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Foundations of Early Childhood Education Teaching Children in a Diverse Society 7Th Edition By Janet – Test Bank
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Chapter 02
First Things First: Health and Safety Through
Multiple Choice Questions
- According to the text, the three key elements in keeping children safe are
A.observation and supervision
B. observation, supervision, and guidance
C. redirection and dual focus
D. self-reflection and a safe environment
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- Learning theory suggests that observation plays a role in all but which of the following?
A.analyzing the behaviors of the learner period.
B. identifying the rewards that a learner will find reinforcing period.
C. making a match between the learner and the rewards and environment to create behavioral change period.
D. confirming pre-determined beliefs about a certain child or group of children period.
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- Francesca is working on her early childhood education degree. As part of her degree requirements, Francesca will observe a first-grade classroom for three different periods. As an observer, Francesca should do all but which of the following?
A.Assist the teacher by interacting with the children when they respond to Francesca’s presence.
B. Make arrangements to observe ahead of time, and check-in with the person in charge when she arrives.
C. Write down what she sees during the observation objectively without trying to determine the children’s or teacher’s motives.
D. Pay attention to her inner responses and reactions to the observations.
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- According to Magda Gerber, early childhood professionals should approach children with
A.a well-honed set of observation skills.
B. an open heart.
C. an open mind.
D. a dual-focus.
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- In a story reported in the text, a group of researchers observed that newborn boys cried more often than newborn girls for no apparent reason. The researchers did not think about the fact that the boys had recently been circumcised. What does this story demonstrate about the nature of observation?
A.During observation, the observer may have different reactions to different children.
B. Observation is difficult without having dual focus skills.
C. Adults can sometimes learn as much about themselves as they do about the children during observations.
D. Observation is not easy; sometimes even skilled observers miss the obvious.
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- Julia is a student-teacher at Cloud Nine Daycare Center. While the children eat their snacks, her co-worker has to change an infant’s diaper. Since her co-worker is gone, Julia moves to the edge of the room in order to keep an eye on things. Now Julia can see what’s going on, but has no interaction with the children. Julia’s behavior is an example of which type of focus?
A.dual focus
B. narrow focus
C. broad focus
D. self-reflective focus
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- Regarding supervision skills for beginning early childhood professionals, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A.Early childhood beginners tend to focus their supervision too broadly or too narrowly.
B. Dual focus is best learned by practice in the college classroom, not through experience on the job.
C. The development of dual focus is the secret to effective supervision.
D. Because they mostly work by themselves, family child care professionals tend to become experts at the dual focus technique.
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- Which of the National Association for the Education of Young Children’s Program Standards concerns relationships?
A.Program Standard 1
B. Program Standard 5
C. Program Standard 9
D. Program Standard 7
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- What is the most important factor in building cooperation with children and getting them to listen?
A.projecting a professional appearance and attitude
B. getting on their level when communicating and following the “one foot for each year” rule of thumb
C. developing a relationship with the child
D. always smiling and being friendly, avoiding expressing negative emotions
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- Using your anger to control or stop unacceptable behaviors is ineffective because:
A.you are using the child’s fear to manipulate his or her behavior
B. it can intensify into a power struggle that may force you to resort to threats or begging
C. the child may follow your lead and use anger when he or she is frustrated with other children
D. all of the above
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- Regarding effective communication with children, all but which of the following are recommended?
A.Always look children in the eye, and make certain that they maintain eye contact with you.
B. Squat down so that you are at eye level with the child.
C. Allow no more than one foot between you and the child for each year of the child’s life.
D. Reserve shouting for emergency situations only.
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- As a preschool teacher, you observe two children tugging over the same plastic gardening hoe. Given what you have learned about handling conflict, what is your best response?
A.Tell the children, “If you can’t both play with it nicely, then neither one of you gets to play with it.” Then take the toy away, and place it out of sight.
B. Get at the children’s level, and help them put their feelings into words, while emphasizing that you will not let them hurt each other.
C. Approach the children, and ask who had it first. If they do not tell the truth, ask another nearby child to tell you who had the hoe first.
D. Unless they are physically hurting each other, ignore the situation so that they can figure out how to solve problems without adult intervention.
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- Each of the following preschool teachers is dealing with a three-year-old child who is biting other children on the playground. Which teacher is using the best strategy?
A.Mr. Abdul removes the child from the playground and explains why he is doing so.
B. Ms. Barrington bites the child lightly — so s/he can see what it feels like.
C. Mr. Cravey spanks the child firmly while explaining why biting is wrong.
D. Ms. Dougherty reprimands the child in front of the group and then places him/her in “time out.”
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- Sarah Farraday owns a child care center. Sarah would like to help teach her 3-year-old children about proper health and sanitary procedures. Sarah should try all but which of the following?
A.Teach the children skills for proper hand-washing
B. Teach the children how to help clean the center’s bathrooms
C. Teach the children rules about not sharing personal items like toothbrushes and food utensils
D. Teach the children about caring for personal possessions
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- Devon Brown runs a preschool class. One student, Arthur, is engaging in an activity that is developmentally inappropriate. Another student, Baxter, is bored with his activity. Clarence is overtired and not having his needs met. Of these students, which one is in a situation that represents a potential safety hazard?
A.Arthur but not Buster and Clarence
B. Buster and Clarence but not Arthur
C. Arthur and Clarence but not Buster
D. Arthur, Buster, and Clarence
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- Four-year-old Moses is throwing wooden blocks. Which of the following is the best example of guidance that redirect Moses towards more constructive activities without robbing him of his control?
A.Tell him that throwing wooden blocks can hurt others because they’re hard, and give him a choice between a foam ball or another soft object to throw instead
B. Reprimand him about the dangers of throwing hard objects and give him a timeout
C. Move him from the block area to another activity center
D. Tell him that it needs to throw something then he should throw a ball instead
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- Who is associated with Resources for Infant Educators (RIE)?
A.J. Ronald Lally
B. Magda Gerber
C. Virginia Young
D. Emmi Pikler
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- Which NAEYC program standard requires that programs promote health and protect children from illness and injury?
A.Program Standard 5
B. Program Standard 9
C. Program Standard 2
D. Program Standard 1
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- Four early childhood education students have documented their observation of children in a 2-year-old preschool program. Which of the following student observations best follows the guidelines presented in the textbook?
A.“Guillermo picks up a toy and throws it at Rodney.”
B. “Guillermo, obviously frustrated with Rodney, picks up a toy and throws it at Rodney.”
C. “Rodney aggravates Guillermo, and Guillermo throws a toy at him.”
D. “Guillermo picks up a toy and throws it at Rodney. Guillermo’s tendency toward violence has been previously noted.”
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True / False Questions
- The RIE method of observation refers to the process of turning observation inward.
FALSE
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- The word guidance, which can be defined as building a relationship with children and guiding them to make appropriate choices, has begun to replace the word discipline in many childhood settings
TRUE
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- An effective method of stopping unacceptable behavior is using redirection, a form of guidance that empowers children with choices that will lead to more constructive or desired behaviors.
TRUE
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- In most European-based cultures, eye contact during communications is a sign of attentiveness, while in most Native American and Asian cultures, eye contact may be a sign of disrespect.
TRUE
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- Calmly expressing your honest feelings of frustration or anger is more developmentally appropriate than allowing your anger to manage the children who are difficult to control.
TRUE
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- Allowing children to experience risk in a safe environment helps children learn the value of consequences and important safety skills.
TRUE
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- In order to help a child learn, sometimes an early childhood professional must set up consequences that respond to a child’s unsafe or inappropriate behaviors.
TRUE
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- NAEYC’s Program Standard 9 is concerned with the safety of the physical environment of early childhood education settings.
TRUE
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- A good child care center sanitation policy is to sanitize bathroom surfaces daily and toys and other surfaces weekly.
FALSE
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- When diapering an infant, it is necessary for the caregiver to wash her/his hands but not necessarily the infant’s hands.
FALSE
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- Health and safety issues can arise when a child is stressed or frustrated.
TRUE
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- According to Emmi Pikler, children learn to judge the degree of risk in situations around preschool age.
FALSE
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Essay Questions
- Why is observation considered such an important skill for the early childhood education professional?
Observation allows the professional to do many things. First, observation provides all kinds of information — about the child and about the environment. This information can be used to promote learning either through changes to the environment or through support that is geared specifically toward a child’s unique needs, desires, or motivations. This information can also help in fostering relationships between the provider and the child or between children. Through a process of self-reflection during observation, a professional can learn about her/himself. Sometimes, observation even leads to a change in the child.
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- List five strategies for communicating effectively with children.
First, it is important to talk to children at their level. The care provider may need to squat down or sit on the floor when communicating. Next, providers can follow the “one foot for each year” rule of thumb: put no more than one foot between yourself and the child for each year of the child’s age. Another suggestion is to maintain eye contact. However, be careful about expecting eye contact from the child; in some cultures, eye contact is a sign of disrespect. Caregivers should also not shout at children except during emergencies. Finally, a caregiver may need to physically help the child during times when words are not enough.
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- Describe the elements of a safe early childhood environment.
A primary concern in providing a safe environment is the developmental appropriateness of the environment’s set-up. The early childhood professional should ask him/herself if the equipment and its set-up fit the children’s age and level of development. For example, toys with small parts provide a choking hazard for small children but are very appropriate for older children. The environment should also be orderly and well-maintained. Dangerous substances should be stored with their labels intact and locked up, and obvious as well as hidden safety hazards should be addressed (e.g. making sure doorways are secure, eliminating toxic plants). Sanitation procedures are an important part of a safe environment, and hand washing should be emphasized. A child’s stress and frustration can also provide a health or safety issue, so it is important to recognize when children are bored, frustrated, or experiencing unmet needs and take steps to address these situations.
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Chapter 04
Facilitating Young Children’s Work and Play
Multiple Choice Questions
- The three-year-old children at Cloud Nine Preschool spend the majority of their time playing. Which area of their development does their play activity enhance?
A.physical and social period
B. emotional and cognitive period
C. physical, social, emotional, and cognitive period
D. Play, while fun, does not enhance any area of development period
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- Kaitlyn is a recent graduate from an early childhood education program. She is taking her first job as lead teacher and coordinator of a community-based preschool program for 3- and 4-year-old children. Of the following roles, which is the least appropriate for Kaitlyn to take?
A.director
B. facilitator
C. responder
D. protector
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- A class of two and three-year-olds at Ms. Cherry’s Preschool is getting ready to take a field trip to the local supermarket. While the two teachers prepare the van, what is the best strategy for the student teacher to take while supervising the children?
A.Have the children sit in circle time and report what they did over the weekend.
B. Put on a puppet show for the children.
C. Allow the children to play in the classroom, while keeping a watchful eye, ready to intervene as necessary.
D. Stand the children in line, going over the safety rules and regulations for field trips.
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- Of the following statements about play, which is/are TRUE?
A.Play helps children build knowledge by finding meaning in their own experiences instead of passively receiving information from teachers
B. Play helps children manage themselves, instead of depending on the teacher
C. Play helps children gain confidence and increase their self-esteem
D. All of the above
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- According to the text, what is the best definition of “smart,” according to authors Betty Jones and Renatta Cooper?
A.being able to score well on standardized tests
B. being able to memorize and repeat back facts
C. having a high IQ score
D. being skilled in curiosity and critical thinking
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- Of the following statements about play, which is/are TRUE?
A.Compared to work, play is more literal
B. Compared to work, play is more rule-based
C. Compared to work, play is more intrinsically motivated
D. All of the above
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- Six-month-old Cara plays with the rattles in her crib, shaking them, putting them in her mouth, and banging them against the bars of the crib. Her two older brothers wrestle on the floor in the room next to hers. In what type of play are Cara and her brothers engaging?
A.Cara and her brothers are all engaged in sensorimotor play.
B. Cara and her brothers are all engaged in symbolic play.
C. Cara is engaged in sensorimotor play, while her brothers are engaged in symbolic play.
D. Cara is engaged in symbolic play, while her brothers are engaged in sensorimotor play.
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- Four kindergarten children are engaged in different play activities. All but which of the following are engaged in sensorimotor play?
A.Antwone plays in the sink while he washes his hands.
B. Brittany plays “house” with some dolls and another child.
C. Curt plays chase with another child.
D. Debra doodles on some construction paper.
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- Several children engage in symbolic play. Abigail and Adrian set up a store and play “shopping,” with Abigail as the customer and Adrian as the shopkeeper. Beatrice and Bennie build an extensive structure with Lincoln logs, Legos, and blocks. Carlos and Christina play a game of Junior Scrabble. Which pair is experiencing dramatic play?
A.Abigail and Adrian
B. Beatrice and Bennie
C. Carlos and Christina
D. All of these
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- Three two-year-old children on a play date at their local park play together in the sandbox. One builds sandcastles with some plastic toys, while another runs a car over a sandhill. The third child makes handprints in the sand. The children do not attend to what the others are doing. In what type of play are these children engaged?
A.cooperative play
B. solitary play
C. associative play
D. parallel play
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- Regarding the project approach to learning, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A.The project approach lies between the realm of pure play and pure work.
B. In the project approach, the project starts with an idea that emerges from the teacher that is then carried out by a small group of children over a period of time.
C. In contrast to play, projects are designed to have outcomes.
D. This approach has recently gained attention through its application in Italy’s Reggio Emilia early childhood program.
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- Ralph is a teacher in a 4-year-old preschool program. Right now, he is keeping running records of what is happening as the children work on an art project together. Ralph’s role is best described as
A.observer.
B. stage manager.
C. teacher.
D. encourager.
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- Regarding the adult’s role as a teacher in children’s play, which of the following statements is TRUE?
A.In teaching a child to play, the basic goals are to get the child to begin to play with one or more children and to give her/him the skills to keep on playing.
B. Since children know how to play on their own, teachers only need to provide a rich environment in which children can explore.
C. Very young children can be taught the social skills necessary for play — sharing, turn-taking, and empathy.
D. Helping children learn how to play is a teacher’s secondary goal; it can only be accomplished when there is enough time and developmentally appropriate resources are available.
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- Eight-year-old Avi has just earned 100% on a timed test of his multiplication facts. Of the following responses, which is the best for Avi’s father to give?
A.”Avi, you are such a good boy. I love you!”
B. “Avi, you must be really proud of what you accomplished after studying so hard!”
C. “Avi, see how smart you are! Great work!”
D. “Avi, great job. Here is a dollar for the good work that you did!”
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- Regarding praise, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A.Adults should give praise for risk-taking, even when children are unsuccessful in their efforts.
B. Adults should tell children “good job” frequently to help reinforce for them what they are really good at.
C. Overabundant praise can cloud a child’s reality and give children a false sense of themselves.
D. Children should be recognized for effort and persistence.
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- According to the text, developmentally appropriate practice includes figuring out ways for children to be engaged with ______ when learning.
A.objects and ideas
B. teachers and peers
C. objects, ideas, teachers, and peers
D. teachers and ideas
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- At the Pikler Institute, at what age do children begin to learn cooperation and responsibility?
A.infancy
B. toddlerhood
C. preschool
D. elementary school age
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- When child care professional Bob Bertrand interacts with the children in his care, he tends to offer non-judgmental commentary on their actions. Another name for Bertrand’s commentary is
A.child-centered learning.
B. descriptive feedback.
C. intrinsically-motivating conversation.
D. meaning-making.
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- The problem(s) with excessive and/or inappropriate praise are:
A.Children can become addicted to praise and only engage in activities for the sake of receiving the praise
B. Children do not develop the confidence to take risks through their own judgments and will excessively rely on the opinions of others
C. Children will become dependent on extrinsic motivations (e.g, praise, stickers, and other forms of external rewards) and weaken their own intrinsic motivation (i.e., performing an activity for the joy of the process or their own satisfaction)
D. Children will no longer engage in true play, as defined by the five characteristics of play
E. All of the above
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True / False Questions
- Child-centered learning is interactive, involving learning between the child and the environment, the child and an adult, and the child and other children.
TRUE
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- Telling children they are smart can give them the idea that intelligence is a fixed trait that can’t be changed. Instead, educators should strive to acknowledge a child’s effort, risk-taking or persistence.
TRUE
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- Jean Piaget’s theory supports the use of play as a developmentally appropriate practice for children’s cognitive development.
TRUE
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- By the age of five, most children can understand and follow rules in order to play board games, cards, and organized sports.
FALSE
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- A noticeable mental shift occurs for children between the ages of five and seven, particularly with their abilities to understand and form abstractions.
TRUE
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- According to the text, play is the child’s single most beneficial activity in an early childhood program.
TRUE
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- The three types of symbolic play are dramatic play, constructive play, and games with rules.
TRUE
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- Most young children are natural competitors and enjoy playing games where there is a clear “winner.”
FALSE
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- When a child is intrinsically motivated, h/she is more concerned with doing a good job for him/herself, rather than receiving recognition or reward for the action.
TRUE
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- Children need to be praised for their process and effort in order to develop both grit (the ability to persevere in the face of challenging tasks for long term goals) and a growth mindset (a belief that intelligence is mutable).
TRUE
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- Author, Richard Louv, has written and spoken widely about a phenomenon known as the “nature deficit disorder,” which refers to the idea that children spend increasingly more time indoors and have less exposure to nature.
TRUE
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- Reflective practice is beneficial because it allows a teacher to step back, think about a situation and, if necessary, formulate the best response to that situation.
TRUE
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- In the context of caring for children, praise and encouragement mean the same thing.
FALSE
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Essay Questions
- Name the five characteristics that distinguishes play from work, as described in the textbook, and give an example that embodies all the characteristics.
The five characteristics that distinguishes play from work are: active engagement, intrinsic motivation, attention to the means rather than the ends, nonliteral behavior, and freedom from external rules. Consider Jane, a 4-year-old child given the choice of different play areas in a classroom. Jane is excited to play in the block and building area and pulls out the box of wooden blocks and the box of magnetic tiles. Undirected, she starts building structures with some of the wooden blocks while laying down the magnetic tiles flat on the floor. She takes one block and moves it along the tiles on the floor. When asked, Jane explains that she is building her city with an ice rink, and the block is a little girl who is ice skating. In this example, Jane is actively engaged in this undirect activity and is driven entirely by her own imagination, which exemplifies the first two characteristics. By being engrossed in the building of her city, not specifically the city itself, she is focused more on the activity rather than the end result. Lastly, her use of a block as a person and magnetic tiles as an ice rink are examples of the last two characteristics.
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- Describe the two types of cognitive play and the four types of social play.
Two types of cognitive play are sensorimotor and symbolic. In sensorimotor play, the play focuses on the body, but with connections to thought. Sensorimotor play can be observed in infants as they interact with their environments, for example, playing with a rattle in different ways. Other examples of sensorimotor play are fiddling, swinging, playing chase, doodling, and roughhousing. Symbolic play involves make-believe, where children use objects to pretend or they take on roles. One type of symbolic play is dramatic play, where children act out different roles. A second type is constructive play, as children create a product of images in their minds. A third type is games with rules, where children take on the roles associated with the particular game and either compete or cooperate. There are four types of social play. Solitary play is played by oneself and might also involve observing other children play. In parallel play, children play in a similar fashion but do not interact. Associative play involves interaction in a loose fashion, perhaps working on a project side-by-side with some conversation. Cooperative play involves interaction and organization, for example, when a group of children play “house” together.
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- You are a 4-year-old preschool teacher at a school emphasizing a play-based curriculum. During your first parent conference, two parents say, “It seems like all the kids do is play. Do they learn anything?” How can you respond?
Play is an important part of children’s development. Theory (like that of Piaget) and research (like that summarized by NAEYC) emphasize that children benefit more from active play than from passively receiving instruction from adults. Play helps all areas of development — physical, emotional/social, and cognitive. (The student might provide an example of her/his own experiences.) Play helps children interact with the world on a symbolic level which is an important foundation for intellectual development. Children also learn social skills like cooperation, empathy, and perspective taking through their play. Motor skills are also developed through play, as children learn to run, balance, climb, and use their hands. Additionally, increasing emphasis is being placed on letting students play and have contact with the outdoors. Writers, like Richard Louv, argue that when children lack contact with nature, they do not understand and cannot advocate for protection of the environment. Therefore, play, whether outdoors or indoors, plays a crucial role in a child’s development.
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- In terms of adult roles in children’s play, explain how adults enact each of the following roles: observer, stage manager, teacher, and encourager.
Adults serve as observers when they watch and are aware of what is going on, intervening as necessary. Adults can keep descriptions of what is happening (called running records) without influencing children’s play. They can also offer nonjudgmental commentary called descriptive feedback. As a stage manager, adults are responsible for setting up a creative environment in which children can play. Stage managers can encourage children to re-arrange the environment, and they are also aware of how the environment affects the play, making adjustments as necessary. As a teacher, adults sometimes have to actively help children learn how to play. This may involve getting the child to imitate, playing with the child, helping the child learn basic social skills, or physically helping the child with a physical play skill. The final role is encourager in which adults need to be careful to avoid letting encouragement turn into problem-solving. The adult should also avoid the tendency to use praise rather than encouragement.
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