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Natural Disasters 11th Edition Patrick Leon Abbott -Test Bank
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Natural Disasters, 11e (Abbott)
Chapter 2 Internal Energy and Plate Tectonics
1) Earth is about ________ years old.
- A) 30,000 thousand
- B) 50 million
- C) 3,500 million
- D) 13.5 billion
- E) 4.5 billion
Answer: E
Section: Internal Sources of Energy
Topic: Internal Sources of Energy
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 02
2) The heat that transformed Earth early in its history came primarily from all but which of the following?
- A) impact energy
- B) gravitational energy
- C) dark energy
- D) the decay of radioactive elements
Answer: C
Section: Internal Sources of Energy
Topic: Internal Sources of Energy
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 02
3) The early differentiation of Earth into a mantle and a core was created by ________.
- A) gravitational accretion of iron-rich particles in the core, followed by silicate-rich particles in the mantle
- B) nuclear fission in the center of Earth, which converted hydrogen and helium to iron
- C) the buildup of heat and the melting of iron, which was pulled by gravity to the center of Earth
- D) the magnetic attraction between cations and anions of iron and nickel
Answer: C
Section: Earth History
Topic: Earth History
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 02
4) Earth’s inner core is a 2,450-km diameter ________ mass with temperatures up to 4,300°C (7,770°F).
- A) gaseous
- B) liquid
- C) solid
- D) plasma-like
Answer: C
Section: Internal Sources of Energy
Topic: Internal Sources of Energy
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 02
5) As radioactive atoms decay, heat energy is ________.
- A) absorbed
- B) released
- C) neither absorbed nor released
- D) may be absorbed or released, depending on which isotope is involved
Answer: B
Section: Internal Sources of Energy
Topic: Internal Sources of Energy
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 02
6) All of the continents were once combined into a single supercontinent called ________.
- A) Laurasia
- B) Gondwanaland
- C) Tethys
- D) Panthalassa
- E) Pangaea
Answer: E
Section: Plate Tectonics
Topic: Plate Tectonics
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 02
7) Which of the following is not a basic tenet of plate tectonics?
- A) Melted asthenosphere flows upward as magma and cools to form new ocean floor lithosphere.
- B) The new lithosphere slowly moves laterally away from the zones of oceanic crust formation on top of the underlying asthenosphere (seafloor spreading).
- C) When the leading edge of a moving slab of oceanic lithosphere collides with another slab, the older, colder, denser slab turns downward and is pulled by gravity back into the asthenosphere (subduction), while the less-dense, more buoyant slab overrides it.
- D) The slab pulled into the asthenosphere begins the process of melting and moves into the liquid core.
- E) The slab pulled into the asthenosphere begins the process of reabsorption into the mantle.
Answer: D
Section: Plate Tectonics
Topic: Plate Tectonics
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 02
8) The time needed for a typical atom in an oceanic plate to complete a plate-tectonic cycle is ________ years.
- A) about a hundred thousand
- B) about a million
- C) about 10 million
- D) in excess of 250 million
- E) less than 500
Answer: D
Section: Plate Tectonics
Topic: Plate Tectonics
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 02
9) The most famous and outspoken of the early proponents of continental drift was ________.
- A) Plato
- B) Leonardo da Vinci
- C) William Smith
- D) Alfred Wegener
- E) Immanuel Kant
Answer: D
Section: Plate Tectonics
Topic: Plate Tectonics
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 02
10) In the ________, evidence abounded, mechanisms seemed plausible, and the plate-tectonic theory was developed and widely accepted.
- A) mid-1880s
- B) mid-1920s
- C) mid-1940s
- D) mid-1960s
- E) mid-1980s
Answer: D
Section: Plate Tectonics
Topic: Plate Tectonics
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 02
11) After lava cools below the Curie point, which is about ________, atoms in iron-bearing minerals become magnetized in the direction of Earth’s magnetic field at that time and place.
- A) 50°C
- B) 250°C
- C) 550°C
- D) 850°C
- E) 1,150°C
Answer: C
Section: Plate Tectonics
Topic: Plate Tectonics
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 02
12) After lava cools below the ________ point atoms in iron-bearing minerals become magnetized in the direction of Earth’s magnetic field at that time and place.
- A) Maxwell
- B) critical
- C) triple
- D) Curie
- E) solidus
Answer: D
Section: Plate Tectonics
Topic: Plate Tectonics
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 02
13) If sea floor spreading occurs at a constant rate, the widths of magnetized seafloor strips have________ ratios as the lengths of time between successive reversals of Earth’s magnetic field.
- A) opposite
- B) critical
- C) triple
- D) two to one
- E) the same
Answer: E
Section: Plate Tectonics
Topic: Plate Tectonics
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 02
14) The oldest rocks on the ocean floors are about ________ years in age.
- A) 50,000
- B) 45 million
- C) 200 million
- D) 2 billion
- E) 4.5 billion
Answer: C
Section: Plate Tectonics
Topic: Plate Tectonics
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 02
15) The hot-spot-melting-through-lithosphere process forms lines of extinct volcanoes on the ocean floor, from youngest to oldest, ________.
- A) with random ages along the lines
- B) in a direction pointing toward the Sun
- C) pointing at 90 degrees to the direction of plate movement
- D) pointing in the opposite direction of plate movement
- E) pointing in the direction of plate movement
Answer: E
Section: Plate Tectonics
Topic: Plate Tectonics
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 02
16) The blanket of sediment on the sea floor is ________ toward the ocean margins.
- A) very thin at the volcanic ridges and thickens
- B) very thick at the volcanic ridges and thins
- C) thick at the volcanic ridges and thickens more
- D) very thin at the volcanic ridges and is missing
Answer: A
Section: Plate Tectonics
Topic: Plate Tectonics
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 02
17) Moving progressively away from the ridges, the ocean water depths increase systematically with seafloor age due to all but which of the following?
- A) Cooling and contraction of the oceanic crust with a resultant increase in density
- B) Isostatic down warping due to the weight of sediments deposited on the sea floor
- C) Erosion of the older ocean floor by deep ocean currents
- D) Conduction of heat away from warm surface rocks
Answer: C
Section: Plate Tectonics
Topic: Plate Tectonics
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 02
18) When oceanic lithosphere collides with another plate, the ________ in the process of subduction.
- A) older, colder plate turns downward beneath the younger, warmer plate
- B) younger, warmer plate turns downward beneath the older, colder plate
- C) plates both disappear downward
- D) plates pile up, forming mid-ocean ridges
Answer: A
Section: The Grand Unifying Theory
Topic: The Grand Unifying Theory
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 02
19) The principle of uniformitarianism, developed by James Hutton, implies that ________.
- A) gravity results from the bending of space and time
- B) the present provides almost no clues to understanding the past
- C) geologic processes always occur at the same rate
- D) natural laws are uniform through time and space
- E) all hot spots formed early in Earth’s history
Answer: D
Section: The Grand Unifying Theory
Topic: The Grand Unifying Theory
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 02
20) Which of the following accurately describes the state of the continents and ocean 65 million years ago?
- A) Seafloor spreading had opened and connected the North and South Atlantic Ocean but North America and Eurasia were still partially connected.
- B) All the major continents adjoined in a landmass called Pangaea and surrounded by the Tethys Sea.
- C) The Iapetus Ocean was in the final stages of closing before the initial formation of Pangaea.
- D) All the continents were roughly in the relative positions they hold today but were much closer together with smaller oceans in-between them.
Answer: A
Section: Plate Tectonics
Topic: Plate Tectonics
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 02
21) Choose the most likely outcome if the large ice sheet on Greenland was to completely melt.
- A) Greenland would slowly rise over thousands of years as isostatic rebound occurs.
- B) Greenland would slowly sink over thousands of years due to an isostatic adjustment.
- C) Greenland would rise hundreds of meters in just a few years as isostatic rebound occurs.
- D) Greenland would sink by hundreds of meters in just a few years due to an isostatic adjustment.
Answer: A
Section: The Layered Earth
Topic: The Layered Earth
Bloom’s: 3. Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 02
22) Which of the following concepts best explains why a mass of low-density material in the mantle rises?
- A) Buoyancy
- B) Density
- C) Uniformitarianism
- D) Radiation
- E) Strain
Answer: A
Section: The Layered Earth
Topic: The Layered Earth
Bloom’s: 3. Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 02
23) Our solar system formed ________.
- A) as the Sun’s gravity trapped planets from other solar systems as it passed by them
- B) during the Big Bang as matter started to form as the temperature of the universe cooled
- C) through collisions of matter within a rotating cloud of gas, ice, dust, and other solid debris
- D) when the Milky Way’s black hole expelled Hawking radiation to our current location
- E) just after the Big Bang when two short-lived solar systems collided
Answer: C
Section: Origin of the Sun and Planets
Topic: Origin of the Sun and Planets
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 02
24) Which statement accurately describes the planets of our solar system?
- A) The four inner planets are smaller and rocky and the four outer planets are giant icy bodies composed mostly of hydrogen and helium.
- B) The planets get progressively larger and rockier with increasing distance from the Sun.
- C) The planets get progressively smaller and less rocky with increasing distance from the Sun.
- D) The three inner planets are smaller planets composed of hydrogen and helium and the five outer planets are larger, mostly solid, and composed of iron and nickel.
Answer: A
Section: Origin of the Sun and Planets
Topic: Origin of the Sun and Planets
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 02
25) The solar radiation we receive on Earth is the result of ________.
- A) the nuclear fusion of iron into hydrogen
- B) the nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium
- C) nuclear fission as helium is split into hydrogen
- D) nuclear fission as carbon is split into any number of smaller atoms
- E) the oxidation of combustible material within the Sun’s core
Answer: B
Section: Origin of the Sun and Planets
Topic: Origin of the Sun and Planets
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 02
26) The Moon is thought to have formed ________.
- A) from material ejected during the t-tauri phase of the Sun’s early history
- B) when an early massive supervolcano ejected materials into orbit around Earth
- C) after the impact of two comets somewhere between Earth and Venus
- D) after the impact of two protoplanets somewhere between Earth and Mars
- E) from material that coalesced after an impact between Earth and a Mars-sized object
Answer: E
Section: Origin of the Sun and Planets
Topic: Origin of the Sun and Planets
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 02
27) Which of the following correctly lists the order the layers from the surface of Earth toward the center?
- A) Lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, and the core
- B) Mantle, crust, core, and the asthenosphere
- C) Mesosphere, lithosphere, asthenosphere, and the core
- D) Asthenosphere, lithosphere, mesosphere, and the core
- E) Asthenosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and the core
Answer: A
Section: The Layered Earth
Topic: The Layered Earth
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 02
28) A rock subjected to higher temperatures would be expected to behave ________.
- A) in a less ductile manner
- B) in a more brittle manner
- C) in a more ductile manner
- D) by being more resistant to stress
Answer: C
Section: The Layered Earth
Topic: The Layered Earth
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 02
29) A rock smashed into many pieces by a scientist using a hammer is undergoing ________ deformation.
- A) brittle
- B) ductile
- C) elastic
- D) plastic
Answer: A
Section: The Layered Earth
Topic: The Layered Earth
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 02
30) An isotope’s half-life is equal to the time it takes ________.
- A) nuclear fission to begin once the isotope first forms
- B) a one gram mass of parent atoms to disintegrate into one gram mass of daughter atoms
- C) half of the electrons in its outer most shell to be covalently bonded with oxygen
- D) half of the neutrons to be converted into protons
- E) half of the parent atoms to decay into daughter atoms
Answer: E
Section: Internal Sources of Energy
Topic: Internal Sources of Energy
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 02
31) A rock with only 25% of the parent isotope left has been decaying for time equal to ________ half-lives.
- A) two
- B) one
- C) three
- D) four
- E) five
Answer: A
Section: Internal Sources of Energy
Topic: Internal Sources of Energy
Bloom’s: 3. Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 02
32) If an oceanic trench formed along the East Coast of North America, the deepest earthquakes related to the subduction of the oceanic plate beneath North America would occur ________ the eastern coastline.
- A) east of
- B) along
- C) west of
- D) randomly all around
Answer: C
Section: Plate Tectonics
Topic: Plate Tectonics
Bloom’s: 3. Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 02
33) Earth’s magnetic pole and rotational pole coincide.
Answer: FALSE
Section: Plate Tectonics
Topic: Plate Tectonics
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 02
34) The grand recycling of the upper few hundred kilometers of Earth is called the tectonic cycle.
Answer: TRUE
Section: Plate Tectonics
Topic: Plate Tectonics
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 02
35) The gigantic pieces of lithospheric plates diverging, sliding past, or colliding with each other are directly responsible for most of the earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and mountains on Earth.
Answer: TRUE
Section: Plate Tectonics
Topic: Plate Tectonics
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 02
36) In 1620, Francis Bacon of England noted the parallelism of the Atlantic coastlines of South America and Africa and suggested that these continents had once been joined.
Answer: TRUE
Section: Plate Tectonics
Topic: Plate Tectonics
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 02
37) When data from the Earth’s magnetic field locked inside seafloor rocks became widely understood, most skeptics around the world were convinced that seafloor spreading occurs and that the concept of plate tectonics is valid.
Answer: TRUE
Section: Plate Tectonics
Topic: Plate Tectonics
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 02
38) The processes that reverse the polarity of the magnetic field are likely related to changes in the flow of the iron-rich liquid in the outer core.
Answer: TRUE
Section: Plate Tectonics
Topic: Plate Tectonics
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 02
39) Parallel bands of magnetized rock that show alternating polarities stripe the floor of the Atlantic Ocean; the pattern is symmetrical and parallel with the spreading center.
Answer: TRUE
Section: Plate Tectonics
Topic: Plate Tectonics
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 02
40) Subducted slabs completely melt in the mantle and mix with the surrounding mantle.
Answer: FALSE
Section: The Grand Unifying Theory
Topic: The Grand Unifying Theory
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 02
41) The greatest mountain ranges on Earth lie on the ocean bottoms and extend more than 65,000 km.
Answer: TRUE
Section: Plate Tectonics
Topic: Plate Tectonics
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 02
42) Hot spots have active volcanoes above them on Earth’s surface and moving plates carry the volcanoes away from their hot-spot source.
Answer: TRUE
Section: Plate Tectonics
Topic: Plate Tectonics
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 02
43) The ages of former volcanoes decrease with their distance from their parent hot spot.
Answer: FALSE
Section: Plate Tectonics
Topic: Plate Tectonics
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 02
44) Above the oceanic ridges, the ocean water depths are relatively deep in comparison to depths farther away from the ridges.
Answer: FALSE
Section: Plate Tectonics
Topic: Plate Tectonics
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 02
45) Gravitational pull on a dense, down-going plate at a subduction zone (slab pull) is one of the forces that keeps the lithospheric plates moving.
Answer: TRUE
Section: The Grand Unifying Theory
Topic: The Grand Unifying Theory
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 02
46) The rates of plate movement are comparable to those of human fingernail growth.
Answer: TRUE
Section: The Grand Unifying Theory
Topic: The Grand Unifying Theory
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 02
47) The leading theory on the origin of the moon leads to the idea that the moon is composed of mantle.
Answer: TRUE
Section: Origin of the Sun and Planets
Topic: Origin of the Sun and Planets
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Chapter: 02
48) During a ________ year period starting at about 4.5 billion years ago, bits and pieces of metal-rich particles, rocks, and ices accumulated to form the Earth.
- A) 3-10 million
- B) 10-300 billion
- C) 30-100 million
- D) 1-10 million
Answer: C
Section: Origin of the Sun and Planets
Topic: Origin of the Sun and Planets
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Chapter: 02
49) The Chernobyl disaster initially resulted from a 3.0 magnitude earthquake ~12km (7mi) away.
Answer: TRUE
Section: Internal Sources of Energy
Topic: Internal Sources of Energy
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Chapter: 02
50) The large ocean that existed ~220 million years ago, forming about 60% of the Earth’s surface was known as ________.
- A) Pangea
- B) Rodinia
- C) Gondwanaland
- D) Panthalassa
Answer: D
Section: The Grand Unifying Theory
Topic: The Grand Unifying Theory
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Chapter: 02
Natural Disasters, 11e (Abbott)
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics and Earthquakes
1) The slide-past motions of long transform faults occur in all but which of the following?
- A) In the northeastern Pacific as the Queen Charlotte fault, located near a sparsely populated region of Canada
- B) Along the San Andreas Fault in California with its famous earthquakes
- C) At the southwestern edge of the Pacific Ocean where the Alpine fault cuts across the South Island of New Zealand
- D) Where the Indian subcontinent touches Asia
Answer: D
Section: Tectonic-Plate Edges and Earthquakes
Topic: Tectonic-Plate Edges and Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
2) The Pacific Plate subducts along ________ edges and creates enormous earthquakes, such as the 1923 Tokyo seism.
- A) its southern and eastern
- B) its northern and eastern
- C) its southern and western
- D) its northern and western
Answer: D
Section: Tectonic-Plate Edges and Earthquakes
Topic: Tectonic-Plate Edges and Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
3) The greatest earthquakes in the world occur ________.
- A) where plates collide with each other
- B) where plates separate from one another
- C) where plates slide past each other
- D) in the interiors of individual plates
Answer: A
Section: Tectonic-Plate Edges and Earthquakes
Topic: Tectonic-Plate Edges and Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
4) Shallow subduction zone earthquakes occur ________.
- A) in the upper portion of the down-going plate
- B) at the bend in the subducting plate
- C) in the overriding plate
- D) All of these are correct.
- E) None of these are correct.
Answer: D
Section: Subduction-Zone Earthquakes
Topic: Subduction-Zone Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
5) The Dead Sea and the Sea of Galilee ________.
- A) are pull-apart basins over hot spots
- B) are compressional basins and are the result of subduction
- C) are compressional basins and the result of strike-slip motion
- D) are pull-apart basins and the result of strike-slip motion
- E) are pull-apart basins and the result of subduction
Answer: D
Section: The Arabian Plate
Topic: The Arabian Plate
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
6) Three basic classes of collisions include all but which of the following?
- A) Oceanic plate versus oceanic plate
- B) Oceanic plate versus continent-bearing plate
- C) Continental plate versus continental plate
- D) Continental plate versus mantle plate
Answer: D
Section: Convergent Zones and Earthquakes
Topic: Convergent Zones and Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
7) Which of the following is not a divergent margin?
- A) East African Rift
- B) Mid-Atlantic Ridge
- C) Aleutian Island Arc
- D) East Pacific Rise
- E) Juan de Fuca Ridge
Answer: C
Section: Spreading-Center Earthquakes
Topic: Spreading-Center Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
8) Which of the following does not have a significant convergent margin?
- A) Kamchatka
- B) Australian Plate
- C) South American Andes
- D) Caribbean Plate
- E) African Plate
Answer: E
Section: Convergent Zones and Earthquakes
Topic: Convergent Zones and Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
9) Most earthquakes are explainable using ________.
- A) Maxwell’s equations
- B) the seismic-gap method
- C) plate-tectonics theory
- D) the law of superposition
- E) the law of lateral seisms
Answer: C
Section: Tectonic-Plate Edges and Earthquakes
Topic: Tectonic-Plate Edges and Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
10) ________ are the down-dropped areas in the middle of spreading-center domes that are being pulled apart.
- A) Rift valleys
- B) Horsts
- C) Junctions
- D) Gap holes
- E) Escape basins
Answer: A
Section: Spreading-Center Earthquakes
Topic: Spreading-Center Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
11) A triple junction is the point where ________.
- A) nine or more faults terminate
- B) three seismic gaps exist along the same fault
- C) latitude, longitude, and elevation data indicate where a hypocenter is located
- D) three tectonic plates touch
- E) an earthquake cluster is centered
Answer: D
Section: Spreading-Center Earthquakes
Topic: Spreading-Center Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
12) Which of the following correctly states the order in which a continental area is transformed into an ocean basin as a spreading center forms?
- A) Centering, doming, rifting, and finally spreading
- B) Doming, centering, spreading, and finally rifting
- C) Spreading, rifting, doming, and finally centering
- D) Rifting, doming, spreading, and finally centering
Answer: A
Section: Spreading-Center Earthquakes
Topic: Spreading-Center Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
13) The seismic-gap method of earthquake forecasting works by identifying ________.
- A) segments along a fault that not moved for the longest amount of time
- B) where along a fault the largest amount of horizontal displacement has occurred
- C) where along a fault the largest amount of vertical displacement has occurred
- D) triple junctions and predicting where rift valleys will form in pull-apart gaps
- E) where hypocenters and epicenters are separated by the smallest vertical distance
Answer: A
Section: Subduction-Zone Earthquakes
Topic: Subduction-Zone Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
14) Using the seismic gap method, scientists identify section “C” of a fault as a seismic gap. Which of the following possible answers correctly states what this means?
- A) The next major earthquake will occur in section “C” of the fault.
- B) The next major earthquake will likely occur in section “C” but it is not a guarantee.
- C) Section “C” is the least-likely section along this fault to have the next major earthquake.
- D) Section “C” will have the largest surface ruptures during the next earthquake along this fault.
- E) The next earthquake in section “C” is predicted to be rather weak.
Answer: B
Section: Subduction-Zone Earthquakes
Topic: Subduction-Zone Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
15) When a number of earthquakes along in the same general area over the course of a few months or years, the event is referred to as a(n) ________ .
- A) earthquake cluster
- B) seismic batch
- C) faulting episode
- D) gap buster
- E) tectonic bundling
Answer: A
Section: Subduction-Zone Earthquakes
Topic: Subduction-Zone Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
16) The ongoing collision between Asia and the subcontinent of India is resulting in ________.
- A) the closure of a triple junction
- B) the formation of a spreading center
- C) great earthquakes over a gigantic area
- D) subduction-related volcanism
- E) deep-focus earthquakes along the transform fault system
Answer: C
Section: Continent-Continent Collision Earthquakes
Topic: Continent-Continent Collision Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
17) Which of the following sections along the San Andreas fault remained as a seismic gap as of late 2015?
- A) Loma Prieta
- B) Parkfield
- C) The Crystal Springs area south of San Francisco
- D) The central “creeping” section
Answer: C
Section: Transform-Fault Earthquakes
Topic: Transform-Fault Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
18) How does a locked zone in a fault typically catch up with a creeping section?
- A) By transforming into a creeping section
- B) By infrequent but large fault movements
- C) By one large fault movement
- D) By sliding rather than faulting
- E) By ejecting magma into the fault plane
Answer: B
Section: Transform-Fault Earthquakes
Topic: Transform-Fault Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
19) Liquefaction occurs when seismic waves cause ________.
- A) water to be injected into sediment causing the grains to lose cohesion and behave like a fluid
- B) waves to form and crash into low-lying areas nearby and across ocean basins
- C) rocks to break apart and act more like fluids than solids
- D) pipes in buildings to burst and weaken the foundations in the resulting flooding
Answer: A
Section: Transform-Fault Earthquakes
Topic: Transform-Fault Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
20) The spreading-center segment at the southern end of California’s Salton Sea is marked by all but which of the following?
- A) glassy volcanic domes
- B) high heat flow
- C) boiling mud pots
- D) major geothermal energy reservoirs
- E) a lack of small earthquakes because magma is too close to Earth’s surface
Answer: E
Section: Spreading-Center Earthquakes
Topic: Spreading-Center Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
21) Recent work has shown that the last major earthquake in the Cascadia subduction zone occurred about 9 p.m. on 26 January 1700 and was about magnitude 9. This is known by ________.
- A) analysis of annual growth rings in trees of downed forests along the Oregon-Washington-British Columbia coast showing large rings after 1699
- B) Tsunami of 2-m (7-ft) height that hit Japan from midnight to dawn pointing to a 9 p.m. earthquake along the Washington-Oregon coast on 8 December 1699
- C) Jesuit missionaries in the Chile and Alaska areas recording a very large quake and accompanying tsunami in their daily logs
- D) Tsunami gauge measurements at the Pacific Tsunami Center
- E) analysis of annual growth rings in trees of downed forests along the Oregon-Washington-British Columbia coast showing no rings after 1699 and Tsunami of 2-m (7-ft) height that hit Japan from midnight to dawn pointing to a 9 p.m. earthquake along the Washington-Oregon coast on 26 January 1700.
Answer: E
Section: Subduction-Zone Earthquakes
Topic: Subduction-Zone Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
22) In 1985, because of the Michoacan earthquake many buildings collapsed and killed about 8,000 people in Mexico City, even though the city lies 350 miles from the epicenter. All but which of the following caused this?
- A) Resonance between seismic waves
- B) Soft lake-sediment foundations
- C) Improperly designed buildings
- D) Collapse of thousands of single-story frame houses
Answer: D
Section: Subduction-Zone Earthquakes
Topic: Subduction-Zone Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
23) In the 1989 Loma Prieta quake, the Marina District building collapses were extensive, and numerous destructive fires broke out, due to all but which one of the following?
- A) Amplified shaking
- B) Deformation and liquefaction of artificial-fill foundations
- C) Soft first-story construction that led to building collapses
- D) Widespread looting and arson
Answer: D
Section: Transform-Fault Earthquakes
Topic: Transform-Fault Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
24) Constraining bends in large strike-slip faults commonly “lock up”; thus, movements there tend to be ________.
- A) infrequent and large
- B) frequent and small
- C) infrequent and small
- D) tensional and mostly vertical
- E) Infrequent and large and frequent and small are correct.
Answer: A
Section: Transform-Fault Earthquakes
Topic: Transform-Fault Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
25) The best time for an earthquake to occur to minimize loss of life is ________.
- A) during rush hour when people are in their cars and trucks
- B) during the night when most people are home and asleep
- C) in the middle of the day when people are in school or working
- D) around noon when people in the kitchen or out to lunch
Answer: B
Section: Transform-Fault Earthquakes
Topic: Transform-Fault Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
26) In San Francisco’s Marina district in 1989, some fill underwent permanent deformation and settling, and some formed slurries as underground water and loose sediment flowed like a fluid in a process known as ________.
- A) slumping
- B) creep
- C) liquefaction
- D) plasticity
- E) avulsion
Answer: C
Section: Transform-Fault Earthquakes
Topic: Transform-Fault Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
27) The largest earthquakes along western North America are due to subduction beneath the continent. They include ________.
- A) the magnitude 9.2 Alaska earthquake in 1964 which was due to subduction of the Pacific Plate
- B) the magnitude 8.1 Mexico City event in 1985 which was caused by subduction of the Cocos Plate
- C) the plates subducting beneath Oregon and Washington which generated a magnitude 9 earthquake on 26 January 1700
- D) All of these choices are correct.
Answer: D
Section: Subduction-Zone Earthquakes
Topic: Subduction-Zone Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
28) The ________ segment of the San Andreas fault is the only one not to have a long rupture in historic time. In prehistory, it has ruptured every 250 years on average, but the last big movement was in 1690.
- A) southern
- B) middle
- C) northern
- D) “creeping”
Answer: A
Section: Transform-Fault Earthquakes
Topic: Transform-Fault Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
29) On 9 January 1857, the San Andreas fault segment between Cholame and San Bernardino broke loose at its northwestern end, and the rupture propagated southeastward in the great ________ earthquake with a magnitude of about 7.9.
- A) San Francisco
- B) Loma Prieta
- C) Owens Valley
- D) Fort Tejon
- E) Hebgen Lake
Answer: D
Section: Transform-Fault Earthquakes
Topic: Transform-Fault Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
30) Spreading ridges produce the largest number of great earthquakes.
Answer: FALSE
Section: Tectonic-Plate Edges and Earthquakes
Topic: Tectonic-Plate Edges and Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
31) The compressional movements at subduction zones and continent-continent collisions generate the largest tectonic earthquakes and they affect the widest areas.
Answer: TRUE
Section: Tectonic-Plate Edges and Earthquakes
Topic: Tectonic-Plate Edges and Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
32) The North Anatolian fault in Turkey is a 1,400-km-long fault zone made of numerous subparallel faults that split and combine, bend and straighten, and there is reason to expect major earthquakes to occur progressively farther to the west, ever closer to Istanbul.
Answer: TRUE
Section: Transform-Fault Earthquakes
Topic: Transform-Fault Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
33) The Dead Sea fault zone is an Eastern Hemisphere analogue of the San Andreas Fault in California.
Answer: TRUE
Section: The Arabian Plate
Topic: The Arabian Plate
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
34) The primary cause of deaths in earthquakes in modern times is people being swallowed alive by the ground, rather than by building collapse.
Answer: FALSE
Section: Transform-Fault Earthquakes
Topic: Transform-Fault Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
35) The biggest disasters occur when great earthquakes occur at great depths.
Answer: FALSE
Section: Subduction-Zone Earthquakes
Topic: Subduction-Zone Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
36) The deadliest earthquake in history occurred in 1556 when about 830,000 Chinese were killed in and near Xi’an on the banks of the mighty Huang River.
Answer: TRUE
Section: Continent-Continent Collision Earthquakes
Topic: Continent-Continent Collision Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
37) Most of the subduction-zone earthquakes of today occur around the rim of the Pacific Ocean or the northeastern Indian Ocean.
Answer: TRUE
Section: Subduction-Zone Earthquakes
Topic: Subduction-Zone Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
38) Resonance can increase the duration buildings shake during an earthquake.
Answer: TRUE
Section: Subduction-Zone Earthquakes
Topic: Subduction-Zone Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
39) In the areas of most rapid subduction, the down-going slab may remain rigid enough to spawn large earthquakes to depths of 7,000 km.
Answer: FALSE
Section: Subduction-Zone Earthquakes
Topic: Subduction-Zone Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
40) At depths below 100 km, subduction zone earthquakes occur almost exclusively in the interior of the colder oceanic lithosphere, the heart of the subducting slab.
Answer: TRUE
Section: Subduction-Zone Earthquakes
Topic: Subduction-Zone Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
41) Earthquakes at subduction zones result from different types of fault movements, depending on whether they occur in shallow versus deeper realms.
Answer: TRUE
Section: Subduction-Zone Earthquakes
Topic: Subduction-Zone Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
42) The duration of strong ground shaking in the 1964 Alaskan Good Friday earthquake was 70 minutes.
Answer: FALSE
Section: Subduction-Zone Earthquakes
Topic: Subduction-Zone Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
43) The 1985 Mexico City earthquake was caused by eastward subduction of a small plate, the Cocos Plate, beneath the North American Plate.
Answer: TRUE
Section: Subduction-Zone Earthquakes
Topic: Subduction-Zone Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
44) The biggest earthquake ever recorded instrumentally occurred on 22 May 1960 in southern Chile with a seismic moment magnitude of 9.5.
Answer: TRUE
Section: Subduction-Zone Earthquakes
Topic: Subduction-Zone Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
45) The Cascadia subduction zone is 1,100 kilometers long, and its characteristics of youthful oceanic plate and strong coupling with the overriding plate are similar to situations in southwestern Japan and southern Chile where very large earthquakes have occurred.
Answer: TRUE
Section: Subduction-Zone Earthquakes
Topic: Subduction-Zone Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
46) Recent work has shown that the last major earthquake in the Cascadia subduction zone occurred about 9 PM on 26 January 1700 and was about magnitude 9.
Answer: TRUE
Section: Subduction-Zone Earthquakes
Topic: Subduction-Zone Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
47) Major southern California faults, such as the Imperial, San Jacinto system, Cerro Prieto, Elsinore, and Laguna Salada, also appear to be part of the San Andreas Plate boundary fault system carrying peninsular California to the northwest.
Answer: TRUE
Section: Spreading-Center Earthquakes
Topic: Spreading-Center Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
48) The fires from the 1906 San Francisco earthquake did about ten times as much damage as the earthquake itself.
Answer: TRUE
Section: Transform-Fault Earthquakes
Topic: Transform-Fault Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
49) The San Francisco section of the San Andreas Fault has had an excessive number of earthquakes relative to other parts of the San Andreas Fault.
Answer: FALSE
Section: Transform-Fault Earthquakes
Topic: Transform-Fault Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
50) The San Andreas Fault has different behaviors along its length.
Answer: TRUE
Section: Transform-Fault Earthquakes
Topic: Transform-Fault Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
51) The creeping movements along some segments of the San Andreas Fault are shown by millimeters per year of offset of sidewalks, fences, buildings, and other features.
Answer: TRUE
Section: Transform-Fault Earthquakes
Topic: Transform-Fault Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
52) Common reasons for building failure in the World Series quake included poor connections of houses to their foundations, buildings made of unreinforced masonry or brick-facade construction, and two- to five-story buildings deficient in shear-bearing internal walls and supports.
Answer: TRUE
Section: Transform-Fault Earthquakes
Topic: Transform-Fault Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
53) In the San Francisco Bay area, during the nineteenth century, earthquakes with magnitudes greater than 6 were much less common than in the 20th century.
Answer: FALSE
Section: Transform-Fault Earthquakes
Topic: Transform-Fault Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
54) Most of the 131 fatalities from the Good Friday earthquake in Alaska in 1964 were due to fire caused by rupturing of gas lines.
Answer: FALSE
Section: Subduction-Zone Earthquakes
Topic: Subduction-Zone Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
55) In 55 years, from 1962-2017, the more than 156,000 in Iran earthquakes mostly from a result of ________.
- A) over population
- B) liquification
- C) poor construction
- D) tsunamis
Answer: C
Section: The Arabian Plate
Topic: The Arabian Plate
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Chapter: 04
56) A series of 5 moderate earthquakes moved northward up to the Calaveras Fault preceded both the large quakes of 1865 and 1868.
Answer: TRUE
Section: Transform-Fault Earthquakes
Topic: Transform-Fault Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Chapter: 04
57) Iceland is built on a mature spreading center that has been opening for the last 100 million years.
Answer: FALSE
Section: Transform-Fault Earthquakes
Topic: Transform-Fault Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Chapter: 04
58) According to figure 4.40, the ________ has the greatest probability for one or more 6.7 magnitude earthquakes between 2003 and 2032.
- A) Hayward Fault
- B) San Andreas Fault
- C) Calaveras Fault
- D) San Gregorio Fault
Answer: A
Section: Spreading-Center Earthquakes
Topic: Spreading-Center Earthquakes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Chapter: 04
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