Name: Food and Culture, 7th Edition by Pamela Goyan Kittler - Test Bank - Eazyquizes
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Food and Culture, 7th Edition by Pamela Goyan Kittler – Test Bank

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Chapter_02_Traditional_Health_Beliefs_and_Practices

True / False

1. The view of an individual’s relationship to fate is seldom related to the perception of time.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	False
REFERENCES:	Worldview — Cultural Outlook
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

2. Cultural imposition can be defined as a tendency for health personnel to impose their beliefs, practices, and values upon another culture because they believe their views are superior.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	True
REFERENCES:	Worldview — Biomedical Worldview
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

3. The American majority value that all people should have equal access to health care is shared by almost all cultures worldwide.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	False
REFERENCES:	Worldview — Biomedical Worldview
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

4. Traditional views of health and illness often encompass a mind-body duality.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	True
REFERENCES:	Worldview — Biomedical Worldview
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

5. For many biomedical health care providers, an illness isn’t real unless it is clinically significant; emotional or social issues are the domain of other specialists.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	True
REFERENCES:	Worldview — Biomedical Worldview
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

6. Asians often believe that the yin and the yang of their surroundings and environment need to be kept in balance for cosmic and personal harmony and health.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	True
REFERENCES:	What Is Health? — Cultural Definitions of Health
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

7. Traditional views of being thin are seldom negative and do not have underlying associations with poor diet and disease.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	False
REFERENCES:	What Is Health? — Cultural Definitions of Health
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

8. “Hot” and “cold” associations between food and health would suggest that the hot and cold aspects of food should be balanced to account for personal constitution and the weather.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	True
REFERENCES:	What Is Health? — Health Maintenance
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

9. In a traditional culture, the evil eye can be blamed for causing illness when an envious enemy casts it.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	True
REFERENCES:	Disease, Illness, and Sickness — Cultural Definitions of Disease, Illness, and Sickness
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

10. The future orientation of the biomedical model expects patients to put up with a high level of pain and discomfort in the present for the future health benefit.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	True
REFERENCES:	Worldview — Biomedical Worldview
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

Multiple Choice

11. Approximately what percentage of adults in the U.S. used some form of CAM during the year 2007?

	a.	50%
	b.	72%
	c.	38%
	d.	12%
	e.	83%

ANSWER:	c
REFERENCES:	Introduction
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

12. In biomedical culture, three causes of disease are identified:

	a.	immediate causes, underlying causes, and ultimate causes.
	b.	immediate causes, emerging causes, and ultimate causes.
	c.	immediate causes, intermediate causes, and underlying causes.
	d.	spiritual causes, emerging causes, and ultimate causes.
	e.	spiritual causes, underlying causes, and immediate causes.

ANSWER:	a
REFERENCES:	Disease, Illness, and Sickness — Cultural Definitions of Disease, Illness, and Sickness
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

13. What is the belief of the “majority American worldview” in regard to fate?

	a.	a belief in personal control over fate
	b.	a belief that fate controls the future
	c.	a belief that illness is a result of fate
	d.	a belief in fate only in movies
	e.	a belief in fate only if prescribed by physician

ANSWER:	a
REFERENCES:	Worldview — Cultural Outlook
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

14. A monochronistic view of time suggests:

	a.	doing several things at once.
	b.	doing only two things at a time.
	c.	doing one thing at a time.
	d.	focusing on one color at a time.
	e.	doing nothing.

ANSWER:	c
REFERENCES:	Worldview — Cultural Outlook
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

15. What ethnicity focuses most on the belief that fulfilling social obligations is essential to health and that disharmony with family or village members can result in illness?

	a.	Gypsies
	b.	African Americans
	c.	Middle Easterners
	d.	Pacific Islanders
	e.	Native Americans

ANSWER:	d
REFERENCES:	What Is Health? — Cultural Definitions of Health
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

16. When sickness is assumed to be due to the actions of the patient, reasons for illness might include

	a.	bad weather, allergens, and pollution.
	b.	viruses, bacteria, and parasites.
	c.	food and exercise choices.
	d.	interpersonal disharmony.
	e.	conjury.

ANSWER:	c
REFERENCES:	Disease, Illness, and Sickness — Cultural Definitions of Disease, Illness, and Sickness
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

17. When a health care provider imposes her or his beliefs, practices, and values on a patient from another culture, what is this termed?

	a.	supernatural powers
	b.	cultural imposition
	c.	worldview
	d.	cultural inquisition
	e.	biomedical approach

ANSWER:	b
REFERENCES:	Worldview — Biomedical Worldview
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

18. Expression of emotions through bodily complaints is called

	a.	sympathetic qualities.
	b.	the biomedical approach.
	c.	somatization.
	d.	empacho.
	e.	empathetic qualities.

ANSWER:	c
REFERENCES:	Worldview — Biomedical Worldview
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

19. A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease, defines what term?

	a.	biomedical approach
	b.	holistic medicine
	c.	botanical remedies
	d.	health
	e.	welfare

ANSWER:	d
REFERENCES:	What Is Health? — Cultural Definitions of Health
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

20. General dietary guidelines for health that are similar to those of the U.S. have been developed for many countries, and usually include what concept(s)?

	a.	five food groups
	b.	using foods as medicine because of their intrinsic properties
	c.	balance and moderation
	d.	calorie restriction and physical activity
	e.	vitamin supplements

ANSWER:	c
REFERENCES:	What Is Health? — Health Maintenance
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

21. Hot–cold concepts developed out of ________ humoral medicine that identified four characteristics in the natural world associated with four body humors.

	a.	Middle Eastern
	b.	Latin American
	c.	Renaissance
	d.	ancient Greek
	e.	Native American Indian

ANSWER:	d
REFERENCES:	What Is Health? — Health Maintenance
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

22. Sympathetic medicine and sympathetic magic use the word sympathetic to mean

	a.	agreeably suited to a disposition or mood.
	b.	vibrations from being in harmony.
	c.	items that have visible characteristics similar to human body parts or organs.
	d.	items that feel similar to human body parts or organs.
	e.	balanced and in moderation.

ANSWER:	c
REFERENCES:	What Is Health? — Health Maintenance
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

23. The Japanese diet based on brown rice, miso soup, and vegetables that was popularized in Europe as promoting health in the 1920s is called

	a.	microbiotics.
	b.	the raw food diet.
	c.	macrobiotics.
	d.	the yin-yang diet.
	e.	ritualistic cannibalism.

ANSWER:	c
REFERENCES:	Disease, Illness, and Sickness — Cultural Definitions of Disease, Illness, and Sickness
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

24. Culture-bound syndromes are

	a.	a holistic view of the total experiences of the patient.
	b.	healers chosen by cost and convenience.
	c.	culturally defined folk illnesses that may be difficult to treat if not actually considered an illness.
	d.	always due to witches and conjury issues.
	e.	brought on by the evil eye.

ANSWER:	c
REFERENCES:	Disease, Illness, and Sickness — Cultural Definitions of Disease, Illness, and Sickness
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

25. Witches, sorcerers, and root doctors have the power to manipulate the natural or supernatural world through

	a.	the evil eye.
	b.	wind or bad air.
	c.	conjury.
	d.	humor systems.
	e.	magic wands.

ANSWER:	c
REFERENCES:	Disease, Illness, and Sickness — Cultural Definitions of Disease, Illness, and Sickness
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

26. What type of medicine proposes that blood and lymph flow, as well as nerve function, improves through manipulation of the musculoskeletal system?

	a.	chiropractic
	b.	acupuncture
	c.	osteopathic
	d.	homeopathy
	e.	traditional Chinese medicine

ANSWER:	c
REFERENCES:	Disease, Illness, and Sickness — Healing Practices
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

27. In what type of medicine is the body aided to heal itself through non-invasive natural treatments?

	a.	osteopathic
	b.	biomedical
	c.	supernatural healing
	d.	naturopathic
	e.	magico-religious interventions

ANSWER:	d
REFERENCES:	Disease, Illness, and Sickness — Healing Practices
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

28. Cultures use different therapies to cure illness. The practice of _____ is based on the tenant that “like cures like.”

	a.	folk healing
	b.	homeopathy
	c.	ayurvedic medicine
	d.	naturopathic medicine
	e.	chiropractic medicine

ANSWER:	b
REFERENCES:	Disease, Illness, and Sickness — Healing Practices
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

29. What act defines dietary supplements as separate from food and drugs?

	a.	DSHEA
	b.	USDA
	c.	FDA
	d.	Botanical Labeling Act
	e.	American Herbal Products Association

ANSWER:	a
REFERENCES:	Disease, Illness, and Sickness — Botanical Remedies
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

30. The consecutive or concurrent use of multiple health care systems is called

	a.	biomedical healing.
	b.	dual medicine.
	c.	medical pluralism.
	d.	ayurvedic medicine.
	e.	cooperative monitoring.

ANSWER:	c
REFERENCES:	Pluralistic Health Care Systems — Medical Pluralism
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

31. Approximately how much do Americans currently spend on complementary and alternative medicine annually?

	a.	$11 billion
	b.	$40 billion
	c.	$1 million
	d.	$350 thousand
	e.	$1 million

ANSWER:	b
REFERENCES:	Introduction
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

32. The ancient Asian Indian system of healing is called

	a.	biomedicine.
	b.	holistic therapy.
	c.	ayurvedic medicine.
	d.	traditional Chinese medicine.
	e.	magico-religious interventions.

ANSWER:	c
REFERENCES:	Introduction
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

33. The majority members in the United States are ________, meaning they prefer to concentrate on one issue or task at a time in a sequential manner.

	a.	multicultural
	b.	monochronistic
	c.	immigrants
	d.	materialistic
	e.	spiritual

ANSWER:	b
REFERENCES:	Worldview — Cultural Outlook
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

34. Which cultural group is an example of one that believes a person’s family should be involved in all health care decisions?

	a.	Jews
	b.	Middle Easterners
	c.	Americans
	d.	Latin Americans
	e.	Native Americans

ANSWER:	b
REFERENCES:	Worldview — Cultural Outlook
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

35. Majority American values emphasize ________ and control over fate.

	a.	formality
	b.	individuality
	c.	hierarchy or status
	d.	spiritualism
	e.	idealism

ANSWER:	b
REFERENCES:	Worldview — Cultural Outlook
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

36. The number of adults over 65 years of age in the U.S. is expected to double by what year?

	a.	2080
	b.	2050
	c.	2016
	d.	2020
	e.	2100

ANSWER:	b
REFERENCES:	Worldview — Biomedical Worldview
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

37. What type(s) of attributes are commonly associated with well-being?

	a.	behavioral characteristics
	b.	physical characteristics (i.e., skin, hair sheen, weight)
	c.	clinical features such as sore throat
	d.	routine laboratory measures
	e.	disharmony within the context of relationships

ANSWER:	b
REFERENCES:	What Is Health? — Cultural Definitions of Health
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

38. What type of medicine uses pulses associated with internal organs, each with its own characteristics?

	a.	ayurvedic medicine
	b.	biomedicine
	c.	holistic medicine
	d.	traditional Chinese medicine
	e.	magico-religious medicine

ANSWER:	d
REFERENCES:	What Is Health? — Cultural Definitions of Health
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

39. In many non-U.S. cultures, being ________ is considered a protective factor that is indicative of health as well as an attribute of beauty.

	a.	thin
	b.	overweight
	c.	physically fit
	d.	wealthy
	e.	American

ANSWER:	b
REFERENCES:	What Is Health? — Cultural Definitions of Health
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

40. The yin and yang system of dietary planning is dominant in what cultural group?

	a.	Asian
	b.	American
	c.	Hispanic
	d.	Swedish
	e.	African

ANSWER:	a
REFERENCES:	What Is Health? — Health Maintenance
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

41. During 2007-2008, the National Center for Health Statistics in the United States reported that the average daily energy intake for women was _______ kcalories (kcal).

	a.	2,504
	b.	1,771
	c.	1,896
	d.	2,001

ANSWER:	b
REFERENCES:	What Is Health? — Health Maintenance
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

42. What term is used for the entire disease-illness process?

	a.	sickness
	b.	disease
	c.	illness
	d.	deficiency
	e.	weakness

ANSWER:	a
REFERENCES:	Disease, Illness and Sickness — Cultural Definitions of Disease, Illness and Sickness
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

43. What are three health habits that nearly all cultures identify as health preserving?

	a.	exercise, family, and spirituality
	b.	alcohol consumption, preventative care, and dressing warmly
	c.	rest, relaxation, and recreation
	d.	a good diet, sufficient rest, and cleanliness
	e.	a low-fat diet, rigorous exercise, and family time

ANSWER:	d
REFERENCES:	What Is Health? — Health Maintenance
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

44. Which of the following would be an example of sickness due to the patient?

	a.	heart disease from eating fatty foods
	b.	getting struck by lightning
	c.	sickness from a virus
	d.	an influenza outbreak
	e.	exposure to the evil eye

ANSWER:	a
REFERENCES:	Disease, Illness, and Sickness — Cultural Definitions of Disease, Illness, and Sickness
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Apply

45. The use of astrology for determining the health status of a person coincides with what belief about sickness?

	a.	Sickness is due to the social world.
	b.	Sickness is due to the patient.
	c.	Sickness is due to the natural world.
	d.	Sickness is due to the supernatural world.
	e.	Sickness is due to spiritual fate.

ANSWER:	c
REFERENCES:	Disease, Illness, and Sickness — Cultural Definitions of Disease, Illness, and Sickness
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

46. Wind or bad air is of particular concern in many cultural groups because it can enter the body through ________, causing illness.

	a.	the eyes
	b.	pores in the body
	c.	food-borne contagions
	d.	an epidemic
	e.	supernatural forces

ANSWER:	b
REFERENCES:	Disease, Illness, and Sickness — Cultural Definitions of Disease, Illness, and Sickness
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

47. An envious gaze that is believed by many to project harm on another person is called

	a.	a stare.
	b.	the evil eye.
	c.	a bewitching gaze.
	d.	a seizure.
	e.	the curse.

ANSWER:	b
REFERENCES:	Disease, Illness, and Sickness — Cultural Definitions of Disease, Illness, and Sickness
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

48. Invoking supernatural forces, or ________, is a frequent social cause of sickness.

	a.	astrology
	b.	conjury
	c.	disharmony
	d.	bad air
	e.	fate

ANSWER:	b
REFERENCES:	Disease, Illness, and Sickness — Cultural Definitions of Disease, Illness, and Sickness
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

49. What is the term for addressing the experience of illness, alleviating the infirmities of the sick, and responding to the personal, familial, and social issues surrounding sickness?

	a.	cure
	b.	holistic medicine
	c.	treatment
	d.	healing
	e.	seeking care

ANSWER:	d
REFERENCES:	Disease, Illness, and Sickness — Healing Practices
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Apply

50. Who is most likely to use complementary and alternative medicine in the U.S.?

	a.	middle to-upper class women
	b.	young men
	c.	the elderly
	d.	the poor who can’t afford health care
	e.	executives

ANSWER:	a
REFERENCES:	Disease, Illness, and Sickness — Healing Practices
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

51. More than 80 percent of the world’s population uses ________ remedies to treat illness and optimize health.

	a.	traditional
	b.	Eastern
	c.	Western
	d.	magico-religious
	e.	herbal

ANSWER:	e
REFERENCES:	Disease, Illness, and Sickness — Botanical Remedies
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

52. Healers in the American South who specialize in communicating with spirits or saints through ceremonial invocation and may also use herbal preparations are called

	a.	witch doctors.
	b.	voodoo practitioners.
	c.	root doctors.
	d.	curadernos.
	e.	Shamans.

ANSWER:	b
REFERENCES:	Disease, Illness, and Sickness — Healing Practices
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

53. What is the practice in which a spoon or coin is rubbed across the skin for healing or to relieve tension called?

	a.	acupuncture
	b.	coining
	c.	moxibustion
	d.	massage
	e.	cupping

ANSWER:	b
REFERENCES:	Disease, Illness, and Sickness — Healing Practices
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

54. To relieve yin (too much cold), a small, burning bundle of herbs is used to restore balance of energy. What is this procedure called?

	a.	acupressure
	b.	coining
	c.	moxibustion
	d.	scratching
	e.	massage

ANSWER:	c
REFERENCES:	Disease, Illness, and Sickness — Healing Practices
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

55. Sacred healers with exceptional powers among the Native American groups are called

	a.	medicine men.
	b.	espiritos.
	c.	curanderas.
	d.	faith healers.
	e.	voodoo practioners.

ANSWER:	a
REFERENCES:	Disease, Illness, and Sickness — Healing Practices
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

Matching

a.	Majority American value
b.	Other cultural groups

REFERENCES:	Worldview — Cultural Outlook
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

56. Time dominates

ANSWER:

57. Indirectness/ritual/“face”

ANSWER:

58. Materialism

ANSWER:

59. Fate determines what happens

ANSWER:

60. Informality

ANSWER:

Essay

61. Briefly discuss why worldview is especially evident in serious, life-and-death health care decisions.

ANSWER:	Southeast Asians may appear indifferent to a terminally ill family member and have little interest in prolonging life because of a faith in reincarnation. Some African Americans distrust white American health care recommendations regarding do-not-resuscitate orders in part because they contradict the critical role of faith in African American healing. An Orthodox Jewish patient may believe that physicians are mandated to preserve life and that any person who assists death through denial of sustaining care is a murderer; a non-Orthodox Jew may believe that no one should endure uncontrollable pain and thus dying should not be prolonged. Middle Easterners traditionally demand that everything be done to keep a person alive because death is in God’s hands, and one must never give up hope. Mexican American family members might view death as part of God’s plan for a relative; they might be against anything that would quicken death, or they may expect the practitioner to make the decision.
REFERENCES:	Worldview — Cultural Outlook
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

62. How might “cultural imposition” affect a new immigrant’s interaction with the standard health care system in the United States?

ANSWER:	There is a tendency for health care providers to enforce their beliefs, practices, and values upon clients, sometimes unknowingly because they are unaware of cultural differences, but more often because they believe their ideas are superior. This process is called “cultural imposition,” and it impacts nearly all client care. If the new immigrant is from a culture that values unconventional, alternative, or folk medical care, the immigrant may be met with resistance unless his or her health care provider is open to and willing to operate in partnership with unconventional health care practitioners.
REFERENCES:	Worldview — Biomedical Worldview Pluralistic Health Care Systems — Biomedical Healing
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

63. The biomedical model holds that there are three levels of possible causes of disease. List these levels and give an example of each.

ANSWER:	In biomedical culture, three causes of disease are identified: (1) immediate causes, such as bacterial or viral infection, toxins, tumors, or physical injury; (2) underlying causes, including smoking, high cholesterol levels, glucose intolerance, or nutritional deficiencies; and (3) ultimate causes, such as hereditary predisposition, environmental stresses, obesity, or other factors.
REFERENCES:	Disease, Illness, and Sickness — Cultural Definitions of Disease, Illness, and Sickness
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

64. What are three examples of complementary, alternative, or unconventional healing therapies? What is done and what is the cultural explanation of why they are expected to work?

ANSWER:	1.) Homeopathy prescribes therapeutic substances, such as botanical medicine, diluted venom, or bacterial solutions, and biomedical drugs. Originating in Germany, homeopathy is based on the concept that symptoms in illness are evidence that the body is curing itself, and accelerating or exaggeration of the symptoms speeds healing. 2.) Several Asian healing therapies can be classified as the application of physical forces or devices. Massage therapy, acupressure, and pinching or scratching techniques are used to release the vital energy flow through the twelve meridians of the body identified in traditional Chinese medicine, primarily by relieving muscle tension so that oxygen and nutrients can be delivered to organs and wastes removed. 3.) Persons with a spiritual calling are often employed to treat illness. Neng among the Hmong, Mexican curanderos (or curanderas), practitioners of voodoo in the American South, and espiritos or santeros (or santeras) in the Caribbean may communicate with the spirits or saints to heal their patients. Ceremonial invocation is the primary therapy, although charms and spells to counteract witchcraft and botanical preparations to ease physical complaints are used as well.
REFERENCES:	Disease, Illness, and Sickness — Healing Practices
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

65. What are three modes of effective care in the transcultural nursing theory?

ANSWER:	Transcultural nursing theory identifies three modes of effective care: (1) cultural care preservation and/or maintenance, (2) cultural care accommodation and/or negotiation, and (3) cultural care repatterning or restructuring.
REFERENCES:	Pluralistic Health Care Systems — Biomedical Healing
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

Chapter_04_Food_and_Religion

True / False

1. Religion-related food habits are the least variable of culturally based food habits.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	False
REFERENCES:	Introduction
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

2. Kosher foods are “fit” to be eaten according to the laws of kashrut.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	True
REFERENCES:	Western Religions — Judaism
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

3. According to the Jewish “law of meat and milk,” an observant Jew who has just eaten dairy must wait six hours before eating meat.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	False
REFERENCES:	Western Religions — Judaism
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

4. Around the world, more people follow Christianity than any other single religion.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	True
REFERENCES:	Western Religions — Christianity
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

5. One major fasting period in the Roman Catholic religion starts forty days after the celebration of Easter.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	False
REFERENCES:	Western Religions — Christianity
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

6. The term Mardi Gras used in France and Louisiana refers to the feasting day just prior to Lent.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	True
REFERENCES:	Western Religions — Christianity
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

7. Judaism is the second largest religious group in the world.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	False
REFERENCES:	Western Religions — Islam
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

8. The dietary laws that are a part of the Islamic religion are called halal, and they are exactly the same as the Jewish kosher laws.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	False
REFERENCES:	Western Religions — Judaism Western Religions — Islam
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Apply

9. Hinduism is considered the oldest organized religion in the world.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	True
REFERENCES:	Eastern Religions — Hinduism
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

10. The four castes of Hinduism are represented as forming parts of the Creator’s body: his mouth, ears, arms, and feet.

	a.	True
	b.	False

ANSWER:	False
REFERENCES:	Eastern Religions — Hinduism
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

Multiple Choice

11. What self-described religious affiliation is identified by the highest percentage of the population in the U.S.?

	a.	Protestant
	b.	Catholic
	c.	Jewish
	d.	Buddhism
	e.	Agnosticism

ANSWER:	a
REFERENCES:	Introduction
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

12. According to the 2011 Canadian census, what percent of the population claim membership in no religion?

	a.	10%
	b.	16%
	c.	1%
	d.	25%
	e.	12%

ANSWER:	b
REFERENCES:	Introduction
KEYWORDS:	Understand

13. The first five books of the Hebrew Bible are called the

	a.	Koran.
	b.	Torah.
	c.	Kasher.
	d.	Mitzvah.
	e.	Halal.

ANSWER:	b
REFERENCES:	Western Religions — Judaism
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

14. During the Diaspora (the dispersion of Jews outside the homeland of Israel), Jews scattered and settled all over the ancient world. Two sects of Judaism eventually developed:

	a.	Shi’ia and Sunni.
	b.	Hasidic and Misrahi.
	c.	Sephardim and Ashkenazi.
	d.	Protestant and Catholic.
	e.	Eastern and Western.

ANSWER:	c
REFERENCES:	Western Religions — Judaism
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

15. Kashrut is the dietary laws for what religion?

	a.	Islam
	b.	Judaism
	c.	Hinduism
	d.	Eastern Orthodox Christianity
	e.	Sikhism

ANSWER:	b
REFERENCES:	Western Religions — Judaism
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

16. What is the term for the strictest kosher standards?

	a.	Kasher
	b.	Orthodox
	c.	Glatt
	d.	Kashrut
	e.	Halal

ANSWER:	c
REFERENCES:	Western Religions — Judaism
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

17. About what percentage of kosher foods are purchased by non-Jews?

	a.	50%
	b.	25%
	c.	15%
	d.	67%
	e.	17%

ANSWER:	a
REFERENCES:	Western Religions — Judaism
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

18. According to kosher standards, which food(s) is/are not permitted?

	a.	mammals with a cloven foot
	b.	animals slaughtered according to shehitah
	c.	blood from any animal
	d.	honey because it is from an insect
	e.	liver because it contains too much blood

ANSWER:	c
REFERENCES:	Western Religions — Judaism
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

19. What is the law of meat and milk according to Judaism?

	a.	Meat and milk must be eaten at the same time.
	b.	Milk may only be eaten after meat.
	c.	Milk may only be eaten before meat.
	d.	Milk and meat may not be eaten at the same time.
	e.	Milk and meat may only be eaten together at holidays.

ANSWER:	d
REFERENCES:	Western Religions — Judaism
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

20. Rosh Hashanah is the religious new year of what religion?

	a.	Judaism
	b.	Islam
	c.	Eastern Orthodox Christianity
	d.	Hinduism
	e.	Zoroastrianism

ANSWER:	a
REFERENCES:	Western Religions — Judaism
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

21. What is the traditional bread served during the Sabbath in Judaism?

	a.	challah
	b.	matzah
	c.	knishes
	d.	marble Rye
	e.	blintzes

ANSWER:	a
REFERENCES:	Western Religions — Judaism
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

22. The holiest day of the Jewish calendar year is

	a.	Rosh Hashanah.
	b.	the Sabbath.
	c.	Hanukkah.
	d.	Yom Kippur.
	e.	Purim

ANSWER:	d
REFERENCES:	Western Religions — Judaism
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

23. Why is cottage cheese associated with Shavout?

	a.	It is one of the foods used to commemorate the restricted diet of Queen Esther.
	b.	It symbolizes the curdled milk at Israelites’ homes after returning late from receiving the Ten Commandments.
	c.	It has a special place for it on the Passover plate.
	d.	It was affordable and plentiful for the poor Ashkenazi Jews.
	e.	It is specifically mentioned in the Torah.

ANSWER:	b
REFERENCES:	Western Religions — Judaism
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

24. Two examples of specific religious guidelines dealing with how to slaughter meat include

	a.	halal and Ramadan.
	b.	kashrut (kosher) and halal.
	c.	kashrut (kosher) and Hindu.
	d.	halal and Hindu.
	e.	pollution and purity.

ANSWER:	b
REFERENCES:	Western Religions — Judaism Western Religions — Islam
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

25. Worldwide, what religion is followed by the most people?

	a.	Hinduism
	b.	Judaism
	c.	Islam
	d.	Christianity
	e.	Zoroastrianism

ANSWER:	d
REFERENCES:	Western Religions — Christianity
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

26. What single Christian faith has the largest number of adherents in the U.S.?

	a.	Roman Catholic
	b.	Methodist
	c.	Eastern Orthodox
	d.	Baptist
	e.	Mormonism

ANSWER:	a
REFERENCES:	Western Religions — Christianity
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

27. On what day do Roman Catholics traditionally fast?

	a.	Fat Tuesday
	b.	Easter Sunday
	c.	Good Friday
	d.	Maundy Thursday
	e.	Christmas Eve

ANSWER:	c
REFERENCES:	Western Religions — Christianity
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

28. What is the term describing the 40 days before Easter that means “spring”?

	a.	Lent
	b.	Lupercalia
	c.	Passover
	d.	Annunciation
	e.	Timkat

ANSWER:	a
REFERENCES:	Western Religions — Christianity
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

29. The Eastern Orthodox religion has a variety of feast days and fast days. Which of the following is a fast day or period of fasting?

	a.	Eve of Theophany
	b.	Theophany
	c.	Dormition of the Holy Theotokos
	d.	Easter
	e.	Pentecost

ANSWER:	a
REFERENCES:	Western Religions — Christianity
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

30. In what country are eggs typically dyed red for Easter?

	a.	Turkey
	b.	Greece
	c.	Italy
	d.	Venezuela
	e.	Germany

ANSWER:	b
REFERENCES:	Western Religions — Christianity
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

31. The idea that an individual is directly responsible to God in matters of faith and is thus, in effect, a minister, is the hallmark of what religion?

	a.	Protestantism
	b.	Judaism
	c.	Islam
	d.	Hinduism
	e.	Buddhism

ANSWER:	a
REFERENCES:	Western Religions — Christianity
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

32. Mormons predominate in what state?

	a.	Montana
	b.	California
	c.	Utah
	d.	Wyoming
	e.	Missouri

ANSWER:	c
REFERENCES:	Western Religions — Christianity
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

33. in 2010, approximately how many Seventh-Day Adventists lived in the U.S.?

	a.	500 thousand
	b.	one million
	c.	14 million
	d.	100 thousand
	e.	18 million

ANSWER:	b
REFERENCES:	Western Religions — Christianity
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

34. According to the Seventh-Day Adventists, what results from violating the laws of health?

	a.	sickness
	b.	banishment from the church
	c.	nothing
	d.	a year of confinement
	e.	shunning

ANSWER:	a
REFERENCES:	Western Religions — Christianity
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

35. Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Mormons) try to follow the Mormon laws of health in relation to dietary matters, including not consuming

	a.	meat and milk at the same meal.
	b.	meat or wheat products.
	c.	coffee, tea, or alcohol.
	d.	any types of sodas.
	e.	cold drinks with cold meals.

ANSWER:	c
REFERENCES:	Western Religions — Christianity
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

36. Which of the following is practiced by Seventh-Day Adventists?

	a.	strict observation of the Sabbath from sundown Friday to sundown Saturday
	b.	no meat and dairy at the same meal
	c.	avoidance of leavened foods
	d.	eating until completely full
	e.	eating many small meals throughout the day

ANSWER:	a
REFERENCES:	Western Religions — Christianity
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

37. The three dominant Christian branches are:

	a.	Presbyterian, Baptist, and Mormon
	b.	Roman Catholicism, Zoroastrianism, and Anglican
	c.	Roman Catholic, Methodist, and Seventh-Day Adventist
	d.	Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodox Christianity, and Protestantism
	e.	Episcopalian, Roman Catholicism, and Lutheran

ANSWER:	d
REFERENCES:	Western Religions — Christianity
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

38. Dr. John Kellogg developed the breakfast cereal as a result of the dietary practices of what religious sect?

	a.	Mormon
	b.	Baptist
	c.	Methodist
	d.	Seventh-Day Adventist
	e.	Eastern Orthodox

ANSWER:	d
REFERENCES:	Western Religions — Christianity
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

39. Approximately how many Muslims live in the U.S.?

	a.	one million
	b.	500 thousand
	c.	29 million
	d.	2.9 million
	e.	290 thousand

ANSWER:	d
REFERENCES:	Western Religions — Islam
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

40. Which of the following is one of the five pillars of Islam?

	a.	almsgiving
	b.	meditation
	c.	karma
	d.	self-indulgence
	e.	suffering

ANSWER:	a
REFERENCES:	Western Religions — Islam
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

41. The halal dietary laws are included in what religious scripture?

	a.	Torah
	b.	Bible
	c.	Qur’an
	d.	Bhagavad Gita
	e.	Four Noble Truths

ANSWER:	c
REFERENCES:	Western Religions — Islam
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

42. Haram are foods that

	a.	are permitted or lawful.
	b.	have been purified.
	c.	are unlawful or prohibited.
	d.	are eaten at sundown.
	e.	are eaten only on feast days.

ANSWER:	c
REFERENCES:	Western Religions — Islam
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

43. Which religious occasion on the Islamic lunar calendar is associated with a month of daytime fasting?

	a.	Harvest moon
	b.	Ramadan
	c.	Nau-Roz
	d.	Passover
	e.	Lent

ANSWER:	b
REFERENCES:	Western Religions — Islam
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

44. On fasting days, Muslims are allowed which of the following while the sun is up?

	a.	drink
	b.	coitus
	c.	smoking
	d.	food
	e.	exercise

ANSWER:	e
REFERENCES:	Western Religions — Islam
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

45. The fast of Ramadan is broken with what food combination?

	a.	bread and water
	b.	beans and rice
	c.	curried rice and wine
	d.	water and dates
	e.	bread and wine

ANSWER:	d
REFERENCES:	Western Religions — Islam
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

46. Elaborate rules regarding food and drink for followers of Hinduism are meant to lead to

	a.	nirvana.
	b.	heaven.
	c.	purity of mind and spirit.
	d.	religious freedom.
	e.	purity of body and soul.

ANSWER:	c
REFERENCES:	Eastern Religions — Hinduism
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

47. Where did Hinduism originate?

	a.	India
	b.	China
	c.	Middle East
	d.	Eastern Europe
	e.	Greece

ANSWER:	a
REFERENCES:	Eastern Religions — Hinduism
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

48. Caste distinctions are part of what religion?

	a.	Buddhism
	b.	Islam
	c.	Hinduism
	d.	Eastern Orthodox Christianity
	e.	Episcopal

ANSWER:	c
REFERENCES:	Eastern Religions — Hinduism
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

49. What two religions were developed in India?

	a.	Islam and Buddhism
	b.	Eastern Orthodox Christianity and Islam
	c.	Buddhism and Judaism
	d.	Hinduism and Buddhism
	e.	Hinduism and Islam

ANSWER:	d
REFERENCES:	Introduction
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

50. What food is the most frequently prohibited across cultures?

	a.	eggs
	b.	chicken
	c.	meat
	d.	fat
	e.	alcohol

ANSWER:	c
REFERENCES:	Introduction
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

51. Hindus are not all vegetarian, but cows are considered sacred and the meat of the cow is considered

	a.	unsanitary.
	b.	forbidden.
	c.	allowed if not eaten at the same time as milk products.
	d.	polluted.
	e.	poison.

ANSWER:	b
REFERENCES:	Eastern Religions — Hinduism
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

52. Researchers have offered a variety of reasons for cultural prohibitions from eating certain meats. One explanation from an anthropological point of view for why Hindus may have a prohibition from killing cows would be that the

	a.	cow is sacred.
	b.	cow provides more economic benefit alive than dead.
	c.	soul of the cow might be reincarnated as an ancestor or as a descendant.
	d.	cow is part of the family.
	e.	cow is property and it is illegal.

ANSWER:	b
REFERENCES:	Eastern Religions — Hinduism
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

53. Buddhism is based on what other religion?

	a.	Islam
	b.	Hinduism
	c.	Taoism
	d.	Judaism
	e.	Christianity

ANSWER:	b
REFERENCES:	Eastern Religions — Buddhism
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

54. In Buddhism, what is the first of the four noble truths?

	a.	Magga
	b.	Karma
	c.	Nirvana
	d.	Dukkha
	e.	Gautama

ANSWER:	d
REFERENCES:	Eastern Religions — Buddhism
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

55. Buddhist monks are in retreat during what time of the year?

	a.	October through January
	b.	January through May
	c.	May through August
	d.	July through October
	e.	October through July

ANSWER:	d
REFERENCES:	Eastern Religions — Buddhism
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

Matching

a.	Prohibited or strongly discouraged by Jews
b.	Prohibited or strongly discouraged by Muslims
c.	Prohibited or strongly discouraged by Hindus
d.	Not prohibited by any religion

REFERENCES:	Eastern Religions — Hinduism Western Religions — Judaism Western Religions — Islam Introduction
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

56. Beef

ANSWER:

57. Shellfish

ANSWER:

58. Alcohol

ANSWER:

59. Meat and dairy at the same meal

ANSWER:

60. Fruit

ANSWER:

Essay

61. Elaborate on how the foods associated with Rosh Hashanah reflect wishes for the New Year.

ANSWER:	For Rosh Hashanah, the challah is baked in a round shape that symbolizes life without end and a year of uninterrupted health and happiness. In some communities, the challah is formed like a bird representing God’s protection. Apples are dipped in honey, and a special prayer is said for a sweet and pleasant year. Some families traditionally consume the head of a fish or of a sheep, with the wish that God’s will for them is to be at the head, not the tail, of any undertakings in the upcoming year. Foods with Hebrew names similar to other words may also be eaten, such as beets (similar to remove and used to pray that enemies be removed). On the second night a new fruit, one that hasn’t been consumed for a long period of time, is enjoyed with a prayer for a year of plenty. Often, the fruit is a pomegranate, which reputedly contains 613 seeds, the same as the number of commandments listed in the Torah. No sour or bitter foods are served on this holiday, and special sweets and delicacies, such as honey cakes, are usually prepared.
REFERENCES:	Western Religions — Judaism
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

62. What food-related behaviors are observed by Seventh-Day Adventists during the observation of the Sabbath from sundown on Friday to sundown on Saturday?

ANSWER:	The Seventh-Day Adventist church adheres strictly to the teachings of the Bible. The Sabbath is observed from sundown on Friday to sundown on Saturday and is wholly dedicated to the Lord. Food must be prepared on Friday and dishes washed on Sunday. In addition, overeating is discouraged. Vegetarianism is widely practiced because the Bible states that the diet in Eden did not include flesh foods. Like the Mormons, the Adventists do not consume tea, coffee, or alcohol and do not use tobacco products. Water is considered the best liquid and should be consumed only before and after the meal, not during the meal. Meals are not highly seasoned, and hot spices such as mustard, chili powder, and black pepper are avoided. Eating between meals is discouraged so that food can be properly digested.
REFERENCES:	Western Religions — Christianity
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

63. Compare the meat-slaughtering laws associated with halal and kashrut.

ANSWER:	The kashrut laws state that the meat of permitted animals can be eaten only if the life of the animal is taken by a special process known as shehitah. If an animal dies a natural death or is killed by any other method, it may not be eaten. The shohet (person who kills the animal) must be a Jew trained and licensed to perform the killing, which is done by slitting the neck with a sharp knife, cutting the jugular vein and trachea at the same time. This method, which is quick and painless, also causes most of the blood to be drained from the carcass. To be halal, an animal must be killed in a manner similar to that described in the Jewish laws, by slitting the front of the throat; cutting the jugular vein, carotid artery, and windpipe; and allowing the blood to drain completely. In addition, the person who kills the animal must repeat at the instant of slaughter, “In the name of God, God is great.”
REFERENCES:	Western Religions — Judaism Western Religions — Islam
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Understand

64. Discuss briefly the similarities of Protestantism and Buddhism.

ANSWER:	Both Buddhism and Protestantism were protestant revolts against the orthodox religion. Martin Luther placed great emphasis on the individual’s direct responsibility to God. He believed that every person can reach God through direct prayer without the intercession of a priest or saint; thus, every believer is, in effect, a minister. Buddhism accepted certain Hindu concepts, such as the idea that all living beings go through countless cycles of death and rebirth, the doctrine of karma, spiritual liberation from the flesh, and that the path to wisdom includes taming the appetites and passions of the body. Buddha disagreed with the Hindus about the methods by which these objectives were to be achieved. He advocated the Middle Way between asceticism and self-indulgence, stating that both extremes in life should be avoided. He also disagreed with the Hindus on caste distinctions, believing (like Luther) that all persons were equal in spiritual potential.
REFERENCES:	Western Religions – Christianity Eastern Religions — Buddhism
KEYWORDS:	Bloom’s: Analyze

65. Discuss one of the reasons anthropologists have proposed for the prohibition of eating meat.

ANSWER:

The socioecological theory for why certain meats are avoided suggests that if an animal is more valuable alive than dead or, conversely, if it does not fit well into the local ecology or economy, consumption will be prohibited. Religious dietary codes often reinforce preexisting food practices and prejudices. When reviewing the history of pork in the Middle East, for example, archeological records show it was part of the ancient diet. But by 1900 BCE, pork had become unpopular in Babylonia, Egypt, and Phoenicia, coinciding with an expanding population and deforestation of the region. Pigs compete with humans for food sources. Additionally, they do not thrive in hot, dry climates. Cows, goats, and sheep, on the other hand, can graze over large areas and survive on the cellulose in plants unavailable to human metabolism. And they need no protection from the sun. The nomadic Hebrews were unlikely to have herded pigs in their early history, and by the time they settled there was a broad aversion to pigs by many Middle Easterners. The first followers of Mohammed were also pastoral people, which may explain why the only explicitly prohibited animal flesh in Islam is pork.

The socioeconomic theory is useful in examining other meat prohibitions. In India, where beef is banned for Hindus, cattle are the primary power source in rural farming communities due to the expense of tractors. Further, cattle provide dung that is dried to produce a clean, slow-burning cooking fuel, and cows provide milk for the dairy products important in some vegetarian fare. Even dead cows serve a purpose, providing the very poor with scavenged meat to eat and skins to craft leather products. The value of cattle in India is reinforced by religious custom.

REFERENCES:

Eastern Religions — Hinduism

KEYWORDS:

Bloom’s: Understand

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Food and Culture, 7th Edition by Pamela Goyan Kittler – Test Bank

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