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Health Psychology 10th Edition by Taylor - Test Bank

Health Psychology 10th Edition by Taylor – Test Bank

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Health Psychology 10th Edition by Taylor – Test Bank

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Chapter 02

The Systems of the Body

 

  1. _____ fibers provide input to the brain and spinal cord by carrying signals from receptors.
  2. Motor nerve
  3. B. Sensory nerve
  4. Afferent
  5. Bast

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  1. The somatic nervous system connects
  2. the small intestine to the pancreas and ensures the regulation of enzymes in the pancreas.
  3. the blood vessels to the lymph nodes to help in the formation of lymphocytes.
  4. C. nerve fibers to voluntary muscles and provides the brain with feedback about voluntary movement.
  5. the central nervous system to all the internal organs that cannot be voluntarily controlled.

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  1. The _____ nervous system helps to restore the body to a normal state after an emergency has passed.
  2. central
  3. sympathetic
  4. C. parasympathetic
  5. somatic

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  1. Which of the following statements is true about the medulla?
  2. A. It is responsible for the regulation of heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration.
  3. It is the largest portion of the brain, involved in higher-order intelligence, memory, and personality.
  4. It receives and interprets sensory impulses that come from the peripheral areas of the body.
  5. It contains the somatosensory cortex, in which sensations of touch, pain, temperature, and pressure are registered and interpreted.

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  1. The _____ coordinates voluntary muscle movement, the maintenance of balance and equilibrium, and the maintenance of muscle tone and posture.
  2. cerebral cortex
  3. B. cerebellum
  4. pons
  5. medulla

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  1. Damage to the cerebellum is associated with
  2. A. loss of muscle tone and disturbances in posture.
  3. alterations in the rate of breathing.
  4. reduced blood flow to the left and right atriums.
  5. hypersecretion of hydrochloric acid.

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  1. The _____ is responsible for the coordination of visual and auditory reflexes.
  2. thalamus
  3. hindbrain
  4. C. midbrain
  5. hypothalamus

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  1. Which of the following is a function of the hypothalamus?
  2. It serves as a link between the hindbrain and the midbrain and helps control respiration.
  3. It is responsible for the regulation of heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration.
  4. It assists in the recognition of sensory stimuli and the relay of sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex.
  5. D. It helps transit thoughts generated in the cerebral cortex and assess their impact on internal organs.

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  1. The _____ lobe contains the cortical areas, which are responsible for auditory and olfactory (smell) impulses.
  2. A. temporal
  3. occipital
  4. parietal
  5. frontal

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  1. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are together termed as
  2. acids.
  3. B.
  4. platelets.
  5. enzymes.

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  1. Which of the following occurs when catecholamines are released in the body?
  2. decrease in sweating
  3. increase in digestion and urination
  4. C. constriction of capillaries of the heart
  5. dilation of blood vessels

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  1. _____ is a chronic, nonprogressive disorder of the nervous system that is marked by the lack of muscle control.
  2. Epilepsy
  3. Parkinson’s disease
  4. Multiple sclerosis
  5. D. Cerebral palsy

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  1. The gene for _____ disease has been identified by a test, which also roughly predicts the age when one will succumb to the disease.
  2. paraplegia
  3. Parkinson’s
  4. epilepsy
  5. D. Huntington’s

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  1. _____ is the paralysis of all four extremities and the trunk of the body. It occurs when the upper portion of the spinal cord is severed.
  2. Epilepsy
  3. B. Quadriplegia
  4. Polio
  5. Paraplegia

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  1. Identify a true statement about epilepsy.
  2. It results in progressive degeneration of the basal ganglia, a group of nuclei in the brain that control smooth motor coordination.
  3. B. It is incurable but can often be controlled through medication and behavioral interventions.
  4. It is caused by the disintegration of myelin, a fatty membrane that surrounds nerve fibers.
  5. It is a serious loss of cognitive ability beyond what might be expected from normal aging.

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  1. Patients with _____ have progressive degeneration of the basal ganglia, a group of nuclei in the brain that control smooth motor coordination.
  2. dementia
  3. Huntington’s disease
  4. C. Parkinson’s disease
  5. polio

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  1. A hereditary disorder of the central nervous system, _____ is characterized by chronic physical and mental deterioration.
  2. quadriplegia
  3. paraplegia
  4. Alzheimer’s disease
  5. D. Huntington’s disease

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  1. Which of the following hormones secreted by the pituitary gland regulates bone, muscle, and other organ development?
  2. A. somatotropic hormone (STH)
  3. thyrotropic hormone (TSH)
  4. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  5. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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  1. The posterior pituitary lobe produces _____, which controls the water-absorbing ability of the kidneys.
  2. A. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
  3. somatotropic hormone (STH)
  4. thyrotropic hormone (TSH)
  5. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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  1. The _____ glands are small glands located on top of each of the kidneys.
  2. pineal
  3. pituitary
  4. thyroid
  5. D. adrenal

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  1. Which of the following is commonly known as the disease of lifestyle?
  2. dementia
  3. B. Type II diabetes
  4. Type I diabetes
  5. polio

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  1. The right atrium and right ventricle pump blood back to the lungs via the
  2. mitral valve.
  3. capillaries.
  4. aorta.
  5. D. pulmonary artery.

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  1. _____ occurs when the heart has insufficient supply of oxygen or is unable to adequately remove carbon dioxide and other waste products.
  2. A. Angina pectoris
  3. Myocardial infarction
  4. Arrhythmia
  5. Ischemia

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  1. _____ occurs when a clot has developed in a coronary vessel and blocks the flow of blood to the heart.
  2. A. Myocardial infarction
  3. Angina pectoris
  4. Ischemia
  5. Glioblastoma

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  1. The _____ are a type of blood-forming cells that produce white blood cells.
  2. osteoclasts
  3. B. myeloblasts
  4. erythroblasts
  5. megakaryocytes

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  1. Which of the following statements is true about platelets?
  2. They play an important role in healing by absorbing and removing foreign substances from the body.
  3. They contain hemoglobin, which is needed to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body.
  4. C. They clump together to block small holes that develop in blood vessels, and they also play an important role in blood clotting.
  5. They contain granules that secrete digestive enzymes, which engulf and act on bacteria, turning them into a form conducive to excretion.

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  1. An adult’s body contains approximately _____ liters of blood, which consists of plasma and cells.
  2. 9
  3. 7
  4. 3
  5. D. 5

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  1. Which of the following blood-forming cells produces platelets?
  2. myeloblasts
  3. B. megakaryocytes
  4. erythroblasts
  5. lymphoblasts

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  1. _____ results from below-normal numbers of red blood cells, and it interferes with the transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body.
  2. Peptic ulcer
  3. B. Anemia
  4. Lupus
  5. Urticaria

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  1. The _____, a muscular tube extending downward from the larynx, divides at its lower end into two branches called the primary bronchi.
  2. alveoli
  3. larynx
  4. pharynx
  5. D. trachea

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  1. The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during respiration occurs between the
  2. primary bronchi and the secondary bronchi.
  3. B. alveoli and the capillaries.
  4. alveoli and the arteries.
  5. bronchioles and the arteries.

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  1. Respiratory movements are controlled by a respiratory center in the
  2. cerebellum.
  3. cerebral cortex.
  4. C.
  5. pons.

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  1. _____ accounts for 80 percent of all cases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
  2. Hypertension
  3. Obesity
  4. C. Smoking
  5. Alcoholism

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  1. _____ is a secondary infection that may occur as a complication of other disorders, such as a severe cold or flu.
  2. A. Bronchial pneumonia
  3. Asthma
  4. Meningitis
  5. Pleurisy

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  1. The unidirectional muscular movement of a bolus through the esophagus toward the stomach is known as
  2. mononucleosis.
  3. metastasis.
  4. C.
  5. phagocytosis.

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  1. A critical function of the pancreas is the production of
  2. leptin.
  3. B.
  4. pepsin.
  5. oxytocin.

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  1. Bile is stored in the _____ and is secreted into the duodenum when necessary.
  2. A. gallbladder
  3. pancreas
  4. appendix
  5. rectum

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  1. _____ is an open sore in the lining of the stomach or the duodenum.
  2. Hepatitis
  3. Gastroenteritis
  4. C. Peptic ulcer
  5. Appendicitis

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  1. Which of the following types of hepatitis is also known as serum hepatitis?
  2. hepatitis A
  3. B. hepatitis B
  4. hepatitis C
  5. hepatitis

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  1. Which of the following digestive system disorders is characterized by watery and frequent bowel movements and occurs when the lining of the small and large intestines cannot properly absorb water or digested food?
  2. peptic ulcer
  3. appendicitis
  4. gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
  5. D. diarrhea

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  1. One of the chief functions of the kidneys is to
  2. control the growth and secretion of the cortex region of the adrenal gland.
  3. control the chemical composition of blood.
  4. produce various gastric secretions.
  5. D. control the water balance in the body.

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  1. Estrogen is responsible for
  2. the endometrial lining to move into the fallopian tube.
  3. the occurrence of menopause.
  4. preparing the body for pregnancy.
  5. D. the development of secondary sex characteristics in females.

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  1. _____ is produced by the interstitial cells of the testes under the control of the anterior pituitary lobe.
  2. Aldosterone
  3. B. Testosterone
  4. Progesterone
  5. Estrogen

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  1. _____ cancer is known to be the most lethal form of cancer that affects women.
  2. Vaginal
  3. B. Ovarian
  4. Endometrial
  5. Cervical

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  1. Some women usually choose to undergo _____ therapy to deal with the noxious symptoms that occur during menopause.
  2. aversion
  3. B. hormone
  4. meso
  5. gene

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  1. Genetic material for inheritance lies in the nucleus of the cell in the form of _____ chromosomes.
  2. 53
  3. 36
  4. 23
  5. D. 46

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  1. _____ is an example of an environmentally transmitted disease.
  2. Shigellosis
  3. Yellow fever
  4. Herpes
  5. D. Influenza

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  1. Toxigenicity is the ability to
  2. A. produce poisons which invade other parts of the body.
  3. resist the body’s defenses.
  4. produce white blood cells in the body.
  5. reduce the risk of potential genetic disorders.

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  1. A localized infection
  2. A. is confined to a particular site in the human body and does not spread.
  3. is confined to a particular area and sends toxins to other parts of the body.
  4. rarely affects the human body.
  5. affects several different areas or body systems.

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  1. The largest group of cells involved in natural immunity is known as
  2. lymphocytes.
  3. oocytes.
  4. osteocytes.
  5. D.

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  1. _____ release cytokines that lead to inflammation and fever and promote wound healing.
  2. A. Macrophages
  3. Lymphoblasts
  4. Neutrophils
  5. Megakaryocytes

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  1. _____ prevent the passage of microbes from one section of the body to another.
  2. Phagocytoses
  3. B. Anatomical barriers
  4. Antimicrobial substances
  5. Inflammatory responses

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  1. _____ are chemicals produced by the body that kill invading microorganisms.
  2. A. Antimicrobial substances
  3. Phagocytes
  4. Inflammatory responses
  5. Anatomical barriers

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  1. _____ cells secrete chemicals that kill invading organisms and infected cells.
  2. Eosinophil
  3. Mast
  4. C. T
  5. B

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  1. Which of the following bodily systems functions as the drainage system of the body?
  2. the immune system
  3. B. the lymphatic system
  4. the endocrine system
  5. the respiratory system

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  1. _____, a malignant lymphoma, involves the progressive, chronic enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and other lymphatic tissue.
  2. Parkinson’s disease
  3. Meningitis
  4. Epilepsy
  5. D. Hodgkin’s disease

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  1. In an autoimmune disease,
  2. the treatment procedure is long-term, but it is easily curable.
  3. the body fails to recognize the existence of a foreign substance until its severity increases.
  4. certain white blood cells ingest microbes, causing an infection.
  5. D. the body recognizes its own tissue as a foreign invader and produces antibodies to fight it.

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  1. Regulation of the autonomic nervous system occurs via the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.

TRUE

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  1. The parasympathetic nervous system is activated in individual responses to stress.

FALSE

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  1. The structures of the limbic system play an important role in stress and emotional responses.

TRUE

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  1. The endocrine system is responsible for fast-acting, short-duration responses to changes in the body.

FALSE

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  1. The two primary clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis are angina pectoris and congestive heart disease.

FALSE

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  1. Hepatitis A is typically transmitted through food and water.

TRUE

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  1. Appendicitis means “inflammation of the liver,” and the disease produces swelling, tenderness, and sometimes permanent damage.

FALSE

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  1. Hepatitis E resembles hepatitis A but is caused by a different virus.

TRUE

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  1. Progesterone increases when pregnancy fails to occur.

FALSE

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  1. Menopause is a disorder of the reproductive system.

FALSE

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  1. There appears to be a genetic contribution to coronary heart diseases and some forms of cancer.

TRUE

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  1. Antigens are proteins produced in response to stimulation by antibodies.

FALSE

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  1. Describe the two most common disorders of the nervous system.

The most common forms of neurological dysfunction are epilepsy and Parkinson’s disease. Epilepsy is a disease of the central nervous system. It is often idiopathic, which means that no specific cause for the symptoms can be identified. Epilepsy is marked by seizures, which range from barely noticeable to violent convulsions accompanied by irregular breathing and loss of consciousness. Epilepsy cannot be cured, but it can often be controlled through medication and behavioral interventions designed to manage stress. Patients with Parkinson’s disease have progressive degeneration of the basal ganglia, which is a group of nuclei in the brain that control smooth motor coordination. The result of this deterioration is tremors, rigidity, and slowness of movement. Parkinson’s patients may be treated with medication, but large doses can cause undesirable side effects.

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  1. Describe the structure of the cardiovascular system. Include the internal and external factors influencing heart rate and its impact on the heart’s functioning.

The cardiovascular system comprises the heart, blood vessels, and blood and acts as the transport system of the body. Blood carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. Blood also carries nutrients from the digestive tract to the individual cells so that the cells may extract nutrients for growth and energy. The heart functions as a pump, and its pumping action causes the blood to circulate throughout the body. The heart performs its internal functions through regular rhythmic phases of contraction and relaxation known as the cardiac cycle. A number of external factors also influence the rate at which the heart contracts and relaxes. During exercise, emotional excitement, or stress, the heart speeds up, and the cardiac cycle is completed in a shorter time.

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  1. Describe the nature and symptoms of hepatitis. Compare and contrast Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B, and explain their modes of transmission.

Hepatitis means inflammation of the liver, and it produces swelling, tenderness, and sometimes permanent damage. It remains in the blood, causing a yellowing of the skin known as jaundice. Hepatitis A is caused by viruses and is typically transmitted through food and water. It is often spread by poorly cooked seafood or through unsanitary preparation and storage of food. Hepatitis B, also known as serum hepatitis, is a more serious form. It is caused by a virus and is transmitted by the transfusion of infected blood, by improperly sterilized needles, through sexual contact, and through mother-to-infant contact. It is a particular risk among intravenous drug users. Its symptoms are similar to those of hepatitis A but are far more serious.

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  1. Discuss the role of genetic counseling. How can health psychologists use it effectively?

Genetic counseling is used in prenatal diagnostic tests that permit the detection of some genetically based disorders, including Tay-Sachs disease, cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy, Huntington’s disease, and breast cancer. Helping people decide whether to be screened and how to cope with genetic vulnerabilities if they test positive represents an important role for health psychologists. For example, belief in a genetic cause can lead people to take medical actions that may be medically unwarranted. People who have a family history of genetic disorders, those who have already given birth to a child with a genetic disorder, or those who have recurrent reproductive problems, such as multiple miscarriages, often seek such counseling. In some cases, technological advances have made it possible to treat some of these problems before birth through drugs or surgery. Growing evidence suggests that people at risk for treatable disorders benefit from genetic testing and do not suffer long-term psychological distress. Health psychologists have an important role to play in research and counseling related to genetic risks, especially if they can help people modify their risk status and manage their distress.

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  1. Compare and contrast nonspecific and specific immune mechanisms. Provide an example for each.

The body has a number of responses to invading organisms, some nonspecific and others specific. Nonspecific immune mechanisms are a general set of responses to any kind of infection or disorder. The inflammatory response is an example of a nonspecific immune mechanism. Specific immune mechanisms are always acquired after birth, and they fight particular microorganisms and their toxins. Antibodies that develop with the help of foreign antigens are an example of a specific immune mechanism.

 

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Chapter 04

Health-Promoting Behaviors

  1. The health benefits of regular exercise include
  2. increased resting heart rate.
  3. reduced HDL.
  4. increased metabolic syndrome.
  5. D. reduced risk of some cancers.

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  1. Who among the following people is least likely to exercise regularly?
  2. Joe, a 10-year-old boy
  3. Jill, a 15-year-old girl
  4. Jack, a 35-year-old man
  5. D. Juana, a 45-year-old woman

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  1. A typical exercise prescription for a normal adult is _____ or more minutes of moderate-intensity activity on most days of the week or _____ minutes or more of vigorous-intensity activity at least three days a week.
  2. 15; 30
  3. 20; 15
  4. C. 30; 20
  5. 45; 60

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  1. Aerobic exercise involves _____ activities.
  2. low-intensity and long-duration
  3. low-intensity and short-duration
  4. C. high-intensity and long-duration
  5. high-intensity and short-duration

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  1. Which of the following is most likely to be an aerobic exercise?
  2. A. trust walking
  3. rope climbing
  4. tai-Chi
  5. meditation

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  1. Exercise is especially beneficial for executive performance, which is a part of planning and higher-order reasoning, because exercise
  2. improves the sense of self-efficacy.
  3. improves emotional well-being.
  4. increases resting heart rate.
  5. D. increases cognitive functioning.

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  1. Researchers investigating the effects of aerobic exercise on psychological functioning believe that
  2. A. regular exercise improves physical health, mood, and general well-being.
  3. women who exercise regularly will never face symptoms of depression.
  4. the positive effect of exercise on mood is unrelated to increased self-efficacy.
  5. modest exercise or increase in activity level is not enough to benefit cognitive functioning.

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  1. Which of the following is a benefit of conducting an employee fitness program?
  2. It decreases costs for the company.
  3. It increases employee turnover.
  4. It decreases time spent on the job.
  5. D. It increases job satisfaction.

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  1. Individuals are more likely to exercise if
  2. they belong to families in which exercise is rarely practiced.
  3. they perceive themselves as lethargic.
  4. they do not have social support or people to take responsibility for their health.
  5. D. they have a strong self-efficacy for exercising.

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  1. People who are _____ are more likely to exercise.
  2. workaholics
  3. unsociable
  4. sedentary
  5. D. extroverted

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  1. _____ can foster exercise.
  2. A. Social support
  3. Hypertension
  4. Painkillers
  5. Sedentary work

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  1. People who live in low socioeconomic status neighborhoods find it difficult to exercise because they
  2. lack time.
  3. are already engaged in other activities.
  4. are socially isolated.
  5. D. lack safe places to exercise.

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  1. Which of the following statements is true of regular exercise?
  2. A. Improving environmental options increases rates of exercise.
  3. Most people feel uncomfortable exercising with people from their social network.
  4. Adolescents are more likely to exercise regularly than young children.
  5. Accessible exercise settings do not particularly affect the rates of exercise.

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  1. Exercise interventions that are designed to increase and maintain physical activity are more likely to be successful if they are matched to an individual’s
  2. mental age.
  3. B. stage of readiness.
  4. financial status.
  5. perception of self.

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  1. Softechture Inc., a software company, has organized a workshop for its employees to promote the values of exercise, physical health, and psychological well-being. This kind of a workshop is an example of _____ intervention.
  2. A. worksite
  3. family-based
  4. dietary
  5. psychological

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  1. Which of the following statements is true of the U.S. population in recent decades?
  2. The aging population is not as healthy as past generations.
  3. B. The number of chronically ill patients who exercise regularly has increased.
  4. The number of healthy adults who exercise regularly has decreased.
  5. The average life expectancy of the population has decreased.

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  1. Which of the following represents one of the major causes of preventable death in the United States?
  2. A. accidents
  3. insomnia
  4. genetic diseases
  5. ageing

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  1. Interventions to reduce home accidents are typically conducted with parents because
  2. they are more knowledgeable about the most common hazards in their home.
  3. young children may not be able to learn about safety at home.
  4. evaluations have shown that parents lack knowledge required to safeguard their children.
  5. D. they have control over the child’s environment.

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  1. Mary is turning 50, and she does not think she is at risk for breast cancer. What would you suggest?
  2. Mary does not need a mammogram.
  3. B. Mary should get a mammogram every year.
  4. It is unclear what Mary should do.
  5. Mary should wait until she is 55 to get a mammogram.

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  1. Screening through mammography is important for high-risk women because
  2. A. the majority of breast cancers are detected in women over age 40.
  3. one in every three women in the United States develops breast cancer.
  4. the x-rays used in mammography help arrest the growth of breast cancer.
  5. experimental medication for breast cancer works better in women over the age of 50.

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  1. Which of the following is a common reason that deters women from getting regular mammograms?
  2. A. fear of radiation
  3. distance from health care facilities
  4. lack of equipment in hospitals
  5. fear of looking older

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  1. Which of the following is a similarity between breast cancer and colorectal cancer?
  2. Both are more common among Hispanics.
  3. Both are a common cause of death in young adults.
  4. Both have a high likelihood of survival.
  5. D. Both require routine screening in older adults.

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  1. The chief risk factor for skin cancer is known to be
  2. age.
  3. obesity.
  4. C. ultraviolet radiation.
  5. melanin.

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  1. Communications to adolescents and young adults regarding the use of sunscreen should emphasize
  2. negative effects of using excessive sunscreen lotion.
  3. long-term risks of chronic illness.
  4. C. immediate adverse effects of sun exposure.
  5. advantages of using a tanning salon as compared to sun exposure.

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  1. Which of the following food items are most likely to contain saturated fats?
  2. A. meat and dairy products
  3. fried foods
  4. fruits and vegetables
  5. fish and nuts

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  1. The typical reason that people switch to a diet low in cholesterol is to
  2. maintain weight.
  3. reduce risk of obesity.
  4. improve health.
  5. D. improve appearance.

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  1. In the context of diet, which of the following is true of people under stress?
  2. They tend to eat more fruits and vegetables.
  3. They are less likely to snack on fatty food as they lose interest in food.
  4. They focus on what they are eating as a way to combat stress.
  5. D. They are more likely to skip breakfast.

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  1. When people are under stress, they are more likely to
  2. let others monitor their food consumption.
  3. pay attention to what they eat.
  4. be self-controlled.
  5. D. be distracted.

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  1. Individuals who are _____ do a better job of adhering to a healthy diet.
  2. emotional
  3. lean
  4. overweight
  5. D. intelligent

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  1. Which of the following dietary changes has greatly contributed to obesity over the past decade in the United States?
  2. increased number of meals with family
  3. B. increased portion sizes
  4. increased consumption of seafood
  5. increased consumption of fruits

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  1. Training in _____ includes planning skills and formation of explicit behavioral intentions, which can improve dietary adherence.
  2. A. self-regulation
  3. self-affirmation
  4. self-efficacy
  5. self-validation

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  1. Recently, the efforts to change the dietary habits of high-risk people have focused on the
  2. environment.
  3. community.
  4. C.
  5. peer group.

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  1. The most powerful determinant of what a family eats is
  2. A. the husband’s food preferences.
  3. the wife’s food preferences.
  4. the children’s food preferences.
  5. the children’s health considerations.

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  1. Dietary interventions may be particularly successful if
  2. they guarantee weight loss.
  3. B. they are culturally and linguistically appropriate.
  4. they do not include too much of physical activity.
  5. they do not include the family or community.

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  1. Most diet changes are implemented through
  2. social network interventions.
  3. photo-ageing interventions.
  4. C. cognitive-behavioral interventions.
  5. telephone-based interventions.

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  1. Which of the following techniques is used in cognitive-behavioral interventions to modify diet?
  2. A. contingency contracting
  3. guided imagery
  4. guided participation
  5. sensitization

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  1. Children who are involved in dietary interventions are more likely to
  2. A. practice better dietary habits in adulthood.
  3. have a better physique compared to other children.
  4. encourage their friends to follow diet plans.
  5. become vegetarians in adulthood.

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  1. Which of the following is true of interventions to modify diet?
  2. A. Nudging people in the right direction through subtle messages is likely to work better than explicit warnings.
  3. Social engineering is not likely to reduce the consumption of unhealthy foods in schools.
  4. Children who are involved in dietary interventions are more likely to rebel in adolescence and adopt unhealthy food habits.
  5. Dietary inventions with high-risk people appear to work better if their immediate family, especially children, are not involved.

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  1. _____ is an effective way to alter behavior related to diet and exercise.
  2. Sensitization
  3. B. Social engineering
  4. Social networking
  5. Private education

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  1. Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep consists of _____ stages.
  2. nine
  3. seven
  4. two
  5. D. four

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  1. The lightest and earliest stage of sleep is marked by
  2. vivid dreams.
  3. delta waves.
  4. body temperature.
  5. D. theta waves.

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  1. Deep sleep, which is important for restoring energy, strengthening the immune system, and prompting the body to release growth hormone, is marked by _____ waves.
  2. beta
  3. B. delta
  4. theta
  5. K-complex

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  1. During rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, eyes dart back and forth and breathing and heart rates flutter. This stage of sleep is marked by
  2. K-complex waves.
  3. delta waves.
  4. theta waves.
  5. D. beta waves.

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  1. The stage of sleep marked by beta waves is important for
  2. breathing.
  3. restoring energy.
  4. releasing growth hormones.
  5. D. consolidating memories.

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  1. Which of the following best describes a restorative activity?
  2. exercising regularly and being more productive at work
  3. dealing with a disability using coping mechanisms
  4. C. savoring the positive aspects of life and regaining emotional balance
  5. bringing the body back to a normal state of functioning after an accident

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  1. _____ in women may be tied to hormonal levels related to menopause.
  2. Anorexia nervosa
  3. Bulimia nervosa
  4. Speech disorders
  5. D. Sleep disorders

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  1. Jane is not satisfied with her job; she is depressed and dependent on alcohol. Recently, Jane has been experiencing sleep disturbances and is unable to cope with stressful events. Jane is most likely suffering from
  2. amenorrhea.
  3. bulimia.
  4. anorexia.
  5. D.

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  1. Roy was an interstate truck driver. He had been driving for the past 12 years, and most of his trips were between 11:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m. Roy used to take irregular naps during the day, and he also made time for other personal activities. However, over time, he felt fatigued and decided to quit. After years of driving during the night and sleeping for a few hours during the day, Roy is having trouble sleeping at night. Which of the following is a likely cause for Roy’s condition?
  2. Alzheimer’s
  3. stress
  4. reduced blood pressure
  5. D. chronic insomnia

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  1. Chronic insomnia can compromise the ability to secrete and respond to
  2. amino acids.
  3. collagen.
  4. C.
  5. potassium.

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  1. Children who do not get enough sleep usually display
  2. A. behavioral problems.
  3. weight fluctuations.
  4. withdrawn attitudes.
  5. low intelligence.

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  1. Insomnia is more common among people who
  2. blunt the impact of stressful events by distracting themselves.
  3. B. deal with stressful events by ruminating or focusing on them.
  4. engage in a few restorative activities.
  5. avoid caffeine in the afternoon.

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  1. _____ is a symptom of psychopathology commonly found among long sleepers.
  2. Insomnia
  3. B. Chronic worrying
  4. Sleep deprivation
  5. Snoring

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  1. Which of the following is a behavioral intervention undertaken for the treatment of insomnia?
  2. conversion therapy
  3. hormone therapy
  4. immune therapy
  5. D. relaxation therapy

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  1. Which of the following treatments is likely to succeed in treating insomnia?
  2. skipping dinner or eating very little before sleeping
  3. lighting an incense or a fragrant candle in the room at night
  4. C. developing nightly rituals, such as taking a shower before sleeping
  5. reading in bed

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  1. Participating in enjoyable leisure time activities, such as socializing or spending time in nature, is related to
  2. reduced physical functioning.
  3. increased blood pressure.
  4. C. lower levels of cortisol.
  5. higher risk of weight gain.

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  1. People who engage in regular, vigorous exercise may reduce their risk of some cancers.

TRUE

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  1. A person with low cardiopulmonary fitness needs more exercise in a week than a normal adult does to derive any benefit from exercise.

FALSE

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  1. The practice of regular exercise declines substantially when girls reach adolescence.

TRUE

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  1. People who drop out of exercise programs do so within the first three to six months.

TRUE

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  1. Social engineering is more effective than community-wide health education programs for increasing seat belt usage and infant restraint devices.

TRUE

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  1. Women from low-income groups are more likely to receive regular mammograms.

FALSE

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  1. Mediterranean diets are rich in red meat and low in vegetables, nuts, fruits, and fish.

FALSE

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  1. Rates of adherence to a new diet are likely to be low at first but improve over time.

FALSE

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  1. People who have high levels of hostility or arousal have poor sleep quality.

TRUE

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  1. People who deal with stressful events by blunting their impact or distracting themselves are more prone to insomnia than people who deal with them by ruminating or focusing on them.

FALSE

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  1. Satisfaction with leisure activities can improve cognitive functioning among the elderly.

TRUE

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  1. Explain the physical and psychological benefits of exercise.

Exercise helps to maintain mental and physical health. Daily exercise can decrease the risk of several chronic diseases including heart disease, diabetes, and some cancers. Psychologically, exercise improves mood and general well-being. Some of the positive effects of exercise on mood may stem from factors associated with exercise, such as social activity or being outside. Because of its positive impact on mood, exercise has also been used as a treatment for depression.

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  1. Who are more likely to exercise regularly?

People who come from families in which exercise is practiced, who have positive attitudes toward physical activity, who have a strong sense of self-efficacy for exercising, who have energy, and who are extroverted and sociable are more likely to exercise regularly. Those who perceive themselves as athletic, have a strong social support, and take responsibility for their health are also more likely to exercise.

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  1. Imagine that a program needs to be administered through the county health department designed to increase the frequency of mammograms among community residents. What kind of techniques would increase the likelihood of obtaining regular mammograms?

Women who have positive attitudes regarding mammography and who perceive social norms as favoring are more likely to participate in mammography programs. Therefore, interventions must focus on creating awareness. Changing the attitudes of women toward mammography can increase the likelihood of obtaining a mammogram. Creating a social support system would help increase participation of low-income and older women. Women are more likely to get mammograms if their friends are doing the same. Interventions are more successful if they are geared to the stage of readiness of prospective participants.

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  1. Discuss the ways to effectively communicate the importance of sun safety practices to adolescents and young adults.

The chief risk factor for skin cancer is excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Typically, sun safety practices begin with educational interventions to alert people to the risks of skin cancer and to the effectiveness of sunscreen use for reducing risk. Communications to adolescents and young adults that stress the gains that sunscreen use will bring them are important, such as freedom from concern about skin cancers or improvements in appearance, are likely to be more successful than those that emphasize the risks. When risks of chronic illnesses are emphasized, it is important to stress their immediate adverse effects rather than their long-term risks because adolescents and young adults are especially influenced by immediate concerns.

 

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  1. How does sleep correlate with health?

 

Sleep is an important restorative activity. Adults who sleep for less than seven hours experience sleep problems and insomnia. For women, sleep disorders may be tied to hormonal levels related to menopause. Even children who sleep too little or too much incur health risks, including risk of early death. Insufficient sleep affects cognitive functioning, mood, job performance, and quality of life. Chronic insomnia can increase the risk of coronary heart disease; it increases blood pressure and deregulates stress physiology. It can also affect weight gain.

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