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Physical Geology 16th Edition by by Charles (Carlos) Plummer – Test Bank
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Physical Geology, 16e (Plummer)
Chapter 2 Atoms, Elements, and Minerals
1) A mineral is defined as a crystalline solid that is naturally occurring, has a specific chemical composition, and forms through geologic processes.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02
2) The innermost energy level in the standard model of an atom is full when it possesses eight electrons.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
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Chapter: 02
3) The atomic mass number is equal to the number of neutrons in an atom.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Earth Materials
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Chapter: 02
4) The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons in each atom.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02
5) Rocks are defined as naturally-formed aggregates of minerals or mineral-like substances.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02
6) The number of neutrons in an atom controls the chemical behavior of an element.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02
7) Silica is a term for oxygen combined with silicon.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02
8) It is clear that exposure to white asbestos causes cancer among non-smoking asbestos workers.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
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Chapter: 02
9) Both graphite and diamond are made of carbon.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02
10) All of the most common rock-forming minerals in Earth’s crust are silicate minerals.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02
11) Clay minerals are very common in the Earth’s upper mantle.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02
12) Calcite (calcium carbonate) is the most common non-silicate mineral in the Earth’s crust.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02
13) Non-silicate minerals are more abundant in the deeper parts of Earth’s crust than in the crust as a whole.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02
14) The quality and intensity of light that is reflected from the surface of a mineral is termed luster.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02
15) A mineral specimen with a Mohs hardness of 5 can scratch a mineral specimen with a hardness of 3.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
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Chapter: 02
16) Minerals that have the same chemical composition but have different crystalline structures exhibit polymorphism.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
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Chapter: 02
17) Color is the least reliable physical property in mineral identification.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
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Chapter: 02
18) Diamond has no cleavage.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02
19) Specific gravity is the ratio of a mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of air.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02
20) The crystal form of a mineral is a set of faces that have a definite geometric relationship to one another.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02
21) In order for a particular type of material to be classified as a mineral, it must ________.
- A) be a solid
- B) occur naturally
- C) have a crystalline structure
- D) have a definite chemical composition
- E) All of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
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Chapter: 02
22) The atomic number of an element equals the number of ________ in each atom.
- A) electrons
- B) neutrons
- C) protons
- D) Answers neutrons and protons are both correct; answer electrons is not correct.
- E) Answers electrons, neutrons and protons are all correct.
Answer: C
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02
23) The atomic mass number of an atom is the total number of ________ in the atom.
- A) electrons
- B) neutrons
- C) protons
- D) protons and neutrons
- E) protons, neutrons, and electrons
Answer: D
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02
24) ________ of an element are atoms containing different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons.
- A) Ions
- B) Classes
- C) Particles
- D) Isotopes
- E) Varieties
Answer: D
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02
25) The atomic mass number of common oxygen is 16 because it has ________ protons and ________ neutrons.
- A) 7; 9
- B) 8; 8
- C) 9; 7
- D) 5; 11
- E) 10; 6
Answer: B
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
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Chapter: 02
26) Carbon-14 has eight ________.
- A) protons
- B) nuclei
- C) neutrons
- D) isotopes
- E) atoms
Answer: C
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02
27) The isotope composition of ________ in foraminifera shells from sediment cores are used to determine climate change in Earth history.
- A) oxygen
- B) carbon
- C) uranium
- D) lead
- E) helium
Answer: A
Topic: Earth Materials; Climate, Weather, and Their Influences on Geology
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02
28) The two most abundant elements in Earth’s crust are ________.
- A) iron and magnesium
- B) carbon and hydrogen
- C) carbon and oxygen
- D) hydrogen and oxygen
- E) oxygen and silicon
Answer: E
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02
29) When seawater evaporates, its sodium and chlorine are electronically attracted to one another and crystallize into ________.
- A) quartz
- B) halite
- C) clay
- D) calcite
- E) hematite
Answer: B
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02
30) The mineral ________ reacts with weak hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide gas, i.e., it effervesces (fizzes) in dilute acid.
- A) calcite
- B) feldspar
- C) quartz
- D) biotite
- E) amphibole
Answer: A
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02
31) The ________ group and the ________ group are sheet silicates characterized by one direction of cleavage.
- A) amphibole; pyroxene
- B) feldspar; quartz
- C) olivine; plagioclase
- D) mica; clay
- E) carbonate; sulfide
Answer: D
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02
32) Two examples of framework silicates are ________ and ________.
- A) calcite; dolomite
- B) olivine; pyroxene
- C) quartz; feldspar
- D) biotite; muscovite
- E) amphibole; olivine
Answer: C
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
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Chapter: 02
33) ________ is the ability of a mineral to break, when struck or split, along preferred planar directions.
- A) Cleavage
- B) Crystal form
- C) Facets
- D) Planes
- E) Form
Answer: A
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02
34) A silica tetrahedron is composed of four atoms of the element ________ and one atom of ________.
- A) silicon; aluminum
- B) silicon; oxygen
- C) silicon; iron
- D) oxygen; silicon
- E) aluminum; silicon
Answer: D
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02
35) The common mineral ________ is an example of an isolated silica tetrahedron structure.
- A) amphibole
- B) feldspar
- C) olivine
- D) pyroxene
- E) mica (biotite, muscovite, etc.)
Answer: C
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
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Chapter: 02
36) Five of the six minerals collectively known as asbestos contain single chains of silica tetrahedral and belong to the ________.
- A) amphiboles
- B) feldspars
- C) olivines
- D) pyroxenes
- E) micas
Answer: D
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
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Chapter: 02
37) The ________ group of minerals is characterized by two parallel chains of silica tetrahedra in their structure.
- A) amphibole
- B) feldspar
- C) olivine
- D) pyroxene
- E) mica (biotite, muscovite, etc.)
Answer: A
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02
38) The ________ group of minerals are sheet silicates.
- A) amphibole
- B) feldspar
- C) olivine
- D) pyroxene
- E) mica
Answer: E
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02
39) Non-silicate minerals include the halides such as ________.
- A) calcite
- B) halite
- C) magnetite
- D) pyrite
- E) gypsum
Answer: B
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02
40) The mineral ________ is an example of a native element.
- A) quartz
- B) feldspar
- C) calcite
- D) graphite
- E) halite
Answer: D
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02
41) A pulverized mineral (usually on a piece of white unglazed porcelain) gives a color called its ________, that is usually more reliable than the color of the specimen itself.
- A) dust
- B) chroma
- C) streak
- D) smear
- E) powder
Answer: C
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
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Chapter: 02
42) The softest mineral on Mohs’ hardness scale is ________.
- A) gypsum
- B) talc
- C) diamond
- D) quartz
- E) mica
Answer: B
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02
43) What is the special property of the mineral halite?
- A) It has 5 directions of cleavage.
- B) It has a hardness of -3.
- C) It can transmit electricity.
- D) It tastes like salt.
- E) It has an extremely high melting temperature.
Answer: D
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
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Chapter: 02
44) ________ has the property of generating electricity when squeezed in a certain crystallographic direction.
- A) Copper
- B) Mica
- C) Amphibole
- D) Gold
- E) Quartz
Answer: E
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02
45) The hardest mineral has a hardness of ________ on Mohs’ relative hardness scale.
- A) 1
- B) 10
- C) 100
- D) 1000
- E) 10000
Answer: B
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02
46) Calcite has ________ directions of cleavage.
- A) 1
- B) 2
- C) 3
- D) 4
- E) 6
Answer: C
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02
47) In some minerals the bonds are equally strong in all directions, therefore they have no cleavage but instead ________ along irregular surfaces that are commonly curved.
- A) luminesce
- B) chip
- C) flatten
- D) bend
- E) fracture
Answer: E
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
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Chapter: 02
48) The third most abundant element in the Earth’s crust is ________; it is more common than iron.
- A) magnesium
- B) aluminum
- C) calcium
- D) fluorine
- E) tin
Answer: B
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02
49) The mineral ________ is strongly magnetic.
- A) calcite
- B) pyrite
- C) magnetite
- D) magnesite
- E) quartz
Answer: C
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02
50) ________ and sapphire are both varieties of the common mineral corundum.
- A) Emerald
- B) Turquoise
- C) Ruby
- D) Beryl
- E) Peridot
Answer: C
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02
51) ________ is an expansive (swells when wet) clay mineral.
- A) Quartz
- B) Olivine
- C) Pyroxene
- D) Montmorillonite
- E) Mica
Answer: D
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02
52) ________ is the most common element in the Earth’s crust.
- A) Oxygen
- B) Iron
- C) Magnesium
- D) Hydrogen
- E) Fluorine
Answer: A
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02
53) Some minerals have the same chemical composition but different crystal structures, a phenomenon termed ________.
- A) alteration
- B) recrystallization
- C) metamorphism
- D) isotopes
- E) polymorphism
Answer: E
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
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Chapter: 02
54) ________, a Danish naturalist, was the first to note that the angle between two adjacent faces of a crystal of quartz is always exactly the same.
- A) Einstein
- B) Steno
- C) Plummer
- D) McGeary
- E) Carlson
Answer: B
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02
55) Specific gravity is the ratio of the mass of a mineral to the mass of an equal volume of ________.
- A) liquid water
- B) solid water
- C) quartz
- D) diamond
- E) air
Answer: A
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
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Chapter: 02
56) Plagioclase feldspar commonly exhibits ________, straight, parallel lines on the flat surfaces of one of the two cleavage directions.
- A) parallelograms
- B) grooves
- C) laminations
- D) striations
Answer: D
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02
57) ________ elements make up 98% of the Earth’s crust.
- A) Fourteen
- B) Ninety-two
- C) Two
- D) Twenty
- E) Eight
Answer: E
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02
58) ________ are the smallest electrically neutral assemblies of matter and energy that we know of in the universe.
- A) Isotopes
- B) Atoms
- C) Ions
- D) Electrons
- E) Protons
Answer: B
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 02
59) The most common minerals in the Earth’s crust are the ________.
- A) silicates
- B) carbonates
- C) halides
- D) sulfides
- E) sulfates
Answer: A
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02
60) On Mohs’ scale of hardness your fingernail has a value of ________.
- A) 12
- B) 5
- C) 2½
- D) 6½
- E) 9
Answer: C
Topic: Earth Materials
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
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Chapter: 02
61) Which of the following substances is the only mineral listed?
- A) clam shell
- B) bone
- C) ice
- D) water
- E) synthetic diamond
Answer: C
Topic: Rocks
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
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Chapter: 02
62) Radioactive isotopes are particularly important to geologists as we use them ________.
- A) to find fossils
- B) to find petroleum deposits
- C) as a proxy for ancient sea temperatures
- D) to determine the numeric ages of rocks
- E) for power generation in remote field stations
Answer: D
Topic: Rocks
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
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Chapter: 02
63) Electrons move freely through the crystal structures of gold and silver in ________ bonding.
- A) metallic
- B) ionic
- C) covalent
Answer: A
Topic: Rocks
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02
64) To obtain a more stable configuration, atoms may share electrons in their outer energy level in ________ bonding.
- A) metallic
- B) ionic
- C) covalent
Answer: C
Topic: Rocks
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02
65) Both graphite and diamond are made entirely of carbon, yet they have very different physical characteristics because ________.
- A) they are made of different carbon isotopes
- B) of the type of bonding between the carbon atoms
- C) graphite is created in a cool setting and diamond is a hot setting
- D) diamond’s carbon atoms are larger than graphite’s
Answer: B
Topic: Rocks
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
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Chapter: 02
66) A mineral with CO3 in its formula is a(n) ________.
- A) halide
- B) oxide
- C) sulfide
- D) carbonate
- E) chloride
Answer: D
Topic: Rocks
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02
67) Mineral crystals may exhibit ________ with a specific cation in the center and a different cation on its rim.
- A) compositional zoning
- B) polymorphism
- C) double refraction
- D) cleavage
Answer: A
Topic: Rocks
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02
68) Calcite is one of the minerals that exhibits ________ when a ray of light is split into two components as it travels through a crystal.
- A) compositional zoning
- B) polymorphism
- C) double refraction
- D) cleavage
- E) striations
Answer: C
Topic: Rocks
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 02
69) We can use X-rays to determine the internal structure of a mineral, and thereby ________.
- A) identify the mineral.
- B) change the mineral’s structure.
- C) change the mineral’s composition.
- D) destroy the mineral.
- E) shrink the mineral.
Answer: A
Topic: Rocks
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
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Chapter: 02
70) A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical methods is a(n)
- A) crystal
- B) element
- C) molecule
- D) compound
Answer: B
Section: 02.02 Atoms and Elements
Topic: Rocks
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Chapter: 02
71) The subatomic particle that contributes mass and a single positive electrical charge is the
- A) proton
- B) neutron
- C) electron
Answer: A
Section: 02.02 Atoms and Elements
Topic: Rocks
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Chapter: 02
72) Atoms of an element containing different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons are called
- A) compounds
- B) ions
- C) covalent
- D) isotopes
Answer: D
Section: 02.02 Atoms and Elements
Topic: Rocks
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Chapter: 02
73) Atoms with either a positive or negative charge are called
- A) compounds
- B) ions
- C) elements
- D) isotopes
Answer: B
Section: 02.02 Atoms and Elements
Topic: Rocks
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Chapter: 02
74) The bonding between Cl and Na in halite (table salt) is
- A) ionic
- B) covalent
- C) metallic
- D) male
Answer: A
Section: 02.03 Variations in Mineral Structures and Compositions
Topic: Rocks; Mineral Resources
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Chapter: 02
75) Which is not true of a single silicon-oxygen tetrahedron?
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- A) The atoms of the tetrahedron are strongly bonded together.
- B) It has a net negative charge.
- C) The formula is SiO4.
- D) It has four silicon atoms.
Answer: D
Section: 02.03 Variations in Mineral Structures and Compositions
Topic: Rocks; Mineral Resources
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Chapter: 02
76) Which is not a type of silicate structure?
- A) isolated
- B) single chain
- C) double chain
- D) sheet
- E) framework
- F) pentagonal
Answer: F
Section: 02.03 Variations in Mineral Structures and Compositions
Topic: Rocks; Mineral Resources
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Chapter: 02
77) Which of these common minerals is not a silicate?
- A) quartz
- B) calcite
- C) pyroxene
- D) feldspar
- E) biotite
Answer: B
Section: 02.03 Variations in Mineral Structures and Compositions
Topic: Rocks; Mineral Resources
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Chapter: 02
78) On Mohs’ hardness scale, ordinary window glass has a hardness of about
- A) 2–3
- B) 3–4
- C) 5–6
- D) 7–8
Answer: C
Section: 02.04 The Physical Properties of Minerals
Topic: Rocks
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Chapter: 02
79) The ability of a mineral to break along preferred directions is called
- A) fracture
- B) crystal form
- C) hardness
- D) cleavage
Answer: D
Section: 02.04 The Physical Properties of Minerals
Topic: Rocks
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Chapter: 02
80) Striations are associated with
- A) quartz
- B) mica
- C) potassium feldspar
- D) plagioclase
Answer: D
Section: 02.04 The Physical Properties of Minerals
Topic: Rocks
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Chapter: 02
81) Crystalline substances are always
- A) ionically bonded
- B) minerals
- C) made of repeating patterns of atoms
- D) made of glass
Answer: C
Section: 02.03 Variations in Mineral Structures and Compositions
Topic: Rocks; Mineral Resources
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Chapter: 02
82) The mineral kaolinite is a(n)
- A) sheet silicate
- B) chain silicate
- C) framework silicate
- D) oxide
Answer: A
Section: 02.03 Variations in Mineral Structures and Compositions
Topic: Rocks; Mineral Resources
Bloom’s: 3. Apply
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Chapter: 02
Physical Geology, 16e (Plummer)
Chapter 4 Volcanism and Extrusive Rocks
1) Measurements indicate that the worldwide average temperature dropped about a half degree Celsius for a couple of years after the eruption of Mt. St. Helens.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
2) Weathered volcanic ash and lava produce excellent fertile soils.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
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Chapter: 04
3) Major volcanic peaks of the Cascade Mountains, like Mt. Rainier, Mt. Shasta, Mt. Hood, and Mt. St. Helens, have been active volcanoes for 30 to 40 million years.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
4) Tsunamis account for most fatalities in volcanic eruptions.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
5) The original volcano Mount Mazama erupted to form Crater Lake, Oregon.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
6) Silicic lavas, which are relatively high in silica, tend to be more fluid than mafic magmas.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Igneous Environments
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
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Chapter: 04
7) Most of the gas released by volcanic eruptions is sulfur dioxide.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
8) Volcanic rocks, and the magma from which they formed, have a silica content that ranges from 45% to 75% by volume.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Igneous Environments
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
9) Basalt is a variety of gabbro.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Igneous Environments
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
10) Tuff is a rock composed of fine-grained pyroclastic particles.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Igneous Environments; Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
11) Basalt is the most common mafic rock.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Igneous Environments; Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
12) Pahoehoe lava flow is characterized by a ropy or billowy surface.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
13) Volcanic domes are steep-sided domes or spine-shaped masses of volcanic rock formed from viscous lava that solidifies in or immediately above a volcano’s vent.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
14) Columnar jointing is a characteristic of basalt lava.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
15) Pillow structures, pillow-shaped rounded masses, form where lava is extruded under water.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
16) Composite volcanoes are also called cinder cone volcanoes.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
17) Earth is the only major body in the solar system on which there are active volcanoes.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
18) Rhyolite is a fine-grained extrusive rock composed of feldspar with some quartz.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Igneous Environments; Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
19) The islands of Hawaii are essentially a series of shield volcanoes built upward from the ocean floor over millions of years.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
20) Volcanic eruptions have no effect on climate.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
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Chapter: 04
21) The last volcano to erupt in the continental 48 states was ________.
- A) Mount Garibaldi
- B) Mount Rainier
- C) Mount Mazama
- D) Mount St. Helens
- E) Mount Fuji
Answer: D
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
22) The term ________ is used for molten rock on the Earth’s surface.
- A) lava
- B) tuff
- C) magma
- D) tephra
- E) cinder
Answer: A
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
23) A(n) ________ is a mix of gas and dust emitted by a volcano that is so dense that it hugs the ground.
- A) pyroclastic flow
- B) pahoehoe flow
- C) obsidian
- D) lava flow
- E) tuff flow
Answer: A
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
24) Condensation of the water vapor by degassing magma during the time following Earth’s formation produced the ________.
- A) atmosphere
- B) geosphere
- C) hydrosphere
- D) magnetosphere
- E) biosphere
Answer: C
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
25) The islands of the Hawaiian chain are an excellent example of a series of ________.
- A) cinder cones
- B) composite volcanoes
- C) spatter cones
- D) shield volcanoes
- E) strata volcanoes
Answer: D
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
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Chapter: 04
26) ________ are tunnel-like caves within a lava flow.
- A) Pores
- B) Vesicles
- C) Lava tubes
- D) Lava pipes
- E) Calderas
Answer: C
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
27) Shield volcanoes have ________ bases and ________ inclined slopes.
- A) broad; steeply
- B) broad; gently
- C) narrow; steeply
- D) narrow; gently
Answer: B
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
28) Occasionally, a volcano will spew large amounts of fine volcanic dust into the high atmosphere. This dust can have the effect of ________.
- A) reducing the sunlight that reaches Earth’s surface, suppressing photosynthetic processes
- B) reducing Earth’s surface temperature
- C) damaging aircraft that fly through the dust
- D) causing unusual weather
- E) All of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
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Chapter: 04
29) What are the three factors that influence viscosity of a lava?
- A) depth of magma, temperature, ease of gas escaping to atmosphere
- B) amount of gas, rhyolite, and vesicles in the magma
- C) origin of the magma, plate tectonic setting, condensation
- D) plate tectonic setting, thickness of the geosphere, amount of gas in the magma
- E) silica content, temperature, dissolved gases
Answer: E
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 3. Apply
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Chapter: 04
30) A ________ is a mixture of gas and pyroclastic debris that is so dense that it hugs the ground as it flows rapidly into low areas.
- A) silica flow
- B) lava flow
- C) pyroclastic flow
- D) change in viscosity
- E) pahoehoe lava flow
Answer: C
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
31) The Roman city of ________ was destroyed by the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD.
- A) Rome
- B) Pompeii
- C) St. Pierre
- D) Naples
- E) Florence
Answer: B
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
32) The ________ the lava, and the greater the amount of gas trying to escape, the more violent the eruption.
- A) more viscous
- B) more fluid
- C) hotter
- D) older
- E) more oxygenated
Answer: A
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
33) How do scientists indicate the power of a volcanic eruption?
- A) Viscosity charts
- B) Volcanic Explosivity Index
- C) Hawaiian volcanic index
- D) Dissolved gas charts
- E) Volcanic Eruptive Indicator
Answer: B
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
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Chapter: 04
34) Because ________ magmas are the most viscous, they are associated with the most violent eruptions.
- A) silica-rich
- B) iron-rich
- C) carbon dioxide-rich
- D) water-rich
- E) older
Answer: A
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
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Chapter: 04
35) The most abundant silicic volcanic rock is ________.
- A) basalt
- B) andesite
- C) rhyolite
- D) tuff
- E) obsidian
Answer: C
Topic: Igneous Environments; Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
36) The most common mafic volcanic rock is ________.
- A) basalt
- B) andesite
- C) rhyolite
- D) tuff
- E) obsidian
Answer: A
Topic: Igneous Environments; Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
37) A ________ volcano is composed of alternating layers of pyroclastic fragments and solidified lava flows.
- A) shield
- B) composite
- C) cinder cone
- D) caldera
- E) plateau
Answer: B
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
38) ________ crystallizes from an intermediate composition lava.
- A) Andesite
- B) Basalt
- C) Gabbro
- D) Composite
- E) Rhyolite
Answer: A
Topic: Igneous Environments; Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
39) Eruptions of shield volcanoes fed by mafic magma tend ________.
- A) to be violent and potentially dangerous events
- B) to be explosive but short-lived
- C) not to be explosive or particularly dangerous
- D) to result in the expulsion of vast amounts of tephra
- E) to cover the surrounding landscape in ash
Answer: C
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
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Chapter: 04
40) Volcanic domes are steep-sided, spine-shaped masses of volcanic rock formed from ________ magma.
- A) viscous
- B) fluid
- C) mafic
- D) unusually hot
- E) low-viscosity
Answer: A
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
41) ________ refers to a rock’s appearance with respect to the size, shape, and arrangement of its grains or other constituents.
- A) Crystallinity
- B) Texture
- C) Extrusiveness
- D) Magma
- E) Viscosity
Answer: B
Topic: Igneous Environments
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
42) ________ is a hill or mountain formed by the extrusion of lava or ejection of rock fragments from a vent.
- A) Caldera
- B) Flank eruption
- C) Pillow lava
- D) Volcano
- E) Cinder cone
Answer: D
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
43) The eruption of ________ is related to the fact that the North American plate is overriding a portion of the Pacific Ocean floor.
- A) Mount Fuji
- B) Mount Tambora
- C) Mount St. Helens
- D) Mount Pelee
- E) Mauna Loa
Answer: C
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
44) In 1902 the port city of St. Pierre on the island of Martinique was destroyed by a ________.
- A) tsunami
- B) lava flow
- C) mud flow
- D) poison gas cloud
- E) pyroclastic flow
Answer: E
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
45) Over 34,000 people died as a result of the ________ generated by the eruption of Krakatoa in 1883.
- A) tidal wave
- B) suzuki
- C) roller
- D) tsunami
- E) whitecap
Answer: D
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
46) Crater Lake is a volcanic feature of ________.
- A) the Cascade Mountains
- B) Hawaii
- C) the Aleutian Islands
- D) the Ouachita Mountains
- E) Baja California
Answer: A
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
47) A ________ is a volcanic depression much larger than the original crater, formed when the volcano collapses into a vacated magma chamber.
- A) vent
- B) caldera
- C) basin
- D) ring dike
- E) crater
Answer: B
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
48) A(n) ________ igneous rock is one in which larger crystals are enclosed in a groundmass of much finer-grained material.
- A) aphanitic
- B) phaneritic
- C) polyphonic
- D) porphyritic
- E) mylonitic
Answer: D
Topic: Igneous Environments
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
49) ________ is a frothy volcanic glass with so much void space that it can actually float.
- A) Obsidian
- B) Sponge rock
- C) Pumice
- D) Lava
- E) A floater
Answer: C
Topic: Igneous Environments
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
50) The largest pyroclasts are ________.
- A) ash and dust
- B) bombs/blocks
- C) cinders
- D) lapillis
- E) sand
Answer: B
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
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Chapter: 04
51) ________ describes the surface of a basalt flow with a smooth ropy surface.
- A) Pahoehoe
- B) Aa
- C) Haleakala
- D) Poy
- E) Pele’s hair
Answer: A
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
52) ________ describes the surface of a basalt flow with a jagged, rubble surface.
- A) Pahoehoe
- B) Aa
- C) Haleakala
- D) Poy
- E) Pele’s hair
Answer: B
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
53) Individual layers of basalt lava may be divided into vertical columns called ________.
- A) pahoehoe
- B) columnar basalt
- C) pillow structure
- D) collapse structure
- E) tuff
Answer: B
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
54) A ________ is a volcano constructed of pyroclastic fragments ejected from a central vent.
- A) shield volcano
- B) caldera
- C) stratovolcano
- D) dome
- E) cinder cone
Answer: E
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
55) ________ is a rock composed of fine-grained pyroclastic particles.
- A) Tuff
- B) Pumice
- C) Scoria
- D) Rhyolite
- E) Obsidian
Answer: A
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
56) ________ are cavities in extrusive rocks resulting from gas bubbles in the lava.
- A) Phenocrysts
- B) Pleochroic
- C) Vesicles
- D) Vascular
- E) Holy
Answer: C
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
57) Several times in Earth’s history, outpourings of magma covered many thousands of square kilometers in multiple flows called ________.
- A) pillow basalts
- B) plateau basalts
- C) rift basalts
- D) sheet basalts
- E) regional basalts
Answer: B
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
58) A ________, a mixture of gas and volcanic debris, may blast out laterally under a viscous plug capping a volcano.
- A) pyroclastic flow
- B) mud flow
- C) debris flow
- D) lava flow
- E) lahar
Answer: A
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
59) Radar images of which planet show a surface that is young and still volcanically active?
- A) Mercury
- B) Venus
- C) Mars
- D) Neptune
- E) Saturn
Answer: B
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
60) Most of the better known composite volcanoes on Earth are ________.
- A) in the mid-ocean ridge system
- B) in the circum-Pacific belt
- C) in the Mediterranean belt
- D) All the choices are correct.
- E) All the choices are correct, except in the Mediterranean belt.
Answer: E
Topic: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
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Chapter: 04
61) Volcanic activity in Hawaii is beneficial in all the following ways except ________.
- A) building new land
- B) creating fertile soil
- C) bringing in tourists
- D) burying existing residential land
Answer: D
Topic: Volcanoes
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
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Chapter: 04
62) The Columbia Plateau in Washington is a good example of a ________, a massive volcanic outpouring of mafic, runny lava.
- A) flood basalt
- B) shield volcano
- C) composite volcano
- D) floodplain
- E) pillow basalt
Answer: A
Topic: Volcanoes
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
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Chapter: 04
63) The lava that flows out on the sea floor near divergent plate boundaries takes the form of
- A) flood basalt
- B) pahoehoe
- C) lava tubes
- D) columnar basalt
- E) pillow basalt
Answer: E
Topic: Volcanoes
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
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Chapter: 04
64) What do we call the numerous volcanoes that circle the edge of the Pacific Ocean?
- A) The Mediterranean belt
- B) The Ring of Fire
- C) The Hot Circle
- D) The Lava Edge
- E) The Burning Blaze
Answer: B
Topic: Volcanoes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
65) What do Yellowstone, Crater Lake, and Long Valley, California, have in common volcanically?
- A) They are composite volcanoes.
- B) They are basaltic in nature.
- C) They have had caldera eruptions.
- D) They have no history of volcanic activity.
- E) They are on the circum-Pacific belt.
Answer: C
Topic: Volcanoes
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
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Chapter: 04
66) What type of volcano is short-lived, relatively small, and is commonly on the flanks of other volcanoes?
- A) Composite
- B) Shield
- C) Cinder cone
- D) Dome
- E) Caldera
Answer: C
Topic: Volcanoes
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
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Chapter: 04
67) A lahar is a(n) ________.
- A) volcanic mudflow
- B) small piece of pyroclastic material
- C) extinct volcano
- D) felsic magma deposit
- E) volcanic island chain
Answer: A
Topic: Volcanoes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
68) The largest volcano in the solar system is a ________ volcano on ________.
- A) composite; Earth
- B) shield; Mars
- C) cinder cone; Venus
- D) dome; Enceladus
- E) caldera; the Moon
Answer: B
Topic: Volcanoes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
69) What do Hawaii and Yellowstone have in common volcanically?
- A) They erupt basaltic lava.
- B) They erupt felsic lava.
- C) They are inactive.
- D) They have large volcanoes.
- E) They are the result of a mantle plume.
Answer: E
Topic: Volcanoes
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
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Chapter: 04
70) Mount St. Helens
- A) last erupted violently in 1980
- B) is part of the Cascade Range
- C) had a revival of dome growth in 2004
- D) all of the preceding
Answer: D
Section: 04.01
Topic: Volcanoes
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Chapter: 04
71) Volcanic eruptions can affect the climate because
- A) they heat the atmosphere
- B) volcanic dust and gas can reduce the amount of solar radiation that penetrates the atmosphere
- C) they change the elevation of the land
- D) all of the preceding
Answer: B
Section: 04.01
Topic: Volcanoes
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Chapter: 04
72) Whether volcanic eruptions are very explosive or relatively quiet is largely determined by
- A) the amount of gas in the lava or magma
- B) the ease or difficulty with which the gas escapes to the atmosphere
- C) the viscosity of a lava
- D) all of the preceding
Answer: D
Section: 04.01
Topic: Volcanoes
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Chapter: 04
73) One gas typically not released during a volcanic eruption is
- A) water vapor
- B) carbon dioxide
- C) sulfur dioxide
- D) hydrogen sulfide
- E) oxygen
Answer: E
Section: 04.03 The Eruptive Products of Volcanoes
Topic: Volcanoes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
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Chapter: 04
74) Mafic rocks contain about ________% silica.
- A) 10
- B) 25
- C) 50
- D) 65
- E) 80
Answer: C
Section: 04.01
Topic: Volcanoes; Rocks
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Chapter: 04
75) Felsic rocks contain about ________% silica.
- A) 10
- B) 25
- C) 65
- D) 70
- E) 80
Answer: C
Section: 04.01
Topic: Volcanoes; Rocks
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Chapter: 04
76) A typical example of a shield volcano is
- A) Mount St. Helens
- B) Kilauea in Hawaii
- C) El Chichón
- D) Mount Vesuvius
Answer: B
Section: 04.04 Types of Volcanoes
Topic: Volcanoes
Bloom’s: 2. Understand
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Chapter: 04
77) An example of a composite volcano is
- A) Mount Rainier
- B) Fujiyama
- C) Mount Vesuvius
- D) all of the preceding
Answer: A
Section: 04.01
Topic: Volcanoes
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Chapter: 04
78) Which volcano is not usually made of basalt?
- A) shield
- B) composite cone
- C) spatter cone
- D) cinder cone
Answer: B
Section: 04.01
Topic: Volcanoes; Rocks
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
79) Which is not one of the aspects of reducing volcanic hazards?
- A) prevention
- B) hazard mapping
- C) monitoring
- D) alerts
Answer: A
Section: 04.01
Topic: Volcanoes
Bloom’s: 1. Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Chapter: 04
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