Health Psychology A Cultural Approach 3rd Edition by Regan A.R. Gurung – Test Bank

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Health Psychology A Cultural Approach 3rd Edition by Regan A.R. Gurung – Test Bank

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Chapter Two—Cultural Approaches to Health

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

1. The use of red bracelets and the use of black dots on children’s foreheads are cultural practices explicitly designed to:

a.	enhance growth	c.	prevent sickness
b.	increase attractiveness	d.	ward off the evil eye

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   CULTURAL APPROACHES TO HEALTH (INTRO)

 

2. Some ancient beliefs often find their way into contemporary literature, such as the  Harry Potter series.  What part of the human body was believed to be the site of power and magic, and this same animal part used in a range of treatments?

a.	heart	c.	liver
b.	mind	d.	eyes

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   VARIETIES OF WORLD MEDICINE

 

3. Most Americans refer to any other medical approach for health and wellness besides the Western approach as:

a.	complementary and alternative medicine	c.	allopathy
b.	not appropriate for healthcare	d.	conventional medicine

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   WESTERN BIOMEDICINE

 

4. The belief that if an individual had a lot of blood, they would have a cheerful or sanguine personality stems from:

a.	Egyptian physicians such as Imhotep, the chief physician to Pharaoh Zozer
b.	Vesalius’s study of human anatomy
c.	Hippocrates’ humoral theory
d.	William Harvey, an English physician

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   WESTERN BIOMEDICINE

 

5. Each of the following directly contributed to our knowledge of human anatomy except:

a.	Fleming	c.	Leonardo Da Vinci
b.	Galen	d.	Andreas Vesalius

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   WESTERN BIOMEDICINE

 

6. Yin is defined by Traditional Chinese Medicine as being:

a.	Tao, the supreme source	c.	light, sun, hot, male
b.	darkness, moon, cold, female	d.	the later stage of life

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE

 

7. Chinese and Chinese Americans tend to choose this type of health care system:

a.	Western medicine
b.	Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)
c.	Western medicine for acute problems, and TCM for chronic problems
d.	Qi, and Yin and Yang

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE

 

8. One folk remedy common to American Indian, Mexican American, and Traditional Chinese medicine is:

a.	plants	c.	saunas
b.	warm rocks	d.	prayer candles

 

 

ANS:  A

REF:   TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE, CURANDERISMO AND SPIRITUALISM,  & AMERICAN INDIAN MEDICINE

 

9. The Ayurvedic physician uses the following methods to diagnose a disease:

a.	looks for abnormalities in the body, and smelling the patient.
b.	X-rays and laboratory workups
c.	smudging
d.	meridian theory

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   AYURVEDA: TRADITIONAL INDIAN MEDICINE

 

10. One of the most recent empirical validations of traditional East Indian medicine relates to the use of an herbal remedy (called forskolin, isolated from the Coleus forskohlii plant) for the treatment of:

a.	heart disease	c.	insomnia
b.	impotence	d.	obesity

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   AYURVEDA: TRADITIONAL INDIAN MEDICINE

 

11. Illness caused if a person’s energy field is weakened or disrupted is a common belief of:

a.	curanderismo	c.	vodoo
b.	shamanism	d.	Native American

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   CURANDERISMO AND SPIRITUALISM

 

12. Curanderos use three levels of treatment depending on the source of the illness:

a.	basic, moderate and complex	c.	mal de ojo, curar, parteras
b.	material, spiritual, and mental	d.	prayer, candles and herbal ointments

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   CURANDERISMO AND SPIRITUALISM

 

13. “Walking in beauty” refers to:

a.	the involvement of female shamans in ceremonies.
b.	the employment of Qi gong rather than aromatherapy as the best mode of healing.
c.	the use of herbal remedies to reduce the signs of aging.
d.	the worldview that everything in life is connected to everything else.

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   CURANDERISMO AND SPIRITUALISM

 

14. What cultural belief uses the concept of “Walking in Beauty”?

a.	Native American	c.	Hmong
b.	Mexican American	d.	Middle Eastern

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   AMERICAN INDIAN MEDICINE

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

15. A medicine man holds lodges or “sweats” for different reasons, such as:

a.	a sweat may be dedicated to someone with cancer or another terminal illness
b.	to make individuals aware of the need to make health care changes
c.	to purify his mind before he spends time with a member of the tribe
d.	as a last resort during illness

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   AMERICAN INDIAN MEDICINE

 

16. Who would most likely use “smudge” in their treatment?

a.	a clinical health psychologist from the U.S..
b.	curanderos
c.	sangomas
d.	shamans

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   AMERICAN INDIAN MEDICINE

 

17. Chiropractic medicine:

a.	enhances the flow of qi in the body
b.	small, highly diluted quantities of medicinal substances are given to cure symptoms
c.	uses laying on of hands, the healing force of the provider affects the patient’s recovery
d.	focuses on the relationship between body structure and function, and uses manipulative therapy as an integral treatment tool

 

 

ANS:  D

REF:   ARE COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES VALID?

 

18. ______________ refers to the belief that “like cures like,” meaning that small, highly diluted quantities of medicinal substances are given to cure symptoms.

a.	Naturopathic medicine	c.	Dietary supplements
b.	Homeopathic medicine	d.	Smudging

 

 

ANS:  B

REF:   ARE COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES VALID?

 

19. A method of healing developed in China at least 2,000 years ago. Procedures involve stimulation of anatomical points on the body by a variety of techniques. This healing technique is called:

a.	chiropractic	c.	qi gong
b.	massage	d.	acupuncture

 

 

ANS:  D

REF:   ARE COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES VALID?

 

20. The following are complementary and alternative medicines that originated from Asia:

a.	Reiki, Qi, gong, acupuncture
b.	electromagnetic fields, qi gong
c.	Ayurveda and chiropractic
d.	naturopathic medicine and medicine wheel

 

 

ANS:  A

REF:   ARE COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES VALID?

 

 

 

 

 

21. In 1998, Congress established the National Center for complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) to stimulate, develop, and support research on complementary and alternative medicines including:

a.	dance, music and art therapy	c.	prayer
b.	hypnosis	d.	all of the above

 

 

ANS:  D

REF:   ARE COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES VALID?

 

22. Many African cultures rely on traditional healers called:

a.	sangomas	c.	sadhus
b.	yogis	d.	curanderismos

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   ARICAN AMERICAN BELIEFS

 

23. Latino and Asian Indian mothers try to make sure that their children do not get the “evil eye” by:

a.	keeping a knife in the room or area where the baby sleeps..
b.	Keeping a dead animal’s eye hidden in the house during pregnancy and for the first year of the child’s life.
c.	placing a large black dot on their child’s forehead..
d.	holding them at all times until they turn one year of age.

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   INTRO

 

24. Practitioners of Traditional Chinese Medicine determined that there are as many:

a.	as 2000 acupuncture points on the human body
b.	100 acupuncture points on the human body
c.	as 250 meridians
d.	acupuncture points as there are meridians.

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   FOCUS ON APPLICAITONS

 

25. One theory on why acupuncture works is:

a.	due to “mind over matter,” if the patient believes in the treatment it will work
b.	that the pain impulses are blocked from reaching the spinal cord or brain at various “gates” to these areas
c.	the pain from the prick of the needle diverts the patient’s thoughts about the actual pain
d.	that the impact of the needle stops that area from having the ability to recognize pain

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   FOCUS ON APPLICATIONS

 

26. The World Health Organization in the late 1970s recognized that acupuncture and Traditional Chinese Medicine can treat many ailments, including:

a.	cancer of the brain	c.	gout
b.	diabetes	d.	arteriosclerosis

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   FOCUS ON APPLICATIONS

 

27. The National Institutes of Health declared in 1997 that acupuncture could be useful by itself or in combination with other therapies to treat:

a.	addiction and menstrual cramps	c.	macular degeneration
b.	pancreatic and brain cancer	d.	hearing impairments

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   FOCUS ON APPLICATIONS

 

 

28. Studies have demonstrated that acupuncture may help in the rehabilitation of stroke patients, and:

a.	may help children with delayed growth to get back into the typical growth chart
b.	can reduce growth of bacteria in a staph infection
c.	can assist patients with spinal chord injuries to gain the ability to use limbs
d.	can relieve nausea in patients recovering from surgery

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   FOCUS ON APPLICATIONS

 

29. Which of the following is FALSE regarding TCM?

a.	Acupuncture is a form of TCM
b.	Meridians are the passageways of qui and blood flow through the body.
c.	In TCM, a healthy individual has a balanced amount of yin and yang.
d.	TCM focuses on a cellular microscopic level of diagnosis.

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE

 

30. If you were flushed, have a fever, are constipated and have high blood pressure, a TCM practitioner would say:

a.	you do not have enough Tao.	c.	you have too much yang
b.	you need your gallbladder out	d.	your liver is not well

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE

 

31. The five elements that balance the internal organs of the body according to TCM are:

a.	heat, cold, rock, ice, fire	c.	coal, wood, fire, dirt, water
b.	earth, water, fire, wind, rock	d.	fire, water, wood, earth and metal

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE

 

32. If a provider is talking about Vata dosha, Pitta dosha, and Kapha dosha, she would be talking about components of this type of health care:

a.	Greek humors	c.	Japanese Reiki
b.	Hmong shamanism	d.	Ayurvedic medicine

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   AYURVEDA: TRADITIONAL INDIAN MEDICINE

 

33. If you as a patient are purging the body of toxins by vomiting, laxatives, enemas, nasal medication, and bloodletting, you are following this tradition.

a.	ancient Greek medicine	c.	modern holistic medicine
b.	Ayurvedic medicine	d.	Traditional Chinese Medicine

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   AYURVEDA: TRADITIONAL INDIAN MEDICINE

 

34. In Sub-Saharan Africa, there are four types of traditional healers who provide health care.The following is one of those types:

a.	blood-letters	c.	singers
b.	fire keepers	d.	faith healers

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   CULTURAL APPROACHES TO HEALTH (INTRO)

 

35. In Sub-Saharan Africa, diviners are typically:

a.	men	c.	women
b.	herbalists	d.	elders

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   CULTURAL APPROACHES TO HEALTH (INTRO)

 

36. What was one of the first specimens observed under the lens of the electron microscope that was invented in 1932?

a.	blood	c.	viruses
b.	saliva	d.	sperm

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   WESTERN BIOMEDICINE

 

37. Who first described the circulation of blood and the functioning of the heart in 1628?

a.	William Harvey	c.	Leonardo da Vinci
b.	Antonius van Leeuwenhoek	d.	Wilhelm Roentgen

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   WESTERN BIOMEDICINE

 

38. The most commonly seen form(s) of Ayurvedic treatment in North America is:

a.	yoga	c.	Vata
b.	Panchakarma or “Five actions”	d.	Charaka Samhita

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   AYURVEDA: TRADITIONAL INDIAN MEDICINE

 

39. Which of the following is TRUE?

a.	There is no research on Mexican American folk healing practices.
b.	Latinos are considered a homogeneous group, meaning that they are similar to one another regardless of where they live.
c.	Curanderos do not believe that germs and other natural factors can cause illness.
d.	Healers  (curanderismos) do not make appointments, do not have forms or fees, and you pay whatever you believe the healer deserves.

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   CURANDERISMO AND SPIRITUALISM

 

40. Native American medicine has four traditional practices that are common to most tribes. The following is an example of one of them:

a.	the use of herbal remedies..	c.	using eggs and garlic for healing.
b.	the use of animals in healing	d.	the use of.the wind in healing.

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   AMERICAN INDIAN MEDICINE

 

41. The lodge used for the “sweat” in Native American culture symbolizes:

a.	the heartbeat of Mother Earth
b.	the rocks which are elders
c.	the womb of Mother Earth
d.	the source of energy for the earth’s rotation.

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   AMERICAN INDIAN MEDICINE

 

42. The healing ceremony that uses the medicine wheel, the sacred hoop, the sing, and lasts from two to nine days, occurs:

a.	among Latinos.
b.	in the Lakota and Navajo tribes
c.	those using Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM).
d.	among African Americans

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   AMERICAN INDIAN MEDICINE

 

 

 

 

43. Voodoo is a legitimate religion in a number of areas of the world, including:

a.	Brazil, where it is called Candomble	c.	Philippines
b.	Puerto Rico, where it is called Gullah	d.	Guatemala

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   AFRICAN AMERICAN BELIEFS

 

44. What are the similarities between Hmong and Native American cultures?

a.	They both utilize shamans.
b.	The use of eggs and herbs in healing practices.
c.	They both use similar dietary requirements during healing ceremonies.
d.	There are no similarities.

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   AMERICAN INDIAN MEDICINE

 

45. According to the most recent census data, the largest minority group in the United States is:

a.	Asian American	c.	Native American
b.	African American	d.	Latino

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   CURANDERISMO AND SPIRITUALISM

 

46. Which of the following is not something a curandero would do?

a.	charge the family a specific rate
b.	utilize material such as fruits, eggs, candles, herbs
c.	allow the patient to see a Western physician
d.	offer healing based on patient’s faith

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   CURANDERISMO AND SPIRITUALISM

 

TRUE/FALSE

 

1. Many Southeast Asian and Latino mothers place a black spot on their babies’ heads to ward away the “evil eye” that could cause their babies harm.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   CULTURAL APPROACHES TO HEALTH (INTRO)

 

2. The chemical composition of some drugs, such as opioids, mirrors that of naturally occurring substances, such as opiates.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   WESTERN BIOMEDICINE

 

3. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and Ayurveda share many similarities, including the notion of basic elements.

 

ANS:  T

REF:   TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE; AYURVEDA: TRADITIONAL INDIAN MEDICINE

 

4. Surveys of Mexican Americans show that highly assimilated Mexican Americans no longer follow traditional and indigenous practices.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   CURANDERISMO AND SPIRITUALISM

 

 

5. During a Native American sweat lodge ceremony, a “firekeeper” heats rocks in a wood fire, and the rocks are called elders because the rocks of the earth are seen as ancient observers.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   AMERICAN INDIAN MEDICINE

 

6. Individuals in the sweat lodge experience hallucinations that connect to spirit guides or provide insight into personal conditions. The hallucinations are a result of a toxicity that occurs during this ceremony.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   AMERICAN INDIAN MEDICINE

 

7. The practice of acupuncture in North America began in the 1920’s and later the Chinese started using this as a therapeutic treatment as well.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   FOCUS ON APPLICAITONS

 

8. Orthomolecular therapies is a treatment in which patients eat substances such as magnesium, melatonin, and mega-doses of vitamins.

 

ANS:  T

REF:   ARE COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES VALID?

 

9. In the late 1970s, the World Health Organization recognized the ability of acupuncture and Traditional Chinese medicine to treat nearly four dozen common ailments, including the following: neuromusculoskeletal conditions, and emotional and psychological disorders.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   FOCUS ON APPLICAITONS

 

10. Overall, CAM is used more by people from lower SES backgrounds who cannot afford traditional medicine and by men.

 

ANS:  F

REF:   ARE COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES VALID?

 

ESSAY

 

1. One of the main elements of Western biomedicine is surgery. What do you know about the origin of surgery and some technological milestones in surgery?

 

ANS:  First practiced by early Egyptians and Peruvians some 6,000 years ago. First coronary bypass was performed in 1951, and the first heart transplant was performed in 1967. Surgery and drugs are the primary attempts to cure or treat illness in Western medicine.

 

REF:   WESTERN BIOMEDICINE

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2. Curanderos, traditional Mexican American healers, use three levels of treatment depending on the source of the illness: material, spiritual, and mental (Trotter & Chavira, 1997). What are some of the techniques used in two of the following: the material, spiritual, and mental levels?

 

ANS:  Material: eggs, lemons, garlic, ribbons, religious symbols, crucifix, water, oils, and incense.  These are used to either emit or absorb vibrating energy that repairs the energy field around a person. Ceremonies include prayers, ritual sweepings, or cleansing (Torres & Sawyer, 2005).Spiritual: curandero entering a trance, leaving his or her body, and playing the role of a medium. Mental level: using the power the healer has, such as using herbs as treatments.

 

REF:   CURANDERISMO AND SPIRITUALISM

 

3. How should the field of health psychology best use information about diverse approaches to health?

 

ANS:  The rituals and ceremonies used by diverse cultures reflect the values of those cultures.  Health psychologists should understand that those who believe in them should not be ignored and ridiculed. A provider needs to be aware of a person’s beliefs in order to treat the person comprehensively.  What people believe influences what they do to remedy the situation, and needs to be taken into consideration when receiving advice from a psychologist with a Western viewpoint on how to maintain health and prevent illness.

 

REF:   INTRO/VARIETIES OF WORLD MEDICINE

 

4. Name three complementary and alternative medicines, and give descriptions of their techniques and goals.

 

ANS:  No answer provided.

 

REF:   ARE COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES VALID?

 

5. What are two of the three theories discussed in our text on how acupuncture works?

 

ANS:  1. Pain impulses are blocker from reaching the spinal cord or brain at various “gates” to these areas.2. Acupuncture stimulates the body to produce endorphins, which reduce pain. 3. Opioids may be released into the body during acupuncture treatment.

 

Chapter Four—What Is Stress?

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

1. Lazarus (1966) added more psychological components to the process of stress. Lazarus indicated that stress:

a.	was the upsetting of the homeostasis.
b.	has psychosocial stress which reflects the subject’s inability to forestall or diminish perception recall and anticipation.
c.	a substantial imbalance between environmental demand and the response capability of the focal organism.
d.	is a condition or feeling experienced when a person perceives that demands exceed the personal and social resources the individual is able to mobilize.

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   MAIN THEORIES OF STRESS

 

2. ________________ was the first to sketch the pattern of responses of the autonomic nervous system in response to stress and to map out the full level of physiological activation.

a.	Lazarus	c.	Taylor
b.	Folkman	d.	Cannon

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   MAIN THEORIES OF STRESS

 

3. The earliest theory of stress suggests our current response is a remnant of our evolutionary past and was developed by:

a.	Walter Cannon	c.	Richard Lazarus
b.	Hans Seyle	d.	Rene Descartes

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   MAIN THEORIES OF STRESS

 

4. Historically, stressors were primarily acute. An example of an acute stressor would be:

a.	stubbing a toe	c.	living with rheumatoid arthritis
b.	taking a Health Psychology class	d.	living in an overpopulated community

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   WHAT IS STRESS?

 

5. The Hassles Scales indicates that the following circumstance ranks the highest on the list of major stressors:

a.	chronic car trouble	c.	jail term
b.	death of a close family member	d.	major personal injury

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   WHAT IS STRESS?

 

6. During the fight or flight response, epinephrine:

a.	increases heart rate and blood pressure.	c.	converts fat into energy.
b.	Increases the release of oxytocin.	d.	gets oxygen into the bloodstream.

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   MAIN THEORIES OF STRESS

 

7. According to Cannon’s fight or flight theory of stress, the _________system is activated.

a.	HPA	c.	GAS
b.	SAM	d.	SNS

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   MAIN THEORIES OF STRESS

 

8. The main chemical(s) associated with the fight or flight response:

a.	are catecholamines	c.	is endorphin
b.	is cortisol	d.	is insulin

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   MAIN THEORIES OF STRESS

 

9. The theory that women developed additional stress responses aimed to protect, calm and quiet children, to remove them from harm’s way, and to marshal resources to help is called:

a.	fight-or-flight theory.	c.	The emotional social support theory.
b.	Seyle’s General Adaptation Syndrome.	d.	tend-and-befriend theory.

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   MAIN THEORIES OF STRESS

 

10. Research supports that women with higher levels of oxytocin in their bodies:

a.	bond better with their babies.
b.	engaged in less affiliative and nurturing behaviors.
c.	decreases their relaxation.
d.	makes them spend less time with their friends to ensure an optimal coping response.

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   MAIN THEORIES OF STRESS

 

11. After a stressful day on the job, men respond by________ (Repetti & Wood, 1997).

a.	stopping by the bar for a drink
b.	hunting and fishing
c.	hanging out with friends
d.	wanting to be alone and often fight with their spouses and kids

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   MAIN THEORIES OF STRESS

 

12. After having a stressful day at work, women____________(Repetti & Wood, 1997).

a.	want to spend more time with their kids and have more physical contact with them
b.	want to go shopping
c.	want to go work out in the gym
d.	want to be alone

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   MAIN THEORIES OF STRESS

 

13. According to Seyle’s general adaptation syndrome (GAS) theory of stress, the_______system is activated.

a.	hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)	c.	sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM)
b.	sympathetic nervous	d.	catecholamine

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   MAIN THEORIES OF STRESS

 

14. According to Lazarus’s Cognitive appraisal model, in primary appraisal, people assess whether an event involves each of the following EXCEPT:

a.	fear	c.	threat
b.	harm	d.	challenge

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   MAIN THEORIES OF STRESS

 

 

 

 

 

 

15. During secondary appraisal in the Cognitive Appraisal Model, individuals ______.

a.	evaluate their resources for dealing with stress
b.	unconsciously recall other similar stressful events
c.	engage in the use of defense mechanisms
d.	experience resistance and then exhaustion

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   MAIN THEORIES OF STRESS

 

16. Lazarus suggests that we make two major types of appraisals when we face any potentially stressful event. During the primary appraisal we:

a.	base our opinion on a galvanic skin response
b.	ascertain whether the event is positive, negative or neutral.
c.	determine whether we think our coping skills are going to be effective in managing the stressor.
d.	experience low stress

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   MAIN THEORIES OF STRESS

 

17. Research on nursing home residents found that by __________ they were significantly better off than those in the control group.

a.	denying of the problem so that one can maintain a sense of optimism.
b.	giving them control of various aspects of their day-to-day life.
c.	realizing that one has no control over the outcome and moving toward a stage of acceptance.
d.	giving them a monetary daily living allowance.

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   FACTORS INFLUENCING OUR APPRAISALS

 

18. During the first Gulf War, many individuals were hospitalized just for the trauma of not knowing whether the warheads contained chemical weapons or not. This is one example of one of the main dimensions of stress, called:

a.	centrality	c.	valence
b.	duration	d.	predictability

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   FACTORS INFLUENCING OUR APPRAISALS

 

19. Research was conducted where one group of residents in a nursing home were given the responsibility of caring for a plant, and another group did not receive a plant. After 6 months, the group with a plant to care for were significantly better off than the group without plants. This is an example of one of the main dimensions of stress, called:

a.	control	c.	predictability
b.	duration	d.	definition

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   FACTORS INFLUENCING OUR APPRAISALS

 

20. According to Brofrenbrenner (1977), work and home are examples of:

a.	microsystems	c.	role theory
b.	mesosystem	d.	reciprocity

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF STRESSORS

 

21. Bolger et al.(1989) first recognized and defined two specific types of stress contagion:

a.	microsystems and macrosystems	c.	spillover and crossover
b.	gender and race	d.	socioeconomic level, and regional location

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF STRESSORS

22. Sometimes a spouse may have a bad day at work and returns home to verbally abuse the family. This is referred to as:

a.	chronic stress	c.	spillover
b.	compensatory responding	d.	reciprocity

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF STRESSORS

 

23. One of the biggest stressors at work can be:

a.	multiple roles	c.	poorly defined roles
b.	boredom	d.	All of these are stressors

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF STRESS

 

24. What environmental stress can lead to the reducing the learning capabilities of children in the classroom or home environments?

a.	airport noise
b.	poor use of colors in the decoration of the classroom
c.	small class size that leads to feelings of isolation.
d.	a phonics approach to teaching reading.

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF STRESSORS

 

25. Which of the following is an example of a techno-political stressor?

a.	Hurricane Katrina	c.	Role ambiguity at work.
b.	The Boston bombings.	d.	Background stressors at work.

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF STRESSORS

 

26. Which of the following is considered a short-term environmental stressor?

a.	background stressors	c.	techno-political stressors
b.	natural disaster stressors	d.	allostasis.

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF STRESSORS

 

27. The diathesis-stress model indicates that the diathesis is:

a.	vulnerable predispositions
b.	the lack of vulnerability for stress
c.	the reasons we are stressed
d.	the cause for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

 

 

ANS:  A

REF:   STRESS AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY: THE DIATHESIS-STRESS MODEL

 

28. Culture may act as a stressor in the diathesis-stress model of psychopathology by:

a.	activating cultural folklore.
b.	the confusion that might occur from misunderstood communication.
c.	activating certain vulnerabilities and predispositions that may lead to the emergence of psychopathology.
d.	causing confusion when interpreting research data.

 

 

ANS:  C

REF:   STRESS AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY: THE DIATHESIS-STRESS MODEL

 

 

 

 

29. Beals et al. (2005) found that Native Americans living in the Northern Plains and the Southwest area of the United States had the most prevalent diagnosis for mental health issues such as:

a.	Post Traumatic Stress Disorder	c.	lower prevalence of depression
b.	higher prevalence of substance abuse	d.	all of the above

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   CULTURE AS A CRITICAL STRESSOR

 

30. Data from the National Health Interview Survey indicated that ___________ were significantly more likely to report experiencing recent “serious psychological distress” and feelings of helplessness compared to other ethnic groups.

a.	African Americans	c.	African American women
b.	American Indians	d.	Latino American women

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   CULTURE AS A CRITICAL STRESSOR

 

31. Whitbeck et al.(2002) found that a sample of Native Americans in the upper Midwest decreased the association between discrimination and depression if:

a.	the individuals participated in traditional practices such as powwows
b.	the individuals used their tribal language
c.	if the individuals lived in the urban areas
d.	both a and b

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   CULTURE AS A CRITICAL STRESSOR

 

32. One example indicating that the effects of discrimination-related stress can have a stronger effect on men is that:

a.	Orthodox Jewish males indicate they are depressed if they reside in an urban location.
b.	elderly African American males have higher scores than females for race-related stress in the context of institutional racism and collective racism
c.	young Asian females have lower scores on depression in the Midwest than males.
d.	there is no difference of discrimination stress between men and women.

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   CULTURE AS A CRITICAL STRESSOR

 

33. Research has shown that problems arise when we experience stress for a long time, but how long is too long?

a.	Six months	c.	Five years or more
b.	A year or more	d.	The answer depends on the individual.

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   CONSEQUENCES OF STRESS

 

34. Which of the following is FALSE?.

a.	PTSD is found only in the U.S. and Canada.
b.	Extended stress can destroy neurons in the hippocampus.
c.	Stress that is chronic can interfere with the immune system.
d.	Psychologists have argued that PTSD can occur even if the stressful event is not experienced directly.

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS

 

35. Gurung et al. (2004) found that chronic stress or burden and low socioeconomic status were significant predictors of changes in depression for:

a.	African American and Latina women	c.	European American women
b.	Latina women and Asian women	d.	Asian women

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   CULTURE AS A CRITICAL STRESSOR

36. The Galvanic skin response is a tool that measures stress by:

a.	measuring perceived stress as a written survey
b.	measuring the heart rate of the patient
c.	measuring how our skin conducts electricity
d.	analyzing psychological measures

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   MEASURING STRESS

 

37. Researchers can test stress levels in blood samples from:

a.	the level of cortisol in blood, which decreases when we are stressed.
b.	the level of epinephrine which increases when we are stressed.
c.	noting the insulin levels.
d.	drawing several vials of blood, so this is not normally a route to choose to determine stress levels.

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   MEASURING STRESS

 

38. North Americans indicated in the 2007 APA poll that this is their top stressor:

a.	marital relationship	c.	relationships with children
b.	relationships with aging parents	d.	work

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF STRESSORS

 

39. For __________________Americans, deaths peaked on the fourth day of the month.

a.	Chinese and Japanese	c.	Hispanic and Mexican
b.	African	d.	American Indians

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   FOCUS ON CURRENT ISSUES

 

40. Freedman (1975) found that overcrowding causes negative moods for:

a.	only women.	c.	African Americans.
b.	both men and women.	d.	only men.

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF STRESSORS

 

41. Wars and acts of terrorism are examples of:

a.	techno-political stressors	c.	natural disaster stressors
b.	background stressors	d.	All of the above are correct.

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF STRESSORS

 

42. Stress can affect human physiology by:

a.	suppression of the immune system and neuronal damage
b.	decreasing blood pressure
c.	improving short-term memory
d.	causing nail and hair growth due to increase in sympathetic nervous system.

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   MAIN THEORIES OF STRESS

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

43. From a practical standpoint, the activation of the HPA axis and the SAM is:

a.	obsolete and not needed by humans at this time
b.	important and critical to the survival of humans
c.	is needed to prepare our bodies for stressors, but decreases our ability to respond quickly due to constant wear and tear
d.	a chronic condition.

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   MAIN THEORIES OF STRESS

 

44. The _____________ is the name given to the phenomenon in which the stress of an unlucky day may be strong enough to cause physiological damage.

a.	Barnum effect	c.	Baskerville effect
b.	mere exposure effect	d.	fundamental attribution error

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   FOCUS ON CURRENT ISSUES

 

45. . The Baskerville effect is an example of:

a.	the tend-and-befriend model	c.	a self-fulfilling prophecy
b.	the stress contagion effect	d.	microaggressions

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   FOCUS ON CURRENT ISSUES

 

46. When comparing major theories concerning stress, the following one has specific ideas about how oxytocin can generate an individual to respond to a stressor:

a.	Flight-or-fight	c.	General Adaptation Syndrome
b.	Cognitive appraisal	d.	Tend-and-Befriend

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   THEORIES OF STRESS

 

47. If Gina reacts to the stress of missing the bus on her way to work by first determining how important it is that she arrives at work on time, then examining her resources to see if she can cope with the stress of not going to work, she would be demonstrating the stress theory:

a.	Tend-and-Befriend	c.	Cognitive Appraisal
b.	General Adaptation Syndrome	d.	Fight-or-Flight

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   THEORIES OF STRESS

 

48. The stress of an unlucky day may be strong enough to cause physiological damage. This thought is demonstrated by:

a.	the superstition of Western culture with the number 13
b.	the statistical increase of Chinese and Japanese Americans rate of death on the first day of the month, considered to be unlucky
c.	the allostasis effect.
d.	the finding that heart attacks increase in the winter

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   FOCUS ON CURRENT ISSUES

 

TRUE/FALSE

 

1. Canon (1929) viewed stress as the biological mobilization of the body for action, involving sympathetic activation and endocrine activity.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   MAIN THEORIES OF STRESS

 

2. In humans, breastfeeding mothers have been found to be calmer than those who do not breastfeed (Ulvas-Moberg, 1996).

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   MAIN THEORIES OF STRESS

 

3. Most research measuring stress outside the laboratory would use a questionnaire checklist to assess individuals’ level of stress .

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   MEASURING STRESS

 

4. Recent research has shown that spraying oxytocin into someone’s nose via a nasal spray can improve how accurately they are at recognizing feelings in others.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   MAIN THEORIES OF STRESS

 

5. Brofrenbrenner (1977) and the ecological theory identified how the work domain can affect elements of the home domain, and vice versa, and is defined by different levels of systems.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF STRESSORS

 

6. In a longitudinal study of over 2,000 adults, it was found that the stress-responses to the 9/11 attacks predicted increased heart problems even three years after the attacks (Holman et al., 2008).

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   DIFFERENT VARIEITES OF STRESSORS

 

7. Most of the early major theories of stress, such as Seyle and Cannon, paid more attention to the psychological changes in the mind that accompany the experience of stress they physiological processes.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   MAIN THEORIES OF STRESS

 

8. Allostasis is the inability to achieve stability through change, and indicates the individual will have mental or physical consequences to not being able to change.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   CONSEQUENCES OF STRESS

 

9. In one of the biggest reviews of the studies on PTSD, Ozer et al. (2003) found that psychological processes at the time of or around the trauma, not prior characteristics, are the strongest predictors of PTSD.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER

 

10. Recent research has shown that living in a harsh family environment leads to the modification of the children’s genes. Specifically, they show excessive immune responses and reduction in cortisol’s ability to properly regulate inflammatory responses.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   STRESS AND GENES

 

 

 

 

ESSAY

 

1. According to the research discussed in the textbook, what are some ways that men and women might differ in how they respond to stress?

 

ANS:  Men follow fight-or-flight due to increase in testosterone. Men want to spend time by themselves and can pick fights with spouse and children. Women follow tend-and-befriend due to increase in oxytocin. Women want to tend to children when stressed, and have more physical contact with them.

 

REF:   MAIN THEORIES OF STRESS

 

2. There are six main dimensions of stress. Please list these dimensions, and give a short definition as to what they entail.

 

ANS:  Answer not provided.

 

REF:   FACTORS INFLUENCING OUR APPRAISALS

 

3. Culture influences both the appraisal of stress and the experience of stress. Different cultures have different expectations for various aspects of life, and these differences can make a high threat event look like a low threat event to another group.  Write about what you know from reading the textbook about how culture can influence stress, and include personal examples or examples you have observed or read about to support your answers.

 

ANS:  Answers can include information about stress arising from differences between cultures regarding: family values, communication styles, health care expectations, gender roles, parenting styles, perceived support from family and friends, and how cultures interpret an event.

 

REF:   CULTURE AS A CRITICAL STRESSOR

 

4. Psychologically speaking, work or occupational stress can arise from a number of factors. Nine factors are mentioned in your textbook.  List three of these factors and write a short example for each one.

 

ANS:  1. Cognitive overload: having too much to do. 2. Role conflict: being unsure of one’s job description. 3. Ambiguity: not knowing what one is supposed to be doing. 4. Discrimination: job ceilings that prevent one from rising in the ranks. 5. Not getting promoted, because of sexism, ageism, or other prejudices. 6. Poor social networks preventing outlets to process job stress. 7. Lack of control over what one is doing and when it is done. 8. Multiple roles that need to be balanced. 9. Not being challenged enough.

 

REF:   DIFFERENT VARIEITES OF STRESSORS

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychological disorder that is a possible consequence of a major stressful event.  Please answer the following questions by offering insight and examples for each question. “Is it possible to have PTSD without experiencing the event directly?” and “How can culture affect PTSD?”

 

ANS:  Recently, psychologists have argued that PTSD can occur even if the even is not experience directly.  Evidence surrounding 9/11 supports this perspective (Marshall et al.2007). Studies show that psychological processes at the time of or around the trauma, not prior characteristics are the strongest predictors of PTSD.  Researchers are now expanding their thoughts that PTSD only occur for war, and talking about how sexual assault victims also can have PTSD. PTSD might result in some cultures, such as in Iraq, from the results from the day to day changes even more so than the actual traumatic event.

 

REF:   POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER