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Psychology Themes and Variations Briefer International Edition 9Th Edition By Wayne Weiten – Test Bank
Sample Questions
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Chapter 2 Multiple-Choice Items
MULTIPLE CHOICE
- The scientific approach assumes that
| a. | events are governed by some lawful order. |
| b. | each event is completely unique. |
| c. | there are no general laws or principles that apply to human behavior. |
| d. | the search for absolute truth is the ultimate goal. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 87%
REF: Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior OBJ: 2.1
KEY: Factual
- Which of the following is a major assumption of science?
| a. | Events occur in a relatively orderly or predictable manner. |
| b. | Cause and effect is indicated by correlational relationships. |
| c. | In contrast to the behavior of lower animals, human behavior is in part a function of free will. |
| d. | Events are largely randomly determined. |
ANS: A PTS: 1
REF: Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior OBJ: 2.1
KEY: Concept/Applied
- Answering the question of “how” some phenomenon can be studied is most closely associated with which goal of science?
| a. | The search for truth |
| b. | Application and control |
| c. | Measurement and description |
| d. | Understanding and prediction |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 56%
REF: Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior OBJ: 2.1
KEY: Concept/Applied
- Which is NOT among the goals of scientific psychology?
| a. | the development of measurement techniques for describing behavior precisely and accurately |
| b. | understanding why certain behaviors occur |
| c. | applications of research findings to solve everyday problems |
| d. | searching for absolute truths about behavior |
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 86%
REF: Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior OBJ: 2.1
KEY: Factual
- Answering the question of “why” something happens is most closely associated with which goal of science?
| a. | the search for truth |
| b. | application and control |
| c. | measurement and description |
| d. | understanding and prediction |
ANS: D PTS: 1
REF: Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior OBJ: 2.1
KEY: Concept/Applied
- IQ score, age, weight, grade point average, and income are all examples of
| a. | constants. |
| b. | variables. |
| c. | correlations. |
| d. | statistics. |
ANS: B PTS: 1
REF: Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior OBJ: 2.1
TOP: WWW KEY: Concept/Applied
- Any measurable conditions, events, characteristics, or behaviors that are controlled or observed in a study are called
| a. | hypotheses. |
| b. | correlations. |
| c. | variables. |
| d. | confounds. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 98%
REF: Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior OBJ: 2.1
KEY: Factual
- The use of reinforcement principles to modify a child’s unruly behavior reflects the goal of science that deals with
| a. | understanding and prediction. |
| b. | measurement and description. |
| c. | deterministic and teleological. |
| d. | application and control. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 86%
REF: Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior OBJ: 2.1
KEY: Concept/Applied
- The ____ approach assumes that events are governed by some lawful order.
| a. | philosophical |
| b. | mechanical |
| c. | scientific |
| d. | cognitive |
ANS: C PTS: 1
REF: Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior OBJ: 2.1
TOP: WWW KEY: Factual
- If a psychologist hopes that his research will help to solve some practical problem, his hope reflects which goal of science?
| a. | Application and control |
| b. | Construction and revision |
| c. | Understanding and prediction |
| d. | Measurement and description |
ANS: A PTS: 1
REF: Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior OBJ: 2.1
KEY: Concept/Applied
- A tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables is a(n)
| a. | variable. |
| b. | hypothesis. |
| c. | theory. |
| d. | operational definition. |
ANS: B PTS: 1
REF: Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior OBJ: 2.1
KEY: Factual
- Theories permit researchers to move from
| a. | understanding to application. |
| b. | concept to description. |
| c. | application to control. |
| d. | description to understanding. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 66%
REF: Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior OBJ: 2.1
KEY: Concept/Applied
- A scientific theory has to be
| a. | true. |
| b. | accepted by others. |
| c. | testable. |
| d. | well established and not disputed. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 83%
REF: Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior OBJ: 2.1
KEY: Factual
- Theory construction is
| a. | a gradual iterative process that is always subject to revision. |
| b. | a standard step-like process that quickly moves toward the truth. |
| c. | a circular process that typically leads nowhere. |
| d. | a process that results in concrete findings that are accepted by other scientists. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 87%
REF: Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior OBJ: 2.1
KEY: Factual
- Dr. Marqueta believes that “misery loves company.” Based on this belief, Dr. Marqueta predicts that people who have received bad news will seek out other people. Dr. Marqueta’s belief is an example of ____, and her prediction is an example of ____.
| a. | a hypothesis; a theory |
| b. | a theory; a hypothesis |
| c. | a variable; an application |
| d. | a hypothesis; a variable |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 84%
REF: Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior OBJ: 2.1
KEY: Concept/Applied
- Mrs. Smith, an elementary school teacher, believes that girls are smarter than boys. She predicts that the girls in her class will learn more than the boys during the school year. Her prediction is a(n)
| a. | hypothesis. |
| b. | opinion. |
| c. | fact. |
| d. | theory. |
ANS: A PTS: 1
REF: Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior OBJ: 2.1
KEY: Concept/Applied
- A theory is
| a. | an objective description of behavior. |
| b. | a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations. |
| c. | the application of research to practical problems. |
| d. | a statement about the relationship between two or more variables. |
ANS: B PTS: 1
REF: Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior OBJ: 2.1
KEY: Factual
- Scientific theories are most directly associated with which goal of science?
| a. | Application and control |
| b. | Construction and revision |
| c. | Measurement and description |
| d. | Understanding and prediction |
ANS: D PTS: 1
REF: Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior OBJ: 2.1
KEY: Critical Thinking
- A clinical psychologist notes that an unusually large number of obese people are depressed or anxious, and she offers an explanation that excess weight causes emotional disorders. Her explanation is a(n)
| a. | hypothesis. |
| b. | theory. |
| c. | opinion. |
| d. | fact. |
ANS: B PTS: 1
REF: Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior OBJ: 2.1
TOP: WWW KEY: Concept/Applied
- While theories are most closely associated with the scientific goal of ____, hypotheses are most closely associated with the goal of ____.
| a. | application; description |
| b. | description; application |
| c. | understanding; prediction |
| d. | prediction; understanding |
ANS: C PTS: 1
REF: Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior OBJ: 2.1
KEY: Critical Thinking
- Hypotheses are typically expressed as
| a. | theories. |
| b. | variables. |
| c. | predictions. |
| d. | statistics. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 85%
REF: Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior OBJ: 2.1
KEY: Factual
- Dr. Licciardi predicts that if people are observed while they perform a complex task, they will make more errors. Dr. Licciardi’s prediction is an example of
| a. | a hypothesis. |
| b. | an operational definition. |
| c. | a theory. |
| d. | inferential statistics. |
ANS: A PTS: 1
REF: Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior OBJ: 2.1
KEY: Concept/Applied
- Dr. Malm predicts that if teachers ignore students who act up in class, fewer students will act up in class. Dr. Malm’s prediction is an example of
| a. | an operational definition. |
| b. | a theory. |
| c. | inferential statistics. |
| d. | a hypothesis. |
ANS: D PTS: 1
REF: Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior OBJ: 2.1
KEY: Concept/Applied
- A researcher is measuring the heart rate of subjects as an index of anxiety. In this study, heart rate is
| a. | a confounded variable. |
| b. | negatively correlated with anxiety. |
| c. | an independent variable. |
| d. | an operational definition of anxiety. |
ANS: D PTS: 1
REF: Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior OBJ: 2.2
KEY: Concept/Applied
- Dr. Dobbins wants to study attachment patterns in single-parent families. The first step in her scientific investigation would be to
| a. | design the study and select the research method. |
| b. | analyze the data. |
| c. | formulate a testable hypothesis. |
| d. | collect the data. |
ANS: C PTS: 1
REF: Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior OBJ: 2.2
KEY: Concept/Applied
- Dr. Critell is studying aggression in children and plans to define aggression as the number of times one child pushes or strikes another child. Defining aggression in this way would
| a. | be an example of a hypothesis. |
| b. | violate ethical guidelines for psychological research. |
| c. | represent an operational definition. |
| d. | require a double-blind research design. |
ANS: C PTS: 1
REF: Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior OBJ: 2.2
KEY: Concept/Applied
- A psychologist monitors changes in the subject’s heart rate as the subject watches a violent movie. The data collection technique being used is
| a. | direct observation. |
| b. | psychological testing. |
| c. | physiological recording. |
| d. | archival records. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 60%
REF: Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior OBJ: 2.2
KEY: Concept/Applied
- A standardized measure used to obtain a sample of a person’s behavior is called
| a. | a psychological test. |
| b. | a case study. |
| c. | an experiment. |
| d. | a survey. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 49%
REF: Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior OBJ: 2.2
TOP: WWW KEY: Factual
- Jackson is working with a company to help it develop more effective training programs for its employees. He has spent a great deal of time reviewing all the documentation the company has about the previous training opportunities it has provided for its employees. Up to this point in time, Jackson has been engaged in
| a. | psychological testing. |
| b. | archival research. |
| c. | direct observation. |
| d. | meta-analysis. |
ANS: B PTS: 1
REF: Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior OBJ: 2.2
KEY: Concept/Applied
- Laura answered a series of written questions that asked about her attitudes and opinions on a number of current issues. The method of data collection that was being used in this case was
| a. | a standardized psychological test. |
| b. | archival research. |
| c. | direct observation. |
| d. | a questionnaire. |
ANS: D PTS: 1
REF: Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior OBJ: 2.2
KEY: Concept/Applied
- The final step in a scientific investigation is to
| a. | conduct the study. |
| b. | analyze the data. |
| c. | decide whether or not the hypothesis was supported. |
| d. | report the findings. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 95%
REF: Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior OBJ: 2.2
KEY: Factual
- A scientific journal refers to
| a. | a personal diary kept by a scientist. |
| b. | a periodical that publishes technical and scholarly articles. |
| c. | a detailed record of the daily procedures followed in conducting a study. |
| d. | a collection of biographies of famous scientists. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 81%
REF: Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior OBJ: 2.2
KEY: Factual
- Publication of research findings is extremely important to the scientific method because
| a. | it allows for critique and self-correction. |
| b. | it brings recognition to the research worker. |
| c. | it forces the writer to be clear. |
| d. | the royalties help the researcher pay for the research. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 92%
REF: Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior OBJ: 2.2
KEY: Concept/Applied
- In scientific investigations, researchers must clearly define the variables under study by precisely describing how they will be measured or controlled. These definitions are referred to as
| a. | objective definitions. |
| b. | precise definitions. |
| c. | operational definitions. |
| d. | dictionary definitions. |
ANS: C PTS: 1
REF: Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior OBJ: 2.2
TOP: WWW KEY: Factual
- A psychologist measures blood alcohol level to determine intoxication. In this example, blood alcohol level is the ____ definition of intoxication.
| a. | operational |
| b. | dictionary |
| c. | objective |
| d. | precise |
ANS: A PTS: 1
REF: Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior OBJ: 2.2
KEY: Concept/Applied
- Psychologists use a variety of data collection techniques; which of the following is best suited for studying attitudes?
| a. | questionnaires |
| b. | direct observations |
| c. | psychological tests |
| d. | physiological recordings |
ANS: A PTS: 1
REF: Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior OBJ: 2.2
KEY: Factual
- Statistical procedures are used during which step in conducting a scientific investigation?
| a. | Collect the data |
| b. | Select a research method and design the study |
| c. | Report the findings |
| d. | Analyze the data and draw conclusions |
ANS: D PTS: 1
REF: Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior OBJ: 2.2
KEY: Factual
- Most typically, researchers report their findings
| a. | by holding a press conference. |
| b. | in a book. |
| c. | in a scientific magazine. |
| d. | in a journal. |
ANS: D PTS: 1
REF: Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior OBJ: 2.2
KEY: Factual
- Which of the following is NOT true regarding commonsense analyses of behavior?
| a. | They tend to be vague and ambiguous |
| b. | They often tolerate contradictory generalizations |
| c. | They usually involve little effort to verify ideas or detect errors |
| d. | They are typically based on precise definitions and hypotheses |
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 79%
REF: Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior OBJ: 2.2
KEY: Factual
- The scientific approach requires that people specify exactly what they are talking about when they formulate hypotheses. Which advantage of scientific investigation does this illustrate?
| a. | precision |
| b. | acceptance of a degree of error |
| c. | skepticism |
| d. | operational definitions |
ANS: A PTS: 1
REF: Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior OBJ: 2.2
KEY: Factual
- Operational definitions are MOST closely associated with which major advantage of the scientific approach?
| a. | commonsense approach |
| b. | clarity and precision |
| c. | intolerance of error |
| d. | tolerance of error |
ANS: B PTS: 1
REF: Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior OBJ: 2.2
KEY: Critical Thinking
- The different general strategies for conducting scientific investigation are referred to as
| a. | data collection techniques. |
| b. | operational definitions. |
| c. | research methods. |
| d. | hypotheses. |
ANS: C PTS: 1
REF: Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior OBJ: 2.2
KEY: Factual
- The two main types of research methods used in psychology are the
| a. | experimental and descriptive/correlational research methods. |
| b. | experimental and case study research methods. |
| c. | descriptive and correlational research methods. |
| d. | descriptive/correlational and case study research methods. |
ANS: A PTS: 1
REF: Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior OBJ: 2.2
TOP: WWW KEY: Factual
- Manipulating a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observing the changes in a second variable defines
| a. | the testing approach. |
| b. | the survey approach. |
| c. | the experimental approach. |
| d. | naturalistic observation. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 99%
REF: Looking for Causes: Experimental Research OBJ: 2.3
KEY: Factual
- A researcher wants to see if a protein-enriched diet will enhance the maze-running performance of rats. One group of rats is fed the high-protein diet for the duration of the study; the other group continues to receive ordinary rat chow. In this experiment, the rats’ maze-running performance is the
| a. | correlated variable. |
| b. | control variable. |
| c. | dependent variable. |
| d. | independent variable. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Looking for Causes: Experimental Research
OBJ: 2.3 KEY: Concept/Applied
- An experimenter tests the hypothesis that physical exercise improves mood. Subjects in the experimental group participate on Monday and Tuesday and those in the control group on Wednesday and Thursday. What is the independent variable?
| a. | the hypothesis |
| b. | the day of the week |
| c. | the exercise |
| d. | the mood (degree of happiness) |
ANS: C PTS: 1
REF: Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior OBJ: 2.3
KEY: Concept/Applied
- An experimenter tests the hypothesis that physical exercise improves mood. Subjects in the experimental group participate on Monday and Tuesday and those in the control group on Wednesday and Thursday. What is the dependent variable?
| a. | the hypothesis |
| b. | the day of the week |
| c. | the exercise |
| d. | the mood (degree of happiness) |
ANS: D PTS: 1
REF: Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior OBJ: 2.3
KEY: Concept/Applied
- An experimenter tests the hypothesis that physical exercise improves mood. Subjects in the experimental group participate on Monday and Tuesday and those in the control group on Wednesday and Thursday. What is the extraneous (confounding) variable?
| a. | the hypothesis |
| b. | the day of the week |
| c. | the exercise |
| d. | the mood (degree of happiness) |
ANS: B PTS: 1
REF: Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior OBJ: 2.3
KEY: Concept/Applied
- In an experiment, the variable that is controlled or manipulated by the researcher is called the
| a. | dependent variable. |
| b. | independent variable. |
| c. | control variable. |
| d. | stimulus variable. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 82%
REF: Looking for Causes: Experimental Research OBJ: 2.3
KEY: Factual
- An independent variable in an experiment refers to
| a. | the variable that is held constant across experimental conditions. |
| b. | the variable deliberately manipulated by the experimenter. |
| c. | the variable that the experimenter believes will change in value because of systematic correlations that exist in the experiment. |
| d. | the variable that provides an alternative explanation for the results of the experiment. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 86%
REF: Looking for Causes: Experimental Research OBJ: 2.3
KEY: Factual
- A group of researchers wanted to determine if people will eat more food in a room with red paint than in a room that is decorated blue. Half the participants in this study ate in a red room and half ate in a blue room. The researchers then measured how much food was consumed in each of the two rooms. In this study, the independent variable was
| a. | the type of food that was available during the study. |
| b. | the amount of food that was consumed. |
| c. | the color of the room. |
| d. | how hungry the participants were at the end of the study. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Looking for Causes: Experimental Research
OBJ: 2.3 KEY: Concept/Applied
- Researchers who were studying plant growth raised plants in two separate rooms. One room had taped conversations playing 24 hours a day; the other room was silent. The researchers found that the plants grew better in the room that had the conversations playing. In this study, the type of room (conversation or silence) would be
| a. | the dependent variable. |
| b. | an extraneous variable. |
| c. | a placebo. |
| d. | the independent variable. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Looking for Causes: Experimental Research
OBJ: 2.3 KEY: Concept/Applied
- A dependent variable in an experiment refers to the variable
| a. | held constant across the experimental conditions. |
| b. | deliberately manipulated by the experimenter. |
| c. | that changes value because of the systematic manipulation in the experiment. |
| d. | that the experimenter is depending on to cause something to happen in the experiment. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 55%
REF: Looking for Causes: Experimental Research OBJ: 2.3
KEY: Factual
- Researchers studying the effects of sleep deprivation tested the physical coordination skills of 25-year-old males who had been sleep deprived for 24, 36, or 48 hours. In this study, the dependent variable would be
| a. | the age of the research participants. |
| b. | the physical coordination skills of the men in the study. |
| c. | the length of time the participants had been sleep deprived. |
| d. | the type of physical coordination task the researchers use. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Looking for Causes: Experimental Research
OBJ: 2.3 KEY: Concept/Applied
- A group of researchers wants to determine if people are more likely to follow directions if the person giving the directions is wearing a uniform. Half the participants are directed to a parking spot by a uniformed security guard, the other half are directed to a parking spot by an individual wearing blue jeans and a t-shirt. In this study, the dependent variable would be
| a. | the number of participants who park in the spot they are directed to. |
| b. | the type of clothing worn by the person giving the directions. |
| c. | the gender of the person driving into the parking lot. |
| d. | the distance between the parking spot and the entrance. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Looking for Causes: Experimental Research
OBJ: 2.3 KEY: Concept/Applied
- An industrial designer wants to determine if the new design for a piece of office equipment will result in fewer errors. The designer sets up a machine with the old design in one room and a machine with the new design in a second room. He counts how many errors are made using each of the two machines. In this study, the number of errors that are made would be
| a. | a control variable. |
| b. | the dependent variable. |
| c. | the independent variable. |
| d. | an extraneous variable. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Looking for Causes: Experimental Research
OBJ: 2.3 KEY: Concept/Applied
- If we view an experiment as an attempt to establish a cause-effect relationship, the ____ variable would be the cause, and the ____ variable would be the effect.
| a. | dependent; independent |
| b. | independent; dependent |
| c. | control; experimental |
| d. | independent; confounded |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 93%
REF: Looking for Causes: Experimental Research OBJ: 2.3
KEY: Concept/Applied
- A researcher found that clients who were randomly assigned to same-sex groups participated more in group therapy sessions than clients who were randomly assigned to coed groups. In this experiment, the dependent variable was
| a. | the amount of participation in the group therapy sessions. |
| b. | whether or not the group was coed. |
| c. | the clients’ attitudes toward group therapy. |
| d. | how much the clients’ mental health improved. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 76%
REF: Looking for Causes: Experimental Research OBJ: 2.3
KEY: Concept/Applied
- The experimental group
| a. | consists of the subjects who receive some special treatment with regard to the independent variable. |
| b. | consists of the subjects who receive some special treatment with regard to the dependent variable. |
| c. | consists of the subjects who do not receive the special treatment. |
| d. | must be chosen so as to be as different from the control group as possible. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 79%
REF: Looking for Causes: Experimental Research OBJ: 2.3
KEY: Factual
- In an experiment designed to test memory processes, one group was given special instructions and asked to group the items on a list into categories while they tried to memorize them. A second group of participants was given the same list, but they did not receive any special instructions. In this study, the experimental group is
| a. | the group in which the participants remember the least items from the list. |
| b. | the group that did not receive any special instructions. |
| c. | the group that received the special instructions. |
| d. | the group in which the participants remember the most items from the list. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Looking for Causes: Experimental Research
OBJ: 2.3 KEY: Concept/Applied
- In a study designed to test the effects of a new drug developed to treat Alzheimer’s disease, half the patients were given the actual drug while the other half were given a placebo (sugar pill). In this study, the experimental group is
| a. | the patients who show evidence of an improvement in their memory. |
| b. | the group that received the actual drug. |
| c. | the group that received the placebo. |
| d. | the patients who were not included in the study. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Looking for Causes: Experimental Research
OBJ: 2.3 KEY: Concept/Applied
- David and Alexandra both take part in a research study that is investigating the effects of sleep deprivation on reaction time. David is kept awake for 24 hours straight, while Alexandra follows her normal sleep routine. In this study, David is part of the
| a. | hypothesis group. |
| b. | experimental group. |
| c. | control group. |
| d. | dependent variable group. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Looking for Causes: Experimental Research
OBJ: 2.3 KEY: Concept/Applied
- The purpose of the control group is to
| a. | make the experiment more complex. |
| b. | isolate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable. |
| c. | make statistical significance more likely. |
| d. | isolate the effect of the dependent variable on the independent variable. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 75%
REF: Looking for Causes: Experimental Research OBJ: 2.3
KEY: Critical Thinking
- A group of researchers wanted to determine whether children would behave more aggressively after watching violent television programming. Half the children in the study watched a violent television show; the other children watched a non-violent program. In this study, the control group is the children who
| a. | behave the most aggressively at the end of the study. |
| b. | watch the non-violent program. |
| c. | watch the violent show. |
| d. | behave the least aggressively at the end of the study. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Looking for Causes: Experimental Research
OBJ: 2.3 KEY: Concept/Applied
- Dr. Prutherow believes that people who are under stress will develop more colds than people who are not under stress. When he randomly selects 10 participants and exposes them to high levels of stress, he finds that 9 of the participants develop colds. Based on these results, he concludes that stress causes an increase in colds. Dr. Prutherow’s reasoning may be flawed because in this study,
| a. | there was no dependent variable in his study. |
| b. | there was no control group for comparison. |
| c. | he didn’t formulate a hypothesis before he collected his data. |
| d. | he didn’t measure the independent variable when the study ended. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Looking for Causes: Experimental Research
OBJ: 2.3 KEY: Concept/Applied
- A variable, other than the independent variable, that appears to have influenced the dependent variable in a study is referred to as
| a. | a covariate. |
| b. | an extraneous variable. |
| c. | a redundant variable. |
| d. | an inverse bias. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 92%
REF: Looking for Causes: Experimental Research OBJ: 2.3
KEY: Factual
- When two variables are linked and their individual effects cannot be separated out, we speak of the variables as being
| a. | independent variables. |
| b. | dependent variables. |
| c. | confounded variables. |
| d. | codependent variables. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 77%
REF: Looking for Causes: Experimental Research OBJ: 2.3
KEY: Factual
- In experiments, placing subjects in experimental groups such that each subject has an equal probability of ending up in any experimental group is referred to as
| a. | random selection. |
| b. | random sampling. |
| c. | random forecasting. |
| d. | random assignment. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 54%
REF: Looking for Causes: Experimental Research OBJ: 2.3
KEY: Factual
- Dr. Kalmagura plans on introducing a new exam review procedure in his chemistry classes. To check the effectiveness of the new procedure, he is going to have half his students try the new technique for one semester, while the remaining students review in the way they have always done in the past. He asks each student to decide which of the techniques they would like to use, the new technique or the standard technique. In this example, Dr. Kalmagura’s procedure illustrates
| a. | the use of non-random assignment. |
| b. | a correlational research design. |
| c. | a double-blind research design. |
| d. | what is meant by informed consent in research. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Looking for Causes: Experimental Research
OBJ: 2.2 KEY: Concept/Applied
- Bill received a poor performance evaluation in his job last year. Since then, Bill has started working through his lunch hour, taken on four special projects, and enrolled in night classes to upgrade his computer skills. If Bill receives a better evaluation at his next performance, it will be hard for him to figure out why because
| a. | he failed to use a double-blind procedure to test his hypothesis. |
| b. | he didn’t formulate a research hypothesis before implementing the changes. |
| c. | none of the actions he took are likely to be related to his overall job performance. |
| d. | the three actions he took are confounded with each other. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Looking for Causes: Experimental Research
OBJ: 2.3 KEY: Critical Thinking
- The research method in which the investigator manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether any changes occur in a second variable as a result is the
| a. | scientific method. |
| b. | correlational method. |
| c. | descriptive method. |
| d. | experimental method. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Looking for Causes: Experimental Research
OBJ: 2.3 KEY: Factual
- In experimental research, the variable that the researcher measures because it is thought to be affected by the manipulation of another variable is the
| a. | extraneous variable. |
| b. | dependent variable. |
| c. | independent variable. |
| d. | controlled variable. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Looking for Causes: Experimental Research
OBJ: 2.3 TOP: WWW KEY: Factual
- In experimental research, the researcher manipulates the ____ variable in order to measures its effect on the ____ variable.
| a. | dependent; independent |
| b. | dependent; extraneous |
| c. | independent; dependent |
| d. | independent; extraneous |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Looking for Causes: Experimental Research
OBJ: 2.3 KEY: Factual
- If a researcher varies the loudness of music in a factory to observe its effect on the rate of productivity of the employees, the dependent variable is the
| a. | factory setting. |
| b. | rate of productivity. |
| c. | style of music being used. |
| d. | loudness of music being used. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Looking for Causes: Experimental Research
OBJ: 2.3 KEY: Concept/Applied
- In experimental research, subjects who receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable are the
| a. | experimental group. |
| b. | control group. |
| c. | observational group. |
| d. | correlational group. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Looking for Causes: Experimental Research
OBJ: 2.3 KEY: Factual
- In experimental research, while subjects in the ____ group received some special treatment in regard to the independent variable, subjects in the ____ group did not.
| a. | control; experimental |
| b. | experimental; control |
| c. | primary; secondary |
| d. | secondary; primary |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Looking for Causes: Experimental Research
OBJ: 2.3 KEY: Factual
- Subjects in the control group should be ____ subjects in the experimental groups in all respects except for the treatment they receive in regards to the ____.
| a. | very different from; independent variable |
| b. | very different from; dependent variable |
| c. | very similar to; independent variable |
| d. | very similar to; dependent variable |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Looking for Causes: Experimental Research
OBJ: 2.3 KEY: Factual
- A researcher tries to make sure that subjects in the experimental and control groups are very similar to each other in order to reduce the effects of
| a. | extraneous variables. |
| b. | random variables. |
| c. | dependent variables. |
| d. | independent variables. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Looking for Causes: Experimental Research
OBJ: 2.3 KEY: Factual
- A researcher is studying the effects of room temperature on ability to quickly solve math problems. She first has participants solve 10 math problems in a room with the temperature set at 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Then she has the same participants solve 10 new math problems with the room temperature set at 90 degrees. In this case, the group of participants is serving as its own
| a. | experimental group. |
| b. | control group. |
| c. | extraneous group. |
| d. | operational group. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Looking for Causes: Experimental Research
OBJ: 2.4 KEY: Concept/Applied
- Conclusions concerning cause-and-effect relationships are only possible when the ____ method is used.
| a. | survey |
| b. | experimental |
| c. | correlational |
| d. | descriptive |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Looking for Causes: Experimental Research
OBJ: 2.4 TOP: WWW KEY: Factual
- The main advantage associated with the experimental method is
| a. | its precise control. |
| b. | its ability to duplicate real life in the laboratory. |
| c. | that it can be used to explore just about everything. |
| d. | participants usually enjoy taking part in the study. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 82%
REF: Looking for Causes: Experimental Research OBJ: 2.4
KEY: Concept/Applied
- A researcher is investigating the effects of caffeine consumption on student writing performance. Because the researcher will evaluate both the speed of assignment completion and the number of grammatical errors, she will need to include more than one ____________ variable in her study
| a. | independent |
| b. | dependent |
| c. | confounding |
| d. | extraneous |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Looking for Causes: Experimental Research
OBJ: 2.4
- One of the disadvantages of the experimental method is
| a. | the inability to generate cause-and-effect conclusions. |
| b. | the length of time necessary to complete the study. |
| c. | the fact that only one variable can be studied at a time. |
| d. | the fact that experiments often can’t be done for practical or ethical reasons. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 44%
REF: Looking for Causes: Experimental Research OBJ: 2.4
KEY: Factual
- One of the disadvantages of the experimental method is
| a. | the inability to generate cause-and-effect conclusions. |
| b. | the artificial, contrived situations in which experiments are often conducted. |
| c. | the length of time necessary to complete the study. |
| d. | the fact that only one variable can be studied at a time. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Looking for Causes: Experimental Research
OBJ: 2.4 KEY: Factual
- Compared to the other scientific research methods, the principal advantage of the experimental method is that it
| a. | can easily be used to study all research questions. |
| b. | allows for a description of behavior. |
| c. | permits conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships. |
| d. | observes behavior in its natural setting. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Looking for Causes: Experimental Research
OBJ: 2.4 KEY: Factual
- The correlation coefficient is a measure of
| a. | central tendency. |
| b. | the amount of variability in a data set. |
| c. | the degree of relationship between two variables. |
| d. | the difference between the largest and smallest scores in a data set. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 84%
REF: Looking for Links: Descriptive/Correlational Research OBJ: 2.5
KEY: Factual
- Suppose a researcher discovered a +.87 correlation between the length of a person’s toes and the number of shoes the person owns. In general, people who own the fewest number of shoes would have
| a. | small toes. |
| b. | large toes. |
| c. | medium-sized toes. |
| d. | either very large or very small toes. |
ANS: A PTS: 1
REF: Looking for Links: Descriptive/Correlational Research OBJ: 2.5
KEY: Concept/Applied
- An instructor wishes to find out whether a new teaching method is superior to his usual procedures, so he conducts an experiment. Everyone in his classes is quite excited about the prospect of learning under the new procedure, but he cannot administer the new teaching method to everyone: a random half of the students receive the new method and the remaining half receive the old. What is the most obvious flaw in this experiment?
| a. | Subjects should have been systematically assigned to groups. |
| b. | The sample is not representative of the population. |
| c. | Placebo effects or experimenter bias are likely to affect results. |
| d. | Distortions in self-report will affect results. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Looking for Flaws: Evaluating Research
OBJ: 2.9 KEY: Critical Thinking
- Dr. Macator predicts that people will act more aggressively during the heat waves of summer than they will during the cold spells of winter. This suggests that Dr. Macator believes that temperature and level of aggression are
| a. | negatively correlated. |
| b. | independent variables. |
| c. | uncorrelated. |
| d. | positively correlated. |
ANS: D PTS: 1
REF: Looking for Links: Descriptive/Correlational Research OBJ: 2.5
KEY: Concept/Applied
Chapter 4 Multiple-Choice Items
MULTIPLE CHOICE
- While ____ involves the stimulation of sense organs, ____ involves the selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input.
| a. | perception; sensation |
| b. | sensation; perception |
| c. | activation; sensation |
| d. | activation; perception |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.1 KEY: Factual
- Charlie’s eyes function normally, but he is unable to recognize objects. Charlie is suffering from
| a. | visual agnosia. |
| b. | inattention. |
| c. | inattentional blindness. |
| d. | prosopagnosia. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.1 KEY: Concept/Applied
- The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of
| a. | color. |
| b. | brightness. |
| c. | saturation. |
| d. | light purity. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 85%
REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight OBJ: 4.1
TOP: WWW KEY: Factual
- Our perception of the brightness of a color is affected mainly by
| a. | the wavelength of light waves. |
| b. | the amplitude of light waves. |
| c. | the purity of light waves. |
| d. | the saturation of light waves. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 70%
REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight OBJ: 4.1
KEY: Factual
- Our perception of the richness, or saturation, of a color is affected mainly by
| a. | the wavelength of light waves. |
| b. | the amplitude of light waves. |
| c. | the purity of light waves. |
| d. | the saturation of light waves. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.1 KEY: Factual
- If the human eye were not responsive to differences in the wavelength of light, we would not be able to perceive differences in
| a. | brightness. |
| b. | saturation. |
| c. | color. |
| d. | purity. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 81%
REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight OBJ: 4.1
KEY: Critical Thinking
- The area of a retina that effects firing of a cell is called the
| a. | cone. |
| b. | foveal field. |
| c. | rod. |
| d. | receptive field. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.1 KEY: Factual
- Which of the following is NOT an aspect of vision associated with cones?
| a. | high visual acuity |
| b. | daytime vision |
| c. | peripheral vision |
| d. | color vision |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.1 KEY: Concept/Applied
- If the human eye were not responsive to differences in the amplitude of light waves, we would not be able to perceive differences in
| a. | saturation. |
| b. | purity. |
| c. | color. |
| d. | brightness. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.1 KEY: Critical Thinking
- Light, the stimulus for vision, is
| a. | a form of chemical energy. |
| b. | a form of mechanical energy. |
| c. | a form of electromagnetic energy. |
| d. | the result of vibrations of molecules. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.1 KEY: Factual
- A red light, green light, and blue light differ in
| a. | amplitude. |
| b. | complexity. |
| c. | wavelength. |
| d. | purity. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.1 KEY: Concept/Applied
- Petra looked directly into a very bright light and damaged her retina. The ophthalmologist has told her that she has sustained massive damage to her cones, but for the most part her rods have not been affected. One change that you could predict for Petra’s vision is that she will now have
| a. | poor vision in low illumination. |
| b. | poor peripheral vision. |
| c. | no color vision. |
| d. | more accurate depth perception. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.1 KEY: Concept/Applied
- Isaiah is having his eyes checked. The doctor has put drops in Isaiah’s eyes that will cause the pupils to open wide. As the drops begin to work, Isaiah will MOST likely notice that
| a. | he will lose some of his color vision. |
| b. | his vision will start to become quite blurry. |
| c. | his vision will become extremely sharp and clear. |
| d. | colors will appear to be “super” saturated. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.1 KEY: Concept/Applied
- If a person views three lights that differ only in amplitude, the person would perceive the lights as
| a. | differing in brightness. |
| b. | different colors. |
| c. | differing in brightness and color. |
| d. | different shades of the same color. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.1 KEY: Concept/Applied
- The lens in the eye
| a. | converts light energy into neural energy. |
| b. | controls the amount of light entering the eye. |
| c. | bends entering light rays and focuses them onto the retina. |
| d. | is the part of the eye that gives it its color. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 88%
REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight OBJ: 4.1
KEY: Factual
- As people age, the lens of the eye loses its ability to accommodate, and it tends to remain flat instead of becoming fat and round. This suggests that as people age, they will
| a. | lose their ability to focus on objects in the distance. |
| b. | be less likely to detect differences in light purity. |
| c. | be more likely to detect differences in brightness and hue. |
| d. | lose their ability to focus on objects that are close. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.1 KEY: Concept/Applied
- The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the
| a. | lens. |
| b. | iris. |
| c. | cornea. |
| d. | vitreous humor. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 62%
REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight OBJ: 4.1
KEY: Factual
- The amount of light entering the eye is regulated by changes in the size of the
| a. | pupil. |
| b. | lens. |
| c. | cornea. |
| d. | retina. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 94%
REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight OBJ: 4.1
KEY: Factual
- In dim light, the pupil of the eye is
| a. | dilated, producing a sharper image. |
| b. | constricted, producing a sharper image. |
| c. | constricted, producing an image that is not as sharp. |
| d. | dilated, producing an image that is not as sharp. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 64%
REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight OBJ: 4.1
KEY: Concept/Applied
- Courtney wears glasses to correct the far-sightedness in her left eye. If she were not wearing her glasses,
| a. | the lens would focus images in front of the retina in her left eye. |
| b. | the pupil in her left eye would dilate and let in too much light energy. |
| c. | the lens would focus images behind the retina in her left eye. |
| d. | the pupil in her left eye would constrict and not let in sufficient light energy. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.1 KEY: Concept/Applied
- Light first enters the eye through a transparent structure on the surface of the eye called
| a. | the pupil. |
| b. | the cornea. |
| c. | the retina. |
| d. | the lens. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.1 KEY: Factual
- The process in which the lens adjusts its shape depending on the distance between the eye and the object viewed in order to project a clear image onto the retina is
| a. | accommodation. |
| b. | focusing. |
| c. | constriction. |
| d. | dilation. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.1 TOP: WWW KEY: Factual
- The optic disk is
| a. | where the optic nerve exits the retina. |
| b. | the brain structure responsible for the merging of visual fields from both eyes. |
| c. | where light enters the eye. |
| d. | another term for the lens. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 73%
REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight OBJ: 4.1
KEY: Factual
- The blind spot in the eye is
| a. | where photoreceptor cells do not “bleach.” |
| b. | the point at which ganglion cells synapse with bipolar cells. |
| c. | where the optic nerve exits the back of the eye. |
| d. | what leads to color blindness. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 82%
REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight OBJ: 4.1
KEY: Factual
- Imagine that biologists have discovered an animal that has eyes very similar to human eyes, but that the only receptor cells in the retina are rods; there are no cones. Based on what is known about human vision, you might expect that this animal would
| a. | have poor vision in low illumination. |
| b. | have no color vision. |
| c. | have poor peripheral vision. |
| d. | be able to detect extremely fine details. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.1 KEY: Critical Thinking
- Night and peripheral vision depend mainly on ____, while daylight and acute vision depend mainly on ____.
| a. | rods; cones |
| b. | cones; rods |
| c. | rods; bipolar cells |
| d. | bipolar cells; cones |
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.1 KEY: Factual
- Devin looked directly into a very bright light and damaged his retina. The ophthalmologist has told him that he sustained massive damage to his rods, but for the most part, his cones have not been affected. One change that you could predict for Devin’s vision is that he will now have
| a. | no color vision. |
| b. | poor vision in bright illumination. |
| c. | poor peripheral vision. |
| d. | more accurate depth perception. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.1 KEY: Concept/Applied
- Sally woke up in the middle of the night and turned on the light in her bedroom, forcing her to squint to ward off the bright light. Sally is experiencing
| a. | dark adaptation. |
| b. | sensory adaptation. |
| c. | light adaptation. |
| d. | lateral antagonism. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.1 KEY: Concept/Applied
- The receptive field of a visual cell refers to the
| a. | range of wavelengths of light the cell reacts to. |
| b. | length of time necessary for the cell to integrate information at the ganglion level of the retina. |
| c. | cell’s degree of sensitivity or receptivity. |
| d. | retinal area that affects the firing of the cell. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.1 KEY: Factual
- The structure of the eye that absorbs light, processes images, and sends visual information to the brain is the
| a. | fovea. |
| b. | lens. |
| c. | rods and cones. |
| d. | retina. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.1 KEY: Factual
- When you walk into a dark room your vision gradually improves so you can see more of your surroundings. This is an example of
| a. | feature detection. |
| b. | center-surround processing. |
| c. | dark adaptation. |
| d. | retinal specialization. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.1 KEY: Factual
- The fovea is the area of the retina where ____ is best in large part because the fovea contains only ____.
| a. | peripheral vision; cones |
| b. | peripheral vision; rods |
| c. | visual acuity; cones |
| d. | visual acuity; rods |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.1 KEY: Factual
- An animal species normally active at night (or nocturnal) would be expected to have a visual system that consists primarily of
| a. | rods. |
| b. | cones. |
| c. | bipolar cells. |
| d. | ganglion cells. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.1 KEY: Concept/Applied
- The retinal area that, when stimulated, affects the firing of a visual cell is referred to as the
| a. | cell’s focal point. |
| b. | fovea for that cell. |
| c. | visual field. |
| d. | cell’s receptive field. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.1 KEY: Factual
- Cells in the visual cortex that respond selectively to specific features of complex stimuli are called
| a. | ganglion cells. |
| b. | feature detectors. |
| c. | selective detectors. |
| d. | hypocomplex cells. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 34%
REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight OBJ: 4.2
KEY: Factual
- Cells in the visual cortex that respond selectively to very specific features of more complex stimuli have been characterized
| a. | hypercomplex processors. |
| b. | triarchic cells. |
| c. | feature detectors. |
| d. | binary cells. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.2 KEY: Factual
- After visual input has been processed in the primary visual cortex, signals are processed further along a number of pathways. The dorsal stream processes information about
| a. | form and color. |
| b. | motion and depth. |
| c. | brightness and contours. |
| d. | complexity and contrast. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.2 KEY: Factual
- After visual input has been processed in the primary visual cortex, signals are processed further along a number of pathways. Information about form and color is processed by the
| a. | ventral stream. |
| b. | dorsal stream. |
| c. | medial stream. |
| d. | lateral stream. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.2 KEY: Factual
- Bob has visual agnosia and is unable to recognize common, everyday objects. This condition MOST likely results from damage to the
| a. | lateral geniculate nucleus. |
| b. | superior colliculus. |
| c. | dorsal stream. |
| d. | ventral stream. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.2 KEY: Concept/Applied
- Researchers investigating feature detectors have found individual neurons that are activated by images of faces. These neurons may be adaptive primarily because they allow us to
| a. | distinguish friends from foes. |
| b. | distinguish people from animals. |
| c. | distinguish animals from plants. |
| d. | distinguish animals from food. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.2 KEY: Factual
- The primary visual cortex is located in the
| a. | occipital lobes. |
| b. | temporal lobes. |
| c. | parietal lobes. |
| d. | frontal lobes. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 68%
REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight OBJ: 4.2
KEY: Factual
- Which of the following statements MOST accurately describes how visual information is transmitted to the brain?
| a. | Signals from each eye only go to the corresponding (same) hemisphere of the brain. |
| b. | Signals from both eyes go to both hemispheres of the brain. |
| c. | Signals from each eye only go to the opposite hemisphere of the brain. |
| d. | Signals from the fovea of each eye go to the left hemisphere, and signals from the remaining areas of the retina go to the right hemisphere. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.2 KEY: Factual
- The main pathway visual signals travel from the eye to the visual cortex is
| a. | optic nerve – optic chiasm – thalamus – temporal lobe. |
| b. | optic nerve – optic chiasm – thalamus – occipital lobe. |
| c. | optic nerve – thalamus – optic chiasm – temporal lobe. |
| d. | optic nerve – thalamus – optic chiasm – occipital lobe. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.2 KEY: Factual
- As a result of the pathway through which visual information travels from the eye to the visual cortex, images seen in the left visual field are received in
| a. | both the left and right visual cortex. |
| b. | only the right visual cortex. |
| c. | only the left visual cortex. |
| d. | only half of the right visual cortex and half of the left visual cortex. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.2 KEY: Concept/Applied
- After visual information is processed in the primary visual cortex, it is often routed to other cortical areas for additional processing through two pathways characterized as the
| a. | form and color pathways. |
| b. | what and when pathways. |
| c. | what and where pathways. |
| d. | motion and depth pathways. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.2 KEY: Factual
- The point where axons cross over from the inside half of each eye to the opposite half of the brain is the
| a. | optic disk. |
| b. | optic chiasm. |
| c. | visual solenoid. |
| d. | optic nerve. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.2 KEY: Factual
- While finger painting, Chris mixed yellow paint and blue paint and ended up with green, an example of
| a. | trichromatic theory. |
| b. | additive color mixing. |
| c. | subtractive color mixing. |
| d. | multiplicative color mixing. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 23%
REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight OBJ: 4.3
KEY: Concept/Applied
- If you project a red, a green, and a blue light into space, the point at which the three lights cross will lead to the perception of
| a. | black light. |
| b. | ultraviolet light. |
| c. | white light. |
| d. | infrared light. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 87%
REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight OBJ: 4.3
KEY: Concept/Applied
- If you mix red, green, and blue paint, you will get
| a. | purple. |
| b. | white. |
| c. | orange. |
| d. | black. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 87%
REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight OBJ: 4.3
TOP: WWW KEY: Concept/Applied
- At the musical he attended over the weekend, Andrew noticed that whenever the red and green spotlights overlapped, they seemed to change to a yellow spotlight. This can be explained using the principles of
| a. | additive color mixing. |
| b. | subtractive color mixing. |
| c. | hypercomplex feature detection. |
| d. | opponent-processing of colors. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.3 KEY: Concept/Applied
- Pairs of colors that produce gray tones when mixed together are known as
| a. | sedentary colors. |
| b. | grayscale colors. |
| c. | complex colors. |
| d. | complementary colors. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.3 KEY: Factual
- Television sets are able to recreate the entire visible spectrum by additively mixing three primary colors. This process is similar to the view of human color vision called
| a. | opponent-process theory. |
| b. | saturation theory. |
| c. | complementary color theory. |
| d. | trichromatic theory. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.3 KEY: Concept/Applied
- The action of the visual receptors supports the
| a. | Hering theory of color vision. |
| b. | opponent-process theory of color vision. |
| c. | James-Lange theory of color vision. |
| d. | trichromatic theory of color vision. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.3 KEY: Concept/Applied
- Eric has been wearing red welding goggles for the past 30 minutes. Based on the opponent-process theory of color vision, when Eric takes off the red goggles, he should expect that objects will temporarily appear to be
| a. | blue. |
| b. | yellow. |
| c. | orange. |
| d. | green. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.3 KEY: Concept/Applied
- If a child mixes yellow and blue fingerpaints together to produce green, the child is using
| a. | subtractive color mixing. |
| b. | primary color mixing. |
| c. | complementary color mixing. |
| d. | additive color mixing. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.3 KEY: Concept/Applied
- After having your picture taken with a yellow flash, you momentarily see blue spots floating before your eyes. This phenomenon is best explained by
| a. | subtractive color mixing. |
| b. | opponent-process theory. |
| c. | additive color mixing. |
| d. | trichromatic theory. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 80%
REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight OBJ: 4.3
KEY: Concept/Applied
- The __________ theory of color vision holds that we perceive colors because of pairs of receptors that make antagonistic responses.
| a. | opponent-process |
| b. | trichromatic |
| c. | color mixing |
| d. | binocular |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 80%
REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight OBJ: 4.3
KEY: Concept/Applied
- Which theory of color vision BEST explains why the color of an afterimage is the complement of the original color?
| a. | The trichromatic theory. |
| b. | The opponent-process theory. |
| c. | Both theories explain this phenomenon equally well. |
| d. | Neither theory adequately explains this phenomenon. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.3 KEY: Concept/Applied
- In explaining color vision, contemporary researchers claim that at the level of the cones, color vision occurs via a(n) ____ process, but along the neural pathway from the LGN to the visual cortex, the process is a(n) ____ one.
| a. | opponent-process; trichromatic |
| b. | trichromatic; opponent-process |
| c. | trichromatic; additive |
| d. | opponent; subtractive |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.3 KEY: Factual
- MOST accurately, additive color mixing occurs when combining
| a. | two or more colors. |
| b. | the three primary colors. |
| c. | lights of different colors. |
| d. | pigments of different colors. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.3 KEY: Factual
- Which theory of color vision states that color perception depends on receptors that make antagonistic responses to three pairs of colors?
| a. | additive color theory |
| b. | opponent-process theory |
| c. | trichromatic theory |
| d. | subtractive color theory |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.3 KEY: Factual
- Research suggests that which of the following colors tends to HINDER performance in situations that demand achievement?
| a. | green |
| b. | red |
| c. | blue |
| d. | yellow |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.3 KEY: Factual
- The color red tends to have positive effects in ________ contexts and negative effects in ________ contexts.
| a. | academic; athletic |
| b. | athletic; musical |
| c. | sexual; achievement |
| d. | achievement; dating |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.3 KEY: Factual
- A visual image the persists after the stimulus is removed is known as a(n)
| a. | post visualization. |
| b. | afterimage. |
| c. | residual signal. |
| d. | aftereffect. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.3 KEY: Factual
- The theory that best explains visual afterimages is the
| a. | trichromatic theory. |
| b. | center-surround theory. |
| c. | opponent process theory. |
| d. | reconciliation theory. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.3 KEY: Factual
- Three people look at the same sketch and report seeing three different things. This illustrates the contribution to perception of
| a. | stimulus ambiguity. |
| b. | interpretation. |
| c. | sensory readiness. |
| d. | cognitive dissonance. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Perceptual Processes
OBJ: 4.4 KEY: Concept/Applied
- Our past experiences and current expectations often influence the way we perceive sensory information because they create
| a. | bottom-up processing. |
| b. | a phi phenomenon. |
| c. | feature detectors. |
| d. | a perceptual set. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Perceptual Processes
OBJ: 4.4 KEY: Critical Thinking
- A perceptual set implies that
| a. | people often see what they expect to see. |
| b. | visual perception is based on a bottom-up processing strategy. |
| c. | feature analysis is a “hard-wired” process. |
| d. | the focused-attention stage of processing is often overridden by preattentive processes. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Perceptual Processes
OBJ: 4.4 KEY: Concept/Applied
- Meg was talking on her cell phone while driving to work. After hitting a parked car, she told the police officer that she did not even see the car before she hit it. Meg seems to have experienced
| a. | bottom-up processing. |
| b. | top-down processing. |
| c. | perceptual set. |
| d. | inattentional blindness. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Perceptual Processes
OBJ: 4.4 KEY: Factual
- The process of detecting specific elements in visual input and assembling them into a more complex form is known as
| a. | perceptual set. |
| b. | inattentional blindness. |
| c. | feature analysis. |
| d. | top-to-bottom processing. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Perceptual Processes
OBJ: 4.4 KEY: Factual
- You are sitting in an arena watching the end of a very close basketball game, and you fail to notice that one of the referees has removed his shirt. This an example of
| a. | a visual illusion. |
| b. | inattentional blindness. |
| c. | retinal disparity. |
| d. | attentional blindness |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.4 KEY: Concept/Applied
- The process of detecting specific elements in visual input and assembling them into a more complex form is
| a. | accommodation. |
| b. | feature analysis. |
| c. | feature detection. |
| d. | sensation. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.4 KEY: Factual
- Feature analysis assumes that we progress from individual elements to the whole in the formation of our perceptions. This is a case of
| a. | bottom-up processing. |
| b. | bottom-down processing. |
| c. | top-down processing. |
| d. | top-to-bottom processing. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 86%
REF: The Visual System: Perceptual Processes OBJ: 4.4
TOP: WWW KEY: Factual
- Psychologists who took the structuralist approach to the study of consciousness believed that the best way to understand an individual’s conscious experiences was to understand all the component parts that combined to produce the experience. This view is most consistent with
| a. | the top-down processing model of perception. |
| b. | the eclectic model of perception. |
| c. | the bottom-up processing model of perception. |
| d. | the opponent-process model of perception. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Perceptual Processes
OBJ: 4.4 KEY: Critical Thinking
- Vanessa describes a new melody that she heard at a concert by telling you each of the individual notes in the order that they were played. In providing this type of description, it appears that Vanessa processed the melody using
| a. | top-down processing. |
| b. | figure-ground processing. |
| c. | opponent-processes. |
| d. | bottom-up processing. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Perceptual Processes
OBJ: 4.4 KEY: Concept/Applied
- Ashlynn was listening to a tape recording of a famous speech that was being played backward. She just heard gibberish until a classmate said the phrase, “Meet me in St. Louis,” was clearly spoken. The tape was rewound and as Ashlynn listened this time, she also clearly heard the same phrase. Ashlynn’s ability to detect the phrase the second time through the tape illustrates
| a. | the opponent-process model of perception. |
| b. | the top-down processing model of perception. |
| c. | the bottom-up processing model of perception. |
| d. | the eclectic model of perception. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Perceptual Processes
OBJ: 4.4 KEY: Concept/Applied
- The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends MOST on
| a. | top-down processing. |
| b. | bottom-up processing. |
| c. | bottom-to-top processing. |
| d. | lateral processing. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 62%
REF: The Visual System: Perceptual Processes OBJ: 4.4
KEY: Concept/Applied
- Reversible figures illustrate the observation that
| a. | individuals may fail to see fully visible objects. |
| b. | expectations do not influence perceptions. |
| c. | the same visual input can result in different perceptions. |
| d. | there is a one-to-one correspondence between sensory input and perception. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Perceptual Processes
OBJ: 4.4 KEY: Factual
- If a radio play-by-play announcer describing each pitch during a baseball game fails to notice a naked fan running across the infield, the announcer would be demonstrating
| a. | inattentional blindness. |
| b. | attentional blindness. |
| c. | perceptual set. |
| d. | feature analysis. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Perceptual Processes
OBJ: 4.4 KEY: Concept/Applied
- Rather than provide details about the party she just attended, Patty tried to give her overall impression. Operating on the assumption of ____, that the whole may be greater than the mere sum of its parts.
| a. | psychophysics |
| b. | holistic psychology |
| c. | Gestalt psychology |
| d. | psychodynamics |
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 88%
REF: The Visual System: Perceptual Processes OBJ: 4.5
KEY: Concept/Applied
- The successive blinking on and off of the lights on the neon sign gave the impression of beer filling a glass. This illusion of motion is the
| a. | phi phenomenon. |
| b. | constancy principle. |
| c. | common-fate principle. |
| d. | motion parallax effect. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Perceptual Processes
OBJ: 4.5 KEY: Concept/Applied
- The lights around the movie marquee flashed on and off in succession. However, Jerome did not perceive them as separate lights flashing, but instead saw a continuous band of light moving around the edge of the marquee. Jerome’s perception illustrates
| a. | the phi phenomenon. |
| b. | bottom-up processing. |
| c. | feature detection. |
| d. | preattentive processing. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Perceptual Processes
OBJ: 4.5 KEY: Concept/Applied
- It is difficult to see a chameleon that has blended in with its background because
| a. | of the principle of common fate. |
| b. | we cannot easily distinguish between figure and ground. |
| c. | of the perceptual principle of shape constancy. |
| d. | of the illusion of relative size. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Perceptual Processes
OBJ: 4.5 KEY: Concept/Applied
- We often perceive a series of dots on a printed form as a “solid” line because of the Gestalt principle of
| a. | constancy. |
| b. | similarity. |
| c. | closure. |
| d. | symmetry. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Perceptual Processes
OBJ: 4.5 TOP: WWW KEY: Concept/Applied
- The Gestalt principle of proximity refers to the idea that
| a. | people tend to gravitate toward a common interaction distance. |
| b. | center-surround cells that are closer fire more often. |
| c. | perception occurs in discrete time frames. |
| d. | objects nearer to each other are seen as forming a unit. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 84%
REF: The Visual System: Perceptual Processes OBJ: 4.5
KEY: Factual
- Zachary is looking at a reversible figure, which first appears to be a vase and then appears to be two faces. His perception of the figure keeps switching between these two interpretations. This switching perception is caused by the fact that
| a. | reversible figures cause people to experience the phi phenomenon. |
| b. | the Gestalt principle of simplicity doesn’t work for reversible figures. |
| c. | the Gestalt principles of proximity and closure are both at work in reversible figures. |
| d. | the figure-ground distinction in reversible figures is often ambiguous. |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Perceptual Processes
OBJ: 4.5 KEY: Concept/Applied
- Natalie sat on her porch looking out at the field of soybeans. The fact that Natalie perceived the soybean plants as being grouped into a series of separate rows is consistent with the Gestalt principle of
| a. | closure. |
| b. | simplicity. |
| c. | proximity. |
| d. | similarity. |
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Perceptual Processes
OBJ: 4.5 KEY: Concept/Applied
- When Justin looked up at the night sky, he perceived the three stars that make up the belt in the constellation Orion as a single complete figure, rather than as individual stars. Justin’s perception of the night sky illustrates the Gestalt principle of
| a. | proximity. |
| b. | closure. |
| c. | similarity. |
| d. | figure-ground. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Perceptual Processes
OBJ: 4.5 KEY: Concept/Applied
- Blake was at a football game, and even though people wearing green jackets were spread fairly evenly throughout the stands, he still perceived all the people in green jackets as a single group of visiting fans. Blake’s perception is most consistent with the Gestalt principle of
| a. | proximity. |
| b. | similarity. |
| c. | closure. |
| d. | simplicity. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Perceptual Processes
OBJ: 4.5 KEY: Concept/Applied
- The Gestalt principle of ____ implies that people organize visual perception in the ____.
| a. | continuity; most complex manner possible |
| b. | proximity; top-down processing manner |
| c. | closure; bottom-up processing manner |
| d. | Pragnanz; simplest manner possible |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Perceptual Processes
OBJ: 4.5 KEY: Factual
- Christina was skiing down a hill when the track broke into two separate trails. One trail turned off at a 90-degree angle; the second trail appeared to continue in the same general direction she had been headed. If Christina takes the second trail, her actions would be consistent with the Gestalt principle of
| a. | continuity. |
| b. | closure. |
| c. | proximity. |
| d. | common region. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Perceptual Processes
OBJ: 4.5 KEY: Concept/Applied
- The perceptual tendency to group together objects that are near each other is called
| a. | proximity. |
| b. | similarity. |
| c. | continuity. |
| d. | common fate. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Perceptual Processes
OBJ: 4.5 KEY: Factual
- Which of the following is the MOST general of the Gestalt principles describing how individual elements are grouped into good figures?
| a. | continuity |
| b. | proximity |
| c. | similarity |
| d. | simplicity |
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Perceptual Processes
OBJ: 4.5 KEY: Factual
- You may interpret the trapezoid shape projected on your retina as a rectangular book, in which case you are formulating a
| a. | Gestalt principle. |
| b. | perceptual hypothesis. |
| c. | psychophysical law. |
| d. | phenomenological principle. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 88%
REF: The Visual System: Perceptual Processes OBJ: 4.5
KEY: Concept/Applied
- The perceptual tendency to perceive a pile of change as being composed of pennies, nickels, and dimes is the result of
| a. | closure. |
| b. | similarity. |
| c. | proximity. |
| d. | continuity. |
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: The Visual System: Essentials of Sight
OBJ: 4.5 KEY: Concept/Applied
- Our ability to tell how far away objects are is known as
| a. | depth perception. |
| b. | sensory accommodation. |
| c. | visual acuity. |
| d. | rod-cone refractance. |
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 87%
REF: The Visual System: Perceptual Processes OBJ: 4.6
KEY: Factual
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