways in which communication reinforces culture.

 

45. Discuss the role of power in the intercultural communication process.

 

46. Identify and discuss four potential barriers to intercultural communication.

 

47. Describe the relationship among stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination. How are they different? How do they contribute to one another?

 

48. Why is the color-blind approach seen as a problem rather than a solution with regard to understanding prejudice?

CHAPTER FOUR

 

Multiple Choice Questions

 

1. Which of the following statements is true about gender identity?

*a. Cisgendered people can identify with any of a number of sexual identities.

1. Transgendered people necessarily identify themselves as either gay or lesbian.
2. Cisgendered people identify with a gender that differs from their biologically assigned gender at birth.
3. Transgendered people identify with a gender that matches their biological body.

 

2. Regan is a U.S. American student studying in London. It upsets him sometimes when other students in his class assume that he is British. He frequently interacts with these British students and shares his American background and experiences. These interactions have had a profound influence on how he sees himself and has helped him develop a stronger sense of his American national identity. This scenario exhibits that identities are _____.
3. multiple

*b. created through communication

1. dynamic
2. influenced by society

 

3. Typically, _____ identity includes self-identification, knowledge of a group’s traditions, customs and values, and a feeling of belonging to that group.
4. gender
5. age

*c. ethnic

1. religious

 

4. Individuals who define themselves in part in relation to their roots outside the United States are often called _____.
5. global nomads
6. Mexican-Americans

*c. hyphenated Americans

1. minorities

 

5. Our _____ identity is determined by our height, weight, sex, age, and other corporeal characteristics.

*a. physical ability

1. age
2. class
3. gender

 

6. A person who wears a crucifix around his or her neck is probably communicating his or her _____ identity.
7. ethnic
8. national

*c. religious

1. class

 

7. “Trailer park trash” and “White trash” are terms used to mark _____ differences in U.S. society.
8. ethnic
9. racial
10. religious

*d. class

 

8. James, a U.S. citizen working in France, loves to talk about the United States with his French colleagues. He talks to them about how there is more freedom and economic opportunity in America than elsewhere. In this scenario, James is enacting his _____ identity.
9. gender

*b. national

1. religious
2. class

 

9. Belle is from South Carolina. She is proud that she speaks with an accent and has no real desire to visit or live in the West. In this scenario, Belle is affirming her _____ identity.
10. ethnic
11. national

*c. regional

1. class

 

10. The stage of minority identity development characterized by the lack of exploration of ethnicity is known as _____.
11. conformity
12. resistance and separatism

*c. unexamined identity

1. integration

 

11. Manuel accepts the values and attitudes of the majority culture. Although he is Mexican American, he is often embarrassed by other members of his group. He has a strong desire to assimilate into the mainstream. Manuel is probably in the _____ stage of minority identity development.

*a. unexamined identity

1. resistance and separatism
2. conformity
3. integration

 

12. Which of the following is a salient feature of the unexamined identity stage of minority identity development?

*a. An individual’s ideas about identity may come from his or her parents or friends—if they have any interest in ethnicity.

1. An individual has a strong sense of his or her own group identity and an appreciation for other cultural groups.
2. An individual realizes that racism and other forms of oppression occur but tries to redirect his or her anger in more positive ways.
3. An individual has a secure sense of identity and wants to eliminate all forms of injustice including oppression aimed at his or her own group.

 

13. Which of the following statements is true about the conformity stage of minority identity development?
14. An individual strongly endorses his or her own group and all the values and attributes associated with it and rejects the values and norms associated with the dominant group.
15. An individual has a secure sense of identity and wants to eliminate all forms of injustice including oppression aimed at his or her own group.

*c. An individual starts the search for his or her own ethnic identity after encountering a situation that causes him or her to question the dominant culture attitudes.

1. An individual realizes that racism and other forms of oppression occur but tries to redirect his or her anger in more positive ways.

 

14. In the _____ stage of minority identity development, individuals may reject the values and norms associated with the dominant group while embracing all the attitudes and values attributed to his or her own group.
15. unexamined identity

*b. resistance and separatism

1. conformity
2. integration

 

15. Bertina, a Native American, believes that Navajo customs and traditions provide the most effective responses to everyday issues. She rejects Western medicine when she is sick and refuses to be cured by anyone but a traditional healer. Bertina is probably in the _____ stage of minority identity development.
16. conformity
17. unexamined identity
18. integration

*d. resistance and separatism

 

16. A person with a strong sense of his or her own group identity and an appreciation of other cultural groups is probably in the _____ stage of minority identity development.
17. unexamined identity
18. resistance and separatism
19. conformity

*d. integration

 

17. Vivian, an African American, is proud to be Black. She admires, however, many Latin Americans’ emphasis on family and applauds the successes of many Asian Americans. Vivian is probably in the _____ stage of minority identity development.

*a. integration

1. conformity
2. resistance and separatism
3. unexamined identity

 

18. A person who is aware of some physical and cultural differences, but does not fear other racial or ethnic groups or feel a sense of superiority is probably in the _____ stage of majority identity development.
19. resistance
20. acceptance
21. redefinition and reintegration

*d. unexamined identity

 

19. A person who does not question the basic racial inequities in society and who may even believe that minority groups need help to assimilate is probably in the _____ stage of majority identity development.
20. resistance

*b. acceptance

1. redefinition and reintegration
2. unexamined identity

 

20. Ted, a White American, doesn’t think of himself as being White. He knows that minority groups are economically disadvantaged and supports educational efforts to expose minorities to European music, art, and literature. Ted is probably in the _____ stage of majority identity development.
21. resistance
22. unexamined identity
23. redefinition and reintegration

*d. acceptance

 

21. When a person moves from blaming minority members for their conditions to blaming the social system as a source of racial or ethnic problems, he or she is probably in the _____ stage of majority identity development.
22. acceptance
23. unexamined identity
24. redefinition and reintegration

*d. resistance

 

22. Dianna is comfortable being White although she can appreciate other groups. She recognizes that prejudice and racism are factors in our society but also realizes that blame, guilt, or denial does not really help in eliminating racism. Dianna is probably in the _____ stage of majority identity development.
23. resistance
24. acceptance

*c. redefinition and reintegration

1. unexamined identity

 

23. Which of the following statements is true of the culture shock phase of the U-curve theory of adaptation?
24. Individuals experience excitement and anticipation, especially if they move to a new culture voluntarily.

*b. Individuals experience a relatively short-term feeling of disorientation and discomfort due to the unfamiliarity of surroundings.

1. Individuals gradually learn the rules and customs of the new cultural context.
2. Individuals want to retain a sense of their previous cultural identities and each sojourner decides to what degree he or she wants to adapt.

 

24. Duncan has a White father and a Korean mother. He feels torn between two different cultures. He has difficulty making decisions, is troubled by ambiguity, and feels pressure from both groups. Duncan is a(n) _____ multicultural person.
25. assimilated

*b. encapsulated

1. global nomad
2. constructive

 

25. Which of the following is a characteristic of multicultural people with a constructive identity?
26. They try to assimilate but never feel comfortable or at home.
27. They have difficulty making decisions and are troubled by ambiguity.
28. They feel torn between different cultural identities.

*d. They thrive in their lives on the margins of two cultures.

 

26. After fifteen minutes of their first conversation, Chris tells MacKenzie that he (Chris) is gay. Clearly, _____ is an important aspect of how Chris identifies himself.
27. age identity
28. religious identity

*c. sexual identity

1. ethnic identity

 

True or False

 

27. National identities are always free of notions of race, religion, and other aspects of identity.
28. True

*b. False

 

28. Old age is revered in the United States and many other societies.
29. True

*b. False

 

29. The racial classification of a person is largely determined by biology.
30. True

*b. False

 

30. A person in the redefinition and reintegration stage of majority identity development may minimize his or her communication with Whites and seek out interactions with people of color.
31. True

*b. False

 

31. Culture shock occurs only to migrants who involuntarily cross cultural boundaries.
32. True

*b. False

 

32. A majority of biracial children embrace the cultural backgrounds of both their parents, do not find it particularly difficult to manage their competing ethnicities or races, and do not necessarily feel marginalized.

*a. True

1. False

 

33. Culture shock occurs to almost all people who cross cultural boundaries, whether they have done so voluntarily or not.

*a. True

1. False

 

34. White people have an advantage of race privilege.

*a. True

1. False

 

35. Gender is the same as biological sex.
36. True

*b. False

 

Essay Questions

 

36. How might White privilege affect intercultural communication?

 

37. What is the relationship between communication and identity?

 

38. How are racial categories constructed? How are they different from ethnic categories?

 

39. Identify and discuss three common characteristics shared by White people in the United States.

 

40. Why would U.S. Americans not like to discuss class distinctions? What are the ramifications of lack of recognition of class?

 

41. What communication strategies are used to place someone in the class hierarchy in the United States?

 

42. At what stage in the identity development model are you? Why? What experiences have facilitated or hindered your own identity development?