Social Psychology 13th Edition by David Myers – Test Bank

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Social Psychology 13th Edition by David Myers – Test Bank

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Chapter 02

Test Bank

 

1. The belief that others are paying more attention to one’s appearance and behavior than they actually are isreferred to as the ________ effect.
2. transparency
3. audience
4. C. spotlight
5. halo

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Describe the spotlight effect and its relation to the illusion of transparency.

Page: 26

Topic: Spotlight Effect

 

Feedback: Spotlights and Illusions: What Do They Teach Us about Ourselves?

 

2. Chloe dyes her hair blue and goes to school. She assumes that the students will stare at her and commenton her hair color. However, only a few of her friends really notice her dyed hair. Which of the followingpsychological effects is best exemplified in this scenario?
3. the lawn dart effect
4. the observer effect
5. C. the spotlight effect
6. the halo effect

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Describe the spotlight effect and its relation to the illusion of transparency.

Page: 26

Topic: Spotlight Effect

 

Feedback: Spotlights and Illusions: What Do They Teach Us about Ourselves?

 

3. A study by Gilovich et al. (2000) had college students wear T-shirts with singer Barry Manilow on them. Theyfound that participants overestimated the degree to which other people would notice the T-shirt. Which of thefollowing concepts did this study explore?
4. the transparency effect
5. the audience effect
6. C. the spotlight effect
7. the halo effect

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Describe the spotlight effect and its relation to the illusion of transparency.

Page: 26

Topic: Spotlight Effect

 

Feedback: Spotlights and Illusions: What Do They Teach Us about Ourselves?

 

4. The illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others is referred to as the illusionof:
5. A.
6. self-efficacy.
7. knowledge.
8. awareness.

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Describe the spotlight effect and its relation to the illusion of transparency.

Page: 26

Topic: Illusion of Transparency

 

Feedback: Spotlights and Illusions: What Do They Teach Us about Ourselves?

 

5. Charlie contributes money to every charity program in his community even if he does not have ampleresources. He fears that otherwise he may be labeled a miser. In reality, most members of his community donot notice whether Charlie contributes or not. Which of the following psychological effects is exemplified in thisscenario?
6. the false consensus effect
7. the observer effect
8. C. the spotlight effect
9. the halo effect

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Describe the spotlight effect and its relation to the illusion of transparency.

Page: 26

Topic: Spotlight Effect

 

Feedback: Spotlights and Illusions: What Do They Teach Us about Ourselves?

 

6. The fact that we usually attribute more responsibility to our partners than to ourselves when problems arise in arelationship is an example of how:
7. A. self-interest colors our social judgment.
8. social surroundings affect our self-awareness.
9. self-concern motivates our social behavior.
10. social relationships help define our self.

APA Outcome:1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Describe the spotlight effect and its relation to the illusion of transparency.

Page: 28

Topic: Spotlight Effect

 

Feedback: Spotlights and Illusions: What Do They Teach Us about Ourselves?

 

7. In the study conducted by Savitsky and Gilovich (2003), public speakers who were informed about the illusion-of-transparency phenomenon felt:
8. more nervous while speaking.
9. B. better about their speech and appearance.
10. worse about their appearance while speaking.
11. no different about their speech.

APA Outcome:1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Describe the spotlight effect and its relation to the illusion of transparency.

Page: 27

Topic: Illusion of Transparency

 

Feedback: Spotlights and Illusions: What Do They Teach Us about Ourselves?

 

8. Matthew gives a presentation to his interviewers. He is nervous, and he presumes that his nervousness isobvious to the interviewers. He fears that they would consider him an incompetent candidate. As a result, hebecomes more nervous, his voice quivers, and his hands tremble. Matthew’s rising nervousness is causedby:
9. defensive pessimism.
10. the false consensus effect.
11. C. the illusion of transparency.
12. cognitive dissonance.

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Describe the spotlight effect and its relation to the illusion of transparency.

Page: 27

Topic: Illusion of Transparency

 

Feedback: Spotlights and Illusions: What Do They Teach Us about Ourselves?

 

9. The spotlight effect and the related illusion of transparency are two examples of the interplay between one’ssense of ________ and one’s social worlds.
10. morality
11. social judgment
12. C. self
13. collectivism

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Describe the spotlight effect and its relation to the illusion of transparency.

Page: 26

Topic: Self-Concept

 

Feedback: Spotlights and Illusions: What Do They Teach Us about Ourselves?

 

10. Which of the following terms denotes what we know and believe about ourselves?
11. self-control
12. Schadenfreude
13. altruism
14. D. self-concept

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 28

Topic: Self-Concept

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

11. ________ is defined as the beliefs about the self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevantinformation.
12. Self-actualization
13. B. Self-schema
14. Self-esteem
15. Self-realization

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 29

Topic: Self-Concept

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

12. In the context of psychology, ________ are mental templates by which we organize our worlds.
13. attributes
14. efficacies
15. C. schemas
16. perspectives

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 29

Topic: Self-Concept

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

13. Ron remembers Phil’s birthday, which is in the same month as his, but fails to recall Alex’s birthday, which is ina different month. Though both of them are his friends, Ron’s ability to recall Phil’s birthday but not Alex’s canbe best explained through the concept of:
14. A. self-schema.
15. social comparison.
16. Schadenfreude.
17. individualism.

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 29

Topic: Self-Concept

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

14. The extent to which one evaluates one’s abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others is called:
15. comparative analysis.
16. competitive comparison.
17. social ranking.
18. D. social comparison.

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 29

Topic: Social Comparison

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

15. Jonas has a group of friends in a social networking site. When any of his friends are on vacation in a foreigncountry and post pictures on the site, he feels bad about himself. To measure up to his friends, he oftenborrows money to take such vacations. Which of the following psychological phenomena is exemplified in thisscenario?
16. social balance
17. B. social comparison
18. social entropy
19. social interface

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 29

Topic: Social Comparison

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

16. Which of the following is an example of the use of social comparison?
17. Matt feels he is satisfied with his life after meditating by himself.
18. B. Matt feels he is rich when his friends have a lower annual income.
19. Matt feels he is smart when he is among a group of smart colleagues.
20. Matt feels he should take care of his health after he suffers a cardiac arrest.

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 29

Topic: Social Comparison

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

17. An example of how social comparisons can actually breed misery, rather than satisfaction, is when we:
18. underestimate others’ appraisal against our own.
19. perceive other competitors to be at a disadvantage.
20. C. raise the standards by which we evaluate our own attainments.
21. stop comparing ourselves with others doing even better.

APA Outcome:1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 29

Topic: Social Comparison

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

18. When facing competition, we often protect our self-concept by perceiving:
19. ourselves as superior to the competitor.
20. the competitor as inefficient and disorganized.
21. the competitor as disadvantaged in comparison to us.
22. D. the competitor as advantaged in comparison to us.

APA Outcome:1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 30

Topic: Social Comparison

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

19. Under individualism, becoming an adult means ________.
20. living with relatives
21. B. becoming self-reliant
22. defining one’s social, dependent self
23. uniting with parents

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 30

Topic: Self and Culture

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

20. Our use of how we think others perceive us as a mirror for perceiving ourselves is described by sociologistCharles H. Cooley as:
21. a self-fulfilling prophecy.
22. self-realization.
23. self-justification.
24. D. the looking-glass self.

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 30

Topic: Self-Perception

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

21. Giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributesrather than group identifications is the definition of:
22. socialism.
23. communism.
24. collectivism.
25. D.

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 30

Topic: Self and Culture

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

22. Which of the following maxims best represents the concept of individualism?
23. Two heads are better than one.
24. B. Be true to yourself.
25. Father knows best.
26. It takes a village to raise a child.

APA Outcome:1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 34

Topic: Self and Culture

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

23. After graduation, Noah decides to move out of his parents’ home. He wants to establish an identity of his ownand does not want to depend on his parents any longer. Noah tries to develop ________ in this scenario.
24. social cohesion
25. social solidarity
26. C. an independent self
27. an interdependent self

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 30

Topic: Self and Culture

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

24. Giving priority to the goals of one’s group, such as one’s family or workplace, and defining one’s identityaccordingly is known as:
25. individualism.
26. narcissism.
27. C.
28. hedonism.

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 30

Topic: Self and Culture

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

25. A person from a(n) ________ culture is more likely to attribute their success to their own personal efforts.
26. collectivistic
27. B. individualistic
28. narcissistic
29. egocentric

APA Outcome:1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Pages: 30–31

Topic: Self and Culture

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

26. Identify a characteristic of collectivistic cultures.
27. Collectivistic cultures disapprove of conformity.
28. B. Identity is social and defined by connections with others.
29. Collectivistic cultures approve of egotism.
30. The illustrative motto is “To thine own self be true.”

APA Outcome:1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 30

Topic: Self and Culture

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

27. In the context of the varying political views and regions across a country, conservatives tend to be economic________ (“don’t tax or regulate me”) and moral ________ (“legislate against immorality”).
28. A. individualists; collectivists
29. collectivists; individualists
30. progressivists; traditionalists
31. traditionalists; progressivists

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 31

Topic: Self and Culture

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

28. In the context of the varying political views and regions across a country, liberals tend to be economic________ (“let’s pass universal health care”) and moral ________ (“keep your laws off my body”).
29. individualists; collectivists
30. B. collectivists; individualists
31. progressivists; traditionalists
32. traditionalists; progressivists

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 31

Topic: Self and Culture

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

29. An individual opposes the taxation of people with high income. The individual also supports legislation againstimmoral activities in the United States. In the context of political views, the individual is most likely a(n):
30. liberal.
31. B.
32. progressivist.
33. imperialist.

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 31

Topic: Self and Culture

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

30. An individual believes that there should be more welfare programs for the poor and people should have thefreedom to live their lives as they wish. Based on this scenario, this individual most likely follows a politicalphilosophy called:
31. A.
32. conservativism.
33. imperialism.
34. neofascism.

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 31

Topic: Self and Culture

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

31. People are self-critical and focus less on positive self-views in a(n) ________ culture.
32. individualistic
33. B. collectivistic
34. narcissistic
35. egocentric

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 30

Topic: Self and Culture

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

32. Who among the following most likely belongs to an individualistic culture?
33. A. Jessica, who becomes angry and sad when her classmates question her personal identity
34. Nicholas, who compares his grades with students who earn high grades in order to facilitate self-improvement
35. Mia, who refrains from self-enhancement by believing that she is better than her classmates
36. Christopher, who associates himself with positive words and family and societal traits

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 30

Topic: Self and Culture

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

33. Who among the following most likely belongs to a collectivistic culture?
34. Antoni, who shouts at people who do not follow his rules or who criticize these rules
35. Maria, who buys luxury items and considers her extravagant choices as expressions of herself
36. C. Hailey, who places more value on her ancestral tradition and shared practices than anything else
37. Sergei, who prefers to enhance his individual self and make independent choices

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 30

Topic: Self and Culture

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

34. Self-esteem is more personal and less relational for people in a(n) ________ culture.
35. A. individualistic
36. collectivistic
37. interdependent
38. socialistic

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 33

Topic: Self and Culture

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

35. Samantha always gets lower grades than Samuel, her twin. Although she is not bothered about other studentsin her class who score less than her, she has deeply affected by scoring less than Samuel. In the context of selfand culture, identify the perspective of Samantha in this scenario.
36. A. individualism
37. collectivism
38. interdependence
39. altruism

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 33

Topic: Self and Culture

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

36. Kitayama and Markus (2000) found that for American students happiness comes with feeling:
37. close and friendly.
38. B. superior and proud.
39. humble and chivalrous.
40. included and familiar.

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 33

Topic: Self and Culture

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

37. According to the report of Steven Heine and co-researchers (1999) , self-esteem ________ among Japaneseexchange students after spending seven months at the University of British Columbia, suggesting that their selfconceptsbecome more individualized after visiting Western countries.
38. decreased
39. B. increased
40. peaked and then dropped sharply
41. remained constant

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 34

Topic: Self and Culture

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

38. Which of the following statements is true of the interdependent self?
39. The interdependent self is not strongly embedded in social membership.
40. With an interdependent self, one’s personal identity is established by individual traits and goals.
41. C. With an interdependent self, one has a greater sense of belonging.
42. The interdependent self creates social barriers as it disapproves of conformity and adopts egotism.

APA Outcome:1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 33

Topic: Self and Culture

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

39. According to Wilson and Gilbert (2003), people have the greatest difficulty predicting the ________ of theirfuture emotions.
40. reliability
41. frequency
42. C. intensity and duration
43. stability and permanency

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 37

Topic: Self-Concept

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

40. According to Woodzicka and LaFrance (2001), women reported that they would feel angry if asked sexuallyharassing questions during a job interview. When actually asked such questions, women more oftenexperienced:
41. annoyance.
42. rage.
43. C.
44. irritation.

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 36

Topic: Self-Concept

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

41. In the context of predicting our behavior, the planning fallacy is the tendency to:
42. overanalyze the significance of any task that must be completed.
43. avoid making any specific plans for a short-term goal.
44. predict accurately the number of people required to complete a task.
45. D. underestimate how long it will take to complete a task.

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 36

Topic: Self-Concept

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

42. Talia, a project manager, estimates that a project will take a year to complete. She gets the estimationapproved, although it increases the cost of the project. However, the project takes only 8 months to complete.In the context of self-knowledge, this scenario exemplifies the concept of ________.
43. the illusion of transparency
44. B. the planning fallacy
45. the dual attitude system
46. the spotlight effect

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 36

Topic: Self-Concept

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

43. Studies of “affective forecasting,” as conducted by Wilson and Gilbert in 2003, required participants to predicttheir future:
44. school performance.
45. family situation.
46. thoughts.
47. D.

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 37

Topic: Self-Concept

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

44. You just broke up with someone you had been dating for a few months. You are surprised at how upset youare over the breakup, given that the relationship was not that serious. This is an example of how people havedifficulty predicting the:
45. type of their future emotions.
46. sequence of their future emotions.
47. frequency of their future emotions.
48. D. intensity of their future emotions.

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 37

Topic: Self-Concept

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

45. Identify the true statement about self-monitoring.
46. People low in self-monitoring are externally guided and are less likely to talk and act as they believe.
47. People high in self-monitoring are more committed to their relationships.
48. C. People low in self-monitoring care less about what others think.
49. People high in self-monitoring are less likely to be dissatisfied in their marriages.

APA Outcome:1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Define self-presentation and understand how impression management can explain behavior.

Page: 52

Topic: Self-Perception

 

Feedback: How Do People Manage Their Self-Presentation?

 

46. People are prone to “impact bias,” or ________ the enduring impact of emotion-causing events.
47. disregarding
48. denying
49. underestimating
50. D. overestimating

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 37

Topic: Self-Concept

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

47. In the context of the dual attitude system, identify the type of attitudes that represent unconscious attitudesregarding someone or something.
48. internal
49. external
50. C. implicit
51. explicit

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

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Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 38

Topic: Self-Concept

 

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48. A “dual attitude system” exists when we have ________ attitudes toward the same object.
49. similar direct and indirect
50. only positive
51. C. differing explicit and implicit
52. only negative

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

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Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 38

Topic: Self-Concept

 

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49. In the context of attitudes about the self, which of the following attitudes represents one’s consciously controlledattitudes regarding someone or something?
50. direct
51. indirect
52. implicit
53. D. explicit

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

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Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 38

Topic: Self-Concept

 

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50. Which statement is most accurate regarding self-analysis?
51. We are incapable of comparing ourselves with others.
52. We can always predict the intensity and duration of our feelings accurately.
53. We know and can predict our behavior better than others can.
54. D. We are unaware of much that goes on in our minds.

APA Outcome:1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

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Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 38

Topic: Self-Concept

 

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51. Which of the following terms is defined as a person’s overall self-evaluation or sense of self-worth?
52. self-contempt
53. self-annihilation
54. C. self-esteem
55. self-delusion

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

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Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Understand self-esteem and its implications for behavior and cognition.

Page: 39

Topic: Self-Esteem

 

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52. A ________ study is one in which the same people are studied over an extended period of time.
53. cross-sectional
54. B. longitudinal
55. transversal
56. prevalence

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

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Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Understand self-esteem and its implications for behavior and cognition.

Page: 41

Topic: Self-Esteem

 

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53. Identify the true statement about people with low self-esteem.
54. A. They prefer responses that validate their negative experiences.
55. They are most likely to ignore and neglect others’ worst behaviors.
56. They usually choose less desirable partners.
57. They are usually less prone to loneliness and eating disorders.

APA Outcome:1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

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Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand self-esteem and its implications for behavior and cognition.

Page: 41

Topic: Self-Esteem

 

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54. Which of the following statements is true of narcissists?
55. A. They typically have high self-esteem.
56. They have a deep-seated feeling of inferiority.
57. They care deeply about their relationships with others.
58. They think that others are better than them.

APA Outcome:1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

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Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand self-esteem and its implications for behavior and cognition.

Page: 42

Topic: Self-Esteem

 

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55. People with low self-esteem are more likely than people with high self-esteem to:
56. be satisfied with their relationships.
57. B. take a negative view of everything.
58. believe that their partners like them.
59. have an inflated sense of self.

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

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Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Understand self-esteem and its implications for behavior and cognition.

Page: 41

Topic: Self-Esteem

 

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56. According to a series of experiments conducted by Brad Bushman and Roy Baumeister (1998), undergraduatevolunteers who scored high on both self-esteem and narcissism:
57. hated themselves “deep down inside.”
58. cared the most about relationships with others.
59. were aggressive toward someone who praised them.
60. D. were the most aggressive.

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

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Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Understand self-esteem and its implications for behavior and cognition.

Page: 42

Topic: Self-Esteem

 

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57. A sense that one is competent and effective refers to one’s:
58. self-esteem.
59. self-aggrandizement.
60. self-worth.
61. D. self-efficacy.

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

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Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Understand self-esteem and its implications for behavior and cognition.

Page: 43

Topic: Self-Esteem

 

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58. Children and adults with strong feelings of self-efficacy are more ________ than those with low self-efficacy.
59. A. persistent
60. anxious
61. depressed
62. inconsistent

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

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Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Understand self-esteem and its implications for behavior and cognition.

Page: 43

Topic: Self-Esteem

 

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59. You notice that your niece is unusually persistent when working on her homework. She rarely claims that she isunable to complete an assignment and is academically successful. You would be correct in speculating that shelikely has strong feelings of:
60. A. self-efficacy.
61. narcissism.
62. collectivism.
63. transparency.

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

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Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Understand self-esteem and its implications for behavior and cognition.

Page: 43

Topic: Self-Esteem

 

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60. Which of the following statements is true of self-efficacy?
61. People with strong feelings of self-efficacy are usually more depressed than others.
62. B. When problems arise, a strong sense of self-efficacy leads people to stay calm and seek solutions.
63. People with strong feelings of self-efficacy are usually more anxious than others.
64. When problems arise, a strong sense of self-efficacy leads people to ruminate on their inadequacy.

APA Outcome:1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

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Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand self-esteem and its implications for behavior and cognition.

Page: 43

Topic: Self-Esteem

 

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61. Most cultures native to Asia, Africa, and Central and South America place a greater emphasis than othercultures on ________.
62. individualism
63. narcissism
64. C. collectivism
65. hedonism

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

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Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 30

Topic: Self and Culture

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

62. Identify a true statement about growing individualism within cultures.
63. Chinese citizens in their early twenties are less likely than older Chinese citizens to agree with individualisticstatements.
64. Today’s young Americans report significantly less positive self-views than young people did in the 1960sand 1970s.
65. C. The more individualistic the time or the place, the more children receive unique names.
66. In individualistic cultures, being different and standing out are seen as detrimental.

APA Outcome:1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

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Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 31

Topic: Self and Culture

 

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63. Miguel is a new recruit at an apparel store. His team has 10 members, and he adapts himself to the needsof his team. He places more importance on the goals of his team than on his own goals and tries to identifyhimself with the identity of the team. The traits exhibited by Miguel are most similar to those of individualsbelonging to a(n) ________ culture.
64. A. collectivistic
65. individualistic
66. hedonistic
67. narcissistic

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

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Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 33

Topic: Self and Culture

 

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64. In contrast to individualistic cultures, self-esteem in collectivist cultures is more likely to be ________.
65. A. malleable
66. stable
67. personal
68. less rational

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

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Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 33

Topic: Self and Culture

 

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65. Morela thinks that her peers view her as being tidy and prim. She then continues to imagine that her friendspossibly think that she is the most tidy in her group. This is an example of ________.
66. A. the looking-glass self
67. impact bias
68. hindsight bias
69. the self-handicap effect

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

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Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 30

Topic: Social Comparison

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

66. Identify a characteristic that is most commonly identified with individualistic cultures.
67. A. They emphasize personal achievement.
68. They appreciate conformity.
69. They encourage positive social engagement.
70. They disapprove of egotism.

APA Outcome:1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

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Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 34

Topic: Self and Culture

 

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67. Belicia chooses a designated driver to drive her home whenever she goes out for a party. She believesthat this virtue of hers is exceptional and that no one else is as precautious as she is. This scenario bestexemplifies:
68. the false consensus effect.
69. impact bias.
70. C. the false uniqueness effect.
71. hindsight bias.

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

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Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Explain self-serving bias and its adaptive and maladaptive aspects.

Page: 49

Topic: Self-Serving Bias

 

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68. Who among the following in the United States achieve the most academically as students and earn the highestmedian income as adults, yet have the lowest self-esteem?
69. African-Americans
70. Native Americans
71. Latin Americans
72. D. Asian-Americans

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

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Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Understand self-esteem and its implications for behavior and cognition.

Page: 41

Topic: Self-Esteem

 

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69. Deunoro believes that he has incredible academic abilities and that he will easily get a job when he completescollege. He also believes that he will always remain employed at the highest position in a company because ofhis academic qualifications. This is an example of ________.
70. A. unrealistic optimism
71. collective narcissism
72. defensive pessimism
73. egoistic individualism

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

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Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Explain self-serving bias and its adaptive and maladaptive aspects.

Page: 47

Topic: Self-Serving Bias

 

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70. Identify the true statement about illusory optimism.
71. It enables people to take sensible precautions in any circumstances.
72. B. It increases the level of vulnerability in people.
73. It encourages people to be more proactive than reactive.
74. It is otherwise known as the planning fallacy.

APA Outcome:1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

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Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Explain self-serving bias and its adaptive and maladaptive aspects.

Page: 47

Topic: Self-Serving Bias

 

Feedback: What Is Self-Serving Bias?

 

71. Lucy does not wear a helmet when riding her motorcycle. She believes that she is less vulnerable to roadaccidents than others are. In the context of self-serving bias, this scenario exemplifies the concept of:
72. A. unrealistic optimism.
73. planning fallacy.
74. collective narcissism.
75. self-handicapping.

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

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Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Explain self-serving bias and its adaptive and maladaptive aspects.

Page: 47

Topic: Self-Serving Bias

 

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72. The management board of a construction company decides to invest and expand the business to real estate.However, Adam, one of the board members, is skeptical of this idea because he anticipates some trouble. Heconvinces the other board members to abandon this plan. Adam is proved right when the country’s real estatebusiness collapses. In the context of self-serving bias, this scenario exemplifies a phenomenon called:
73. unrealistic optimism.
74. planning fallacy.
75. collective narcissism.
76. D. defensive pessimism.

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

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Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Explain self-serving bias and its adaptive and maladaptive aspects.

Page: 48

Topic: Self-Serving Bias

 

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73. The tendency to perceive oneself favorably is referred to as:
74. impact bias.
75. in-group bias.
76. self-deprecating bias.
77. D. self-serving bias.

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

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Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Explain self-serving bias and its adaptive and maladaptive aspects.

Page: 44

Topic: Self-Serving Bias

 

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74. In the context of self-serving bias, which of the following statements represents the concept of self-servingattributions?
75. People attribute their success to their effort and failure to their lack of ability.
76. B. People attribute their success to their ability and failure to external factors.
77. People anticipate problems and harness their anxiety to motivate effective action.
78. People overestimate the commonality of their opinions and their undesirable behaviors.

APA Outcome:1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

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Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Explain self-serving bias and its adaptive and maladaptive aspects.

Page: 44

Topic: Self-Serving Bias

 

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75. Paul, a cab driver, is proud of his driving skills. One day, he has an accident while talking on his phone anddriving and injures a person. He blames the person’s carelessness for the accident. Which of the followingpsychological phenomena is exemplified in this scenario?
76. the false consensus effect
77. the spotlight effect
78. defensive pessimism
79. D. self-serving attributions

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

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Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Explain self-serving bias and its adaptive and maladaptive aspects.

Page: 45

Topic: Self-Serving Bias

 

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76. In the context of self-serving attributions, saying “I earned an A on my psychology test” versus “My instructorgave me a C on my psychology test” exemplifies how we:
77. attribute negative outcomes to ourselves and positive outcome to others.
78. B. attribute positive outcomes to ourselves and negative outcomes to others.
79. associate ourselves with a lack of hope and distance ourselves from pride.
80. associate ourselves with punishment and distance ourselves from rewards.

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

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Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Explain self-serving bias and its adaptive and maladaptive aspects.

Page: 45

Topic: Self-Serving Bias

 

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77. On subjective, socially desirable, and common dimensions, most people:
78. view others as superior.
79. view everyone as relatively average.
80. ignore their strengths.
81. D. see themselves as better than the average person.

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

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Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Explain self-serving bias and its adaptive and maladaptive aspects.

Page: 45

Topic: Self-Serving Bias

 

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78. Compared with people in general, most people perceive themselves as:
79. less intelligent than others.
80. less attractive than others.
81. C. less prejudiced than others.
82. less insightful than others.

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

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Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Explain self-serving bias and its adaptive and maladaptive aspects.

Page: 45

Topic: Self-Serving Bias

 

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79. Which of the following statements best exemplifies unrealistic optimism?
80. If I study enough, I’ll do well on this exam.
81. B. I’m sure I’ll get any job in the world before I even graduate.
82. The stock market is a very risky place.
83. If I quit smoking, I’ll lower my risk of cancer and other related diseases.

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

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Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Explain self-serving bias and its adaptive and maladaptive aspects.

Page: 47

Topic: Self-Serving Bias

 

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80. Vincent was an addictive cigarette smoker and has recently quit smoking. He roams around with his friendswho are regular smokers and, on many occasions, he is tempted to smoke. He reiterates that he has highwill power that would easily overcome his temptation to smoke, even though he clearly struggles to hide histemptation to smoke. This is an example of ________.
81. false consensus
82. B. illusory optimism
83. collective narcissism
84. defensive optimism

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

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Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Explain self-serving bias and its adaptive and maladaptive aspects.

Page: 47

Topic: Self-Serving Bias

 

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81. Barbara was really shocked when her candidate was not elected. She had assumed that everyone felt as shedid and supported her candidate’s ideas. This is an example of:
82. A. the false consensus effect.
83. the self-serving bias.
84. unrealistic optimism.
85. defensive pessimism.

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

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Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Explain self-serving bias and its adaptive and maladaptive aspects.

Page: 48

Topic: Self-Serving Bias

 

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82. Which of the following statements best reflects the false consensus effect?
83. The devil made me do it.
84. I don’t cheat on my income tax.
85. C. Everyone does it!
86. No one is better than me.

APA Outcome:1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Explain self-serving bias and its adaptive and maladaptive aspects.

Page: 48

Topic: Self-Serving Bias

 

Feedback: What Is Self-Serving Bias?

 

83. The false uniqueness effect is:
84. the anticipation of problems to motivate effective action.
85. the unrealistic optimism about future life events.
86. C. the tendency to underestimate the commonality of one’s abilities.
87. the tendency to see oneself as superior to others.

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Explain self-serving bias and its adaptive and maladaptive aspects.

Page: 49

Topic: Self-Serving Bias

 

Feedback: What Is Self-Serving Bias?

 

84. Self-serving bias can be adaptive in that it:
85. enables us to exhibit realistic optimism about our futures.
86. decreases our vulnerability through illusory optimism.
87. C. allows us to savor the good things that happen in our lives.
88. prevents us from blaming others when things go wrong.

APA Outcome:1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Explain self-serving bias and its adaptive and maladaptive aspects.

Page: 50

Topic: Self-Serving Bias

 

Feedback: What Is Self-Serving Bias?

 

85. Which of the following phenomena is defined as the tendency to overestimate the commonality of one’sopinions and one’s undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors?
86. the observer effect
87. the spotlight effect
88. the false uniqueness effect
89. D. the false consensus effect

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Explain self-serving bias and its adaptive and maladaptive aspects.

Page: 48

Topic: Self-Serving Bias

 

Feedback: What Is Self-Serving Bias?

 

86. John is nervous about his tennis match, but he still stays out late instead of getting a good night’s sleepthe night before the match. If he loses, he believes he could say that his lack of sleep caused his poorperformance. This is an example of:
87. A. self-handicapping.
88. self-serving bias.
89. impact bias.
90. hindsight bias.

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

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Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Define self-presentation and understand how impression management can explain behavior.

Page: 50

Topic: Self-Presentation

 

Feedback: How Do People Manage Their Self-Presentation?

 

87. In the context of impression management, self-monitoring involves:
88. protecting one’s self-image by creating an excuse for later failure.
89. disparaging oneself (false modesty) to elicit reassurance.
90. self-introspection to attain self-realization and self-actualization.
91. D. adjusting one’s performance to create the desired impression.

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

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Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Define self-presentation and understand how impression management can explain behavior.

Page: 52

Topic: Self-Presentation

 

Feedback: How Do People Manage Their Self-Presentation?

 

88. Asian cultures place more emphasis on ________ than other cultures, and that emphasis may pay off withbetter performance.
89. A. self-improvement
90. individualism
91. narcissism
92. self-esteem

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Understand self-esteem and its implications for behavior and cognition.

Page: 41

Topic: Self-Esteem

 

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89. Which of the following statements about self-concept across cultures is FALSE?
90. Eight percent of girls born in the United States in 2010 received one of the 10 most common names.
91. Compared to 20 years ago, fewer love songs today are considered “sappy love songs.”
92. U.S. children today report more positive self-views than those in the 1960s and 1970s.
93. D. Popular song lyrics today are more likely to use “we” and “us” than 20 years ago.

APA Outcome:1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

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Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 31–33

Topic: Self and Culture

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

90. Melinda is assigned a task on Monday that needs to be completed by Friday. She decides to begin the taskon Thursday as she estimates that the task will take her two days to complete, but the task will take her threedays. This underestimation of how long it will take to complete a task is called:
91. self-handicapping.
92. impact bias.
93. C. planning fallacy.
94. spotlight effect.

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

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Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 36

Topic: Self-Concept

 

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91. Which of the following theories proposes that people exhibit self-protective emotional and cognitive responses,

including adhering more strongly to their cultural worldviews and prejudices, when confronted with reminders oftheir mortality?

1. motivation crowding theory
2. B. terror management theory
3. attachment theory
4. sociocultural theory

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Understand self-esteem and its implications for behavior and cognition.

Page: 40

Topic: Self-Esteem

 

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92. Santiago, a Hispanic immigrant, has been living in the United States for 20 years. After he learns he has Stage

4 lung cancer, he asks his children to uphold their customs and traditions. He also starts speaking exclusively in

Spanish to reinforce his cultural identity, which in turn increases his self-esteem. According to Jeff Greenberg,

which of the following theories best describes Santiago’s change in behavior?

1. cognitive dissonance theory
2. B. terror management theory
3. social learning theory
4. object relations theory

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

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Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Understand self-esteem and its implications for behavior and cognition.

Page: 40

Topic: Self-Esteem

 

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93. Which part of the brain is significantly involved in maintaining our sense of self?
94. the left hemisphere
95. the corpus callosum
96. C. the right hemisphere
97. the brain stem

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 29

Topic: Self-Concept

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

94. When asked “Tell me something about yourself” Juanita answers, “I am athletic and intelligent.” Juanita’sanswer most likely describes her:
95. locus of control.
96. ideal self.
97. possible self.
98. D. self-schema.

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 29

Topic: Self-Concept

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

95. Persons from Western cultures (e.g., the United States, England) relative to persons from Eastern cultures

(e.g., China, Korea) tend to:

1. have more interdependent selves.
2. be more collectivistic.
3. be happier when the members of their group succeed.
4. D. believe in the power of their personal control.

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 30

Topic: Self and Culture

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

96. Cathy has forgotten to do her laundry this week. Since she is running late for class she wears the only cleanshirt she has, a “New Kids on the Block” T-shirt left over from 1988. As she wanders around campus, she isconvinced that everyone is staring at her. Cathy is most likely experiencing:
97. A. the spotlight effect.
98. the illusion of transparency.
99. the self-reference effect.
100. hindsight bias.

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Describe the spotlight effect and its relation to the illusion of transparency.

Page: 26

Topic: Spotlight Effect

 

Feedback: Spotlights and Illusions: What Do They Teach Us about Ourselves?

 

97. Kevin is hanging out with his friends at the mall when he bumps into his ex-girlfriend and her new boyfriend.

He is devastated. He feels like his heart has been torn open, and he is on the verge of tears. Although he hasonly said “hi” to her, he believes that his friends, his ex-girlfriend, and her new boyfriend can clearly see hisheartache. This phenomenon is known as:

1. the terror management theory.
2. B. the illusion of transparency.
3. the self-reference effect.
4. the false uniqueness effect.

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Describe the spotlight effect and its relation to the illusion of transparency.

Page: 26

Topic: Illusion of Transparency

 

Feedback: Spotlights and Illusions: What Do They Teach Us about Ourselves?

 

98. According to sociologist Charles H. Cooley (1902), which of the following terms describes our use of how wethink others perceive us as a mirror for perceiving ourselves?
99. negative self-talk
100. B. looking-glass self
101. self-efficacy
102. self-assertion

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 30

Topic: Social Comparison

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

99. Joe was delighted when his favorite team won the Super Bowl. After the winning touchdown was scored, hesaid, “This has made my month, and nothing is going to bring me down from this!” The next morning, however,

his mood returned to normal. This is an example of:

1. hindsight bias.
2. an interdependent self.
3. immune neglect.
4. D. impact bias.

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 37

Topic: Self-Concept

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

100. Alex, a below-average student, cheats in his exams. His teachers catch him cheating and question him. He,

however, justifies his act and argues that most students cheat in their exams but are not caught. Which of thefollowing psychological phenomena best exemplifies Alex’s attitude?

1. the false uniqueness effect
2. cognitive dissonance
3. C. the false consensus effect
4. defensive pessimism

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Explain self-serving bias and its adaptive and maladaptive aspects.

Page: 48

Topic: Self-Serving Bias

 

Feedback: What Is Self-Serving Bias?

 

101. Jack is very nervous about meeting his future in-laws for the first time. On the day they arrive at his home tomeet him, he greets them in ripped sweatpants and a stained T-shirt. Later, his fiancé tells him that her parentswere unimpressed with him. Which of the following best describes Jack’s behavior?
102. A. He is self-handicapping.
103. He is demonstrating false modesty.
104. He is demonstrating false pride.
105. He is self-monitoring.

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Define self-presentation and understand how impression management can explain behavior.

Page: 50

Topic: Self-Presentation

 

Feedback: How Do People Manage Their Self-Presentation?

 

102. Benjamin is able to alter his behaviors so that he can fit in with any group of people. Benjamin would likelyreceive a high score on a scale measuring:
103. self-handicapping.
104. B. self-monitoring.
105. self-actualization.
106. self-realization.

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Define self-presentation and understand how impression management can explain behavior.

Page: 52

Topic: Self-Presentation

 

Feedback: How Do People Manage Their Self-Presentation?

 

103. Laura, a researcher, studies Atharv’s desire to present a favorable image of himself both to his friends and tohimself. In this scenario, Laura studies a psychological phenomenon called:
104. A. self-presentation.
105. self-handicapping.
106. self-efficacy.
107. self-delusion.

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Define self-presentation and understand how impression management can explain behavior.

Page: 51

Topic: Self-Presentation

 

Feedback: How Do People Manage Their Self-Presentation?

 

104. Who are most likely to have an independent sense of self?
105. people who live in a collectivistic culture
106. people who live in a socialistic culture
107. C. people who live in an individualistic culture
108. people who live in an altruistic group culture

APA Outcome:1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 33

Topic: Self and Culture

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

105. Which of the following is true of self-control?
106. Failures of self-control are least likely to appear when one has to do something taxing, difficult, orunpleasant.
107. People who fail to exert self-control on a particular task subsequently work harder on other tasks.
108. C. Self-control can be depleted or strengthened, much like a muscle.
109. Self-control typically involves the strategy of humblebragging.

APA Outcome:1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand self-control through examination of the self in action.

Page: 54

Topic: Self-Concept

 

Feedback: What Does It Mean to Have “Self-Control”?

 

106. Which of the following statements on self-concept across cultures is FALSE?
107. People in individualistic countries persist more when they are succeeding.
108. For Japanese college students, happiness comes with positive social engagement.
109. Individualists make comparisons with others to boost their self-esteem.
110. D. Asian collectivists are more likely to make downward social comparisons than individualists.

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 33

Topic: Self and Culture

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

107. Carmen was assigned a term paper at the start of her Social Psychology class. She figured it would only taketwo days to write the paper, so she did not start it until two days before it was due. Halfway through the secondday, Carmen was devastated; she wasn’t even halfway done yet! Carmen’s underestimation of how long itwould take her to complete her paper is an example of:
108. A. planning fallacy.
109. self-handicapping.
110. defensive pessimism.
111. learned helplessness.

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 36

Topic: Self-Concept

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

108. In the context of the dual attitude system of human behavior, which of the following is true of an implicitattitude?
109. It is a conscious attitude regarding someone or something.
110. It can often be changed more easily than an explicit attitude.
111. C. It changes slowly, with practice that forms new habits.
112. It is typically favorable rather than unfavorable.

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 38

Topic: Self-Concept

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

109. Sarah feels a lump in her throat and numbness in her hands and feet when she has to speak in front of anaudience. In the context of the dual attitude system of human behavior, she is referring to her:
110. explicit attitude.
111. B. implicit attitude.
112. high self-esteem.
113. high self-efficacy.

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 38

Topic: Self-Concept

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

110. Diana meets Peter at her friend’s house. She notices that he is wearing the jersey of her favorite baseball team.

She decides that she likes him and starts talking to him. In the context of self-concept, this scenario exemplifies

Diana’s:

1. narcissistic attitude.
2. implicit attitude.
3. feminist attitude.
4. D. explicit attitude.

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 38

Topic: Self-Concept

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

111. Which of the following is a characteristic of narcissists?
112. They typically hate themselves “deep down inside.”
113. B. They are likely to lash out when an insult is delivered publicly.
114. They are likely to possess a deep-seated feeling of inferiority.
115. They typically have low self-esteem.

APA Outcome:1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand self-esteem and its implications for behavior and cognition.

Page: 42

Topic: Self-Esteem

 

Feedback: What is the Nature and Motivating Power of Self-Esteem?

 

112. Who among the following is most likely a narcissist?
113. Harold, who is unpopular among his relatives and colleagues
114. Taylor, who cares about the well-being of her neighbors and friends
115. Elizabeth, who is ready to work extra hours for the benefit of her team
116. D. Joshua, who reacts aggressively if his team members criticize him

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Understand self-esteem and its implications for behavior and cognition.

Page: 42

Topic: Self-Esteem

 

Feedback: What is the Nature and Motivating Power of Self-Esteem?

 

113. Cameron, a swimmer, has won many national and international swimming championships. He is confidentthat he can win a gold medal at the next Olympic games. He is usually more persistent, less anxious, and lessdepressed than his competitors. Identify a true statement about Cameron in this scenario.
114. He suffers from low self-esteem.
115. He has developed defensive pessimism.
116. C. He has strong feelings of self-efficacy.
117. He suffers from an illusion of transparency.

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Understand self-esteem and its implications for behavior and cognition.

Page: 43

Topic: Self-Esteem

 

Feedback: What Is the Nature and Motivating Power of Self-Esteem?

 

114. Kadri wants to impress her teacher by behaving well at her college monthly convention. She tries to create apositive image of herself among her friends and teachers. This is an example of ________.
115. self-handicapping
116. B. self-presentation
117. unrealistic optimism
118. defensive pessimism

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Define self-presentation and understand how impression management can explain behavior.

Page: 51

Topic: Self-Presentation

 

Feedback: How Do People Manage Their Self-Presentation?

 

115. Shenaz has her exams coming up the following day. Fearing failure and worrying too much about her self-imageamong her friends, she decides to binge eat and drink the night before the exam. She knows that shealways falls sick when she overeats and consumes excessive alcohol, but she believes that she could use hersickness as a valid excuse if she fails her exam. This is an example of ________.
116. self-monitoring
117. B. self-handicapping
118. learned helplessness
119. collective narcissism

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Define self-presentation and understand how impression management can explain behavior.

Page: 50

Topic: Self-Presentation

 

Feedback: How Do People Manage Their Self-Presentation?

 

116. In the first half of a soccer match, Giorgia, the goalkeeper of a soccer team, saves three goals. She believesthat her agility and hard work have helped her achieve this. However, during the second half of the match, shefails to save a goal, which causes her team to lose the match. Later, she reports that she could not save thefinal goal because of her shoulder injury and her team would have won the match if she were in perfect health.

In this scenario, Giorgia’s behavior exemplifies a phenomenon called:

1. the false uniqueness effect.
2. the spotlight effect.
3. C. self-serving attributions.
4. defensive pessimism.

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Explain self-serving bias and its adaptive and maladaptive aspects.

Page: 45

Topic: Self-Serving Bias

 

Feedback: What Is Self-Serving Bias?

 

117. Amelia feels awkward as she thinks her classmates can see the joy on her face even before her teacher canannounce to the class about Amelia winning the “best speaker” competition. She is convinced that everyoneknows how happy she feels. This is an example of:
118. self-handicapping.
119. self-monitoring.
120. an internal locus of control.
121. D. the illusion of transparency.

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Describe the spotlight effect and its relation to the illusion of transparency.

Page: 26

Topic: Illusion of Transparency

 

Feedback: Spotlights and Illusions: What Do They Teach Us about Ourselves

 

118. Which of the following statements is true of people from individualistic cultures in Western countries?
119. They focus on how language allows communicationwith others rather than how it allows self-expression.
120. B. They prefer being different and standing out from others.
121. They place less value on expressing their uniqueness and more on their tradition and shared practices.
122. They primarily focus on gaining social approval.

APA Outcome:1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 32

Topic: Self and Culture

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

119. In ________ cultures, modesty is the default strategy to avoid offending others.
120. individualistic
121. narcissistic
122. C. collectivistic
123. hedonistic

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Define self-presentation and understand how impression management can explain behavior.

Page: 51

Topic: Self-Presentation

 

Feedback: How Do People Manage Their Self-Presentation?

 

120. Identify the true statement about impact bias.
121. A. People are prone to impact bias after negative events.
122. It excludes the impact of emotion-causing events.
123. It is most commonly referred to as the false consensus effect.
124. Under impact bias, the emotional traces of good tidings stay forever.

APA Outcome:1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 37

Topic: Self-Concept

 

Feedback: Self-Concept: Who Am I?

 

121. What is the spotlight effect? Provide an example.

 

Answers will vary.

APA Outcome:1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Describe the spotlight effect and its relation to the illusion of transparency.

Page: 26

Topic: Spotlight Effect

 

122. How is the spotlight effect related to the illusion of transparency?

 

Answers will vary.

APA Outcome:1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Describe the spotlight effect and its relation to the illusion of transparency.

Pages: 26–27

Topic: Spotlight Effect

 

123. Discuss the differences between individualism and collectivism as they relate to Eastern and Western politicalviews.

 

Answers will vary.

APA Outcome:1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 31

Topic: Self and Culture

 

124. What is self-efficacy, and how is it different from self-esteem?

 

Answers will vary.

APA Outcome:1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand self-esteem and its implications for behavior and cognition.

Page: 43–44

Topic: Self-Esteem

 

125. Explain the dual attitude system and how people’s attitudes change.

 

Answers will vary.

APA Outcome:1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.

Page: 38

Topic: Self-Concept

 

126. Explain the false consensus effect and the false uniqueness effect with examples.

 

Answers will vary.

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Explain self-serving bias and its adaptive and maladaptive aspects.

Page: 48–49

Topic: Self-Serving Bias

 

127. What is self-handicapping? Why do people engage in it?

 

Answers will vary.

APA Outcome:1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Define self-presentation and understand how impression management can explain behavior.

Page: 50–51

Topic: Self-Presentation

 

128. Give an example of self-monitoring and the effects of being high or low in self-monitoring.

 

Answers will vary.

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Define self-presentation and understand how impression management can explain behavior.

Page: 52

Topic: Self-Presentation

 

129. Describe how self-presentation is linked with self-esteem and self-monitoring.

 

Answers will vary.

APA Outcome:1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Define self-presentation and understand how impression management can explain behavior.

Page: 51–52

Topic: Self-Presentation

 

130. Explain the self-serving bias and its effects.

 

Answers will vary.

APA Outcome:1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Explain self-serving bias and its adaptive and maladaptive aspects.

Page: 44

Topic: Self-Serving Bias

 

Category                                                                                                                                               # of Questions

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation                                                                                                                            129

APA Outcome:1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology                                 49

APA Outcome:1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains                                               33

APA Outcome:1.3: Describe applications of psychology                                                                                           48

Bloom’s Level: Apply                                                                                                                                                 48

Bloom’s Level: Remember                                                                                                                                          49

Bloom’s Level: Understand                                                                                                                                         33

Difficulty: High                                                                                                                                                          46

Difficulty: Low                                                                                                                                                           49

Difficulty: Medium                                                                                                                                                     35

Learning Objective: Define self-presentation and understand how impression management can explain behavior.    12

Learning Objective: Describe the spotlight effect and its relation to the illusion of transparency.                               14

Learning Objective: Explain self-serving bias and its adaptive and maladaptive aspects.                                            22

Learning Objective: Understand how, and how accurately, we know ourselves and what determines our self-concept.        63

Learning Objective: Understand self-control through examination of the self in action.                                             1

Learning Objective: Understand self-esteem and its implications for behavior and cognition.                                    18

Page: 26                                                                                                                                                                      10

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Page: 43–44                                                                                                                                                                1

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Page: 48–49                                                                                                                                                                1

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Page: 50–51                                                                                                                                                                1

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Page: 51–52                                                                                                                                                                1

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Page: 54                                                                                                                                                                      1

Pages: 26–27                                                                                                                                                              1

Pages: 30–31                                                                                                                                                              1

Topic: Illusion of Transparency                                                                                                                                  5

Topic: Self and Culture                                                                                                                                               30

Topic: Self-Concept                                                                                                                                                    27

Topic: Self-Esteem                                                                                                                                                      18

Topic: Self-Perception                                                                                                                                                2

Topic: Self-Presentation                                                                                                                                              11

Topic: Self-Serving Bias                                                                                                                                             22

Topic: Social Comparison                                                                                                                                           7

Topic: Spotlight Effect                                                                                                                                                8

 

Chapter04

TestBank

 

1.Attitudes include all of the following EXCEPT:

1. affect.
2. behavior tendency.
3. cognition.
4. D.

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: State the extent to which, and under what conditions, our inner attitudes drive our outward actions.

Page: 89

Topic: Attitudes Predict Behavior

Feedback: How Well Do Our Attitudes Predict Our Behavior?

 

2.According to Eagly and Chaiken (2005), beliefs and feelings related to a person or an event are known as:

1. cognitions.
2. aptitudes.
3. C.
4. perceptions.

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: State the extent to which, and under what conditions, our inner attitudes drive our outward actions.

Page: 89

Topic: Attitudes Predict Behavior

Feedback: How Well Do Our Attitudes Predict Our Behavior?

 

3.Explicit self-reports are the better predictor than implicit self-reports for:

1. attitudes related to gender and sex.
2. racial attitudes.
3. attitudes formed early in life.
4. D. attitudes related to consumer behavior.

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: State the extent to which, and under what conditions, our inner attitudes drive our outward actions.

Page: 91

Topic: Attitudes Predict Behavior

Feedback: How Well Do Our Attitudes Predict Our Behavior?

 

4.In 1964, Leon Festinger observed that:

1. A. changing people’s attitudes often hardly affects their behavior.
2. attitudes guide behaviors.
3. people’s behaviors are a result of their changing attitudes.
4. attitudes and behaviors varied together.

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: State the extent to which, and under what conditions, our inner attitudes drive our outward actions.

Page: 89

Topic: Attitudes Predict Behavior

Feedback: How Well Do Our Attitudes Predict Our Behavior?

 

5.In the context of the dual processing capacity of human beings, unlike automatic thinking, controlled thinking is:

1. A.
2. habitual.
3. effortless.
4. implicit.

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: State the extent to which, and under what conditions, our inner attitudes drive our outward actions.

Page: 91

Topic: Attitudes Predict Behavior

Feedback: How Well Do Our Attitudes Predict Our Behavior?

 

6.The disjuncture between attitudes and actions is what Daniel Batson and his colleagues call _____, appearing moral while avoiding the costs of being so.

1. moral conflict
2. moral cowardice
3. C. moral hypocrisy
4. moral realism

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: State the extent to which, and under what conditions, our inner attitudes drive our outward actions.

Page: 89

Topic: Attitudes Predict Behavior

Feedback: How Well Do Our Attitudes Predict Our Behavior?

 

7.When social psychologists try to measure people’s attitudes, they:

1. get a direct reading of their behaviors.
2. easily obtain attitudinal changes by controlling all external social influences.
3. predominantly avoid recording and evaluating implicit and explicit attitudes.
4. D. end up measuring expressed attitudes.

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: State the extent to which, and under what conditions, our inner attitudes drive our outward actions.

Page: 90

Topic: Attitudes Predict Behavior

Feedback: How Well Do Our Attitudes Predict Our Behavior?

 

8.People’s attitude toward religion is a(n) _____ predictor of whether they will go to religious services during the coming week.

1. strong
2. average
3. C. poor
4. reliable

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: State the extent to which, and under what conditions, our inner attitudes drive our outward actions.

Page: 92

Topic: Attitudes Predict Behavior

Feedback: How Well Do Our Attitudes Predict Our Behavior?

 

9.The implicit association test (IAT):

1. measures conscious attitudes.
2. B. measures unconscious attitudes.
3. measures both conscious and unconscious attitudes.
4. measures our controlled behaviors.

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: State the extent to which, and under what conditions, our inner attitudes drive our outward actions.

Page: 90

Topic: Attitudes Predict Behavior

Feedback: How Well Do Our Attitudes Predict Our Behavior?

 

10.Moral action affects moral thinking, especially when:

1. one is threatened.
2. one is offered limited options.
3. C.
4. coerced.

APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Summarize evidence that we can act ourselves into a way of thinking.

Page: 97

Topic: Behavior Affects Attitudes

Feedback: How Well Do Our Attitudes Predict Our Behavior?

 

11.The finding that religious attitudes predict the total quantity of religious behaviors over time across many situations defines:

1. moral hypocrisy.
2. the false consensus effect.
3. the ABCs of attitudes.
4. D. the principle of aggregation.

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: State the extent to which, and under what conditions, our inner attitudes drive our outward actions.

Page: 92

Topic: Attitudes Predict Behavior

Feedback: How Well Do Our Attitudes Predict Our Behavior?

 

12.In the context of dual processing, automatic thinking is _____.

1. controlled
2. conscious
3. deliberate
4. D. implicit

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: State the extent to which, and under what conditions, our inner attitudes drive our outward actions.

Page: 91

Topic: Attitudes Predict Behavior

Feedback: How Well Do Our Attitudes Predict Our Behavior?

 

13.Although you may spend an evening surfing the Internet rather than studying, you have generally been a disciplined student throughout your academic career and have always held the attitude that studying is important. The relationship between your studying behavior and your attitude toward studying can be best described by which social psychological term?

1. moral hypocrisy
2. behavioral inconsistency
3. the ABCs of attitudes
4. D. the principle of aggregation

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: State the extent to which, and under what conditions, our inner attitudes drive our outward actions.

Page: 92

Topic: Attitudes Predict Behavior

Feedback: How Well Do Our Attitudes Predict Our Behavior?

 

14.Which of the following requirements should be fulfilled for an attitude to lead to a behavior?

1. Multiple behaviors, rather than a specific one, must be chosen.
2. Liking must not become wanting.
3. The chosen goal must not overwhelm other demands.
4. D. An objective must be set.

APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: State the extent to which, and under what conditions, our inner attitudes drive our outward actions.

Page: 90

Topic: Attitudes Predict Behavior

Feedback: How Well Do Our Attitudes Predict Our Behavior?

 

15.Which statement is NOT true about attitudes?

1. Attitudes best predict behavior when they are formed by direct experience.
2. Attitudes best predict behavior when they are accessible, enduring, and likely to guide actions.
3. Attitudes best predict behavior when they are specific to the behaviors of subjects.
4. D. Attitudes best predict behavior when social influences on subjects are the highest.

APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: State the extent to which, and under what conditions, our inner attitudes drive our outward actions.

Page: 93–94

Topic: Attitudes Predict Behavior

Feedback: How Well Do Our Attitudes Predict Our Behavior?

 

16.The attitudes that best predict behavior are:

1. particularly formed by hearsay.
2. less enduring to guide actions than other attitudes.
3. generic rather than specific.
4. D. readily accessible and stable.

APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: State the extent to which, and under what conditions, our inner attitudes drive our outward actions.

Page: 93

Topic: Attitudes Predict Behavior

Feedback: How Well Do Our Attitudes Predict Our Behavior?

 

17.Diener and Wallbom (1976) found that when research participants were instructed to stop working on a problem after a bell sounded, 71% continued working when left alone. How many continued working after the bell if they were made self-aware by working in front of a mirror?

1. 70%
2. 43%
3. 31%
4. D. 7%

APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: State the extent to which, and under what conditions, our inner attitudes drive our outward actions.

Page: 93

Topic: Attitudes Predict Behavior

Feedback: How Well Do Our Attitudes Predict Our Behavior?

 

18.A set of norms that defines how people in a given social position ought to behave is what social psychologists call a:

1. benchmark.
2. guideline.
3. C.
4. stereotype.

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Summarize evidence that we can act ourselves into a way of thinking.

Page: 95

Topic: Roleplay

Feedback: When Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

19.The effect of _____ on _____ was vividly demonstrated in Zimbardo’s (1971) classic study of a simulated prison.

1. attitudes; behaviors
2. roles; attitudes
3. C. roles; behaviors
4. attitudes; roles

APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Summarize evidence that we can act ourselves into a way of thinking.

Page: 95

Topic: Roleplay

Feedback: When Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

20.Higgins and Rholes (1978) found that when people say something positive to others when told to, it supported the fact that:

1. A. saying becomes believing.
2. saying does not change our beliefs or feelings.
3. saying changes the minds of others.
4. saying does not change the minds of others.

APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Summarize evidence that we can act ourselves into a way of thinking.

Page: 96

Topic: Roleplay

Feedback: When Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

21.In the context of ways in which one’s behaviors affect one’s attitudes, Manis et al. (1974), Tesser et al. (1972), and Tetlock (1983) stated that:

1. A. people adjust their message toward their listener’s views.
2. people are quicker to share bad news rather than good.
3. people believe what they say when there is no compelling external explanation for their words.
4. people doubt or are skeptical of what they say unless they are bribed or coerced into doing so.

APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Summarize evidence that we can act ourselves into a way of thinking.

Page: 96

Topic: Behavior Affects Attitudes

Feedback: When Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

22.In the context of thought-control programs and POWs (prisoners of war), prisoners were _____ to comply with a significant request if they complied with a trivial request first.

1. less likely
2. B. more likely
3. not interested
4. unlikely

APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Summarize evidence that we can act ourselves into a way of thinking.

Page: 98–99

Topic: Behavior Affects Attitudes

Feedback: When Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

23.Following the U.S. Supreme Court’s 1954 decision to desegregate schools, the percentage of White Americans favoring integrated schools jumped and now includes nearly everyone. This is an example of how:

1. attitudes influence behavior when they are specific to the behavior examined.
2. attitudes influence behavior when they are potent.
3. moral attitudes feed moral actions.
4. D. moral actions feed moral attitudes.

APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: Summarize evidence that we can act ourselves into a way of thinking.

Page: 98

Topic: Behavior Affects Attitudes

Feedback: When Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

24.Research indicates that harming an innocent victim, especially voluntarily, leads one to:

1. feel increasingly guilty.
2. B. disparage the victim to justify one’s cruel behavior.
3. act kindly toward others.
4. become highly aggressive toward others.

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Summarize evidence that we can act ourselves into a way of thinking.

Page: 96

Topic: Behavior Affects Attitudes

Feedback: When Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

25.In the context of evil and moral acts, research indicates that if you wish to love someone more, you should:

1. let them do favors for you.
2. ignore their negative traits.
3. C. act as if you do.
4. focus on their positive traits.

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Summarize evidence that we can act ourselves into a way of thinking.

Page: 97

Topic: Behavior Affects Attitudes

Feedback: When Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

26.If the number of people in favor of same-sex marriages increases after a law is passed allowing such marriages, this will be an example of how:

1. attitudes influence behavior when they are specific to the behavior examined.
2. attitudes influence behavior when they are potent.
3. moral attitudes feed moral actions.
4. D. moral actions feed moral attitudes.

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Summarize evidence that we can act ourselves into a way of thinking.

Page: 97

Topic: Behavior Affects Attitudes

Feedback: When Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

27.The daily flag salute by schoolchildren in the United States is an attempt to use _____ to build _____.

1. compliance; attitudes
2. public beliefs; private conformity
3. C. public conformity; private patriotism
4. conformity; compliance

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Summarize evidence that we can act ourselves into a way of thinking.

Page: 98

Topic: Behavior Affects Attitudes

Feedback: When Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

28.Which of the following illustrates the attitudes-follow-behavior principle in psychology?

1. Alex prefers the company of physically attractive people.
2. B. Emily, an employee in a software company, dares to share confidential company information with a rival company as she was not caught doing a similar act earlier.
3. Caleb tends to ignore those situations that are not under his control.
4. Kayla, a student, is convinced that she will fail her exam but is surprised when she performs exceptionally well.

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: Summarize evidence that we can act ourselves into a way of thinking.

Page: 102

Topic: Behavior Affects Attitudes

Feedback: When Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

29.Research revealed that the POWs (prisoners of war) of the Korean War were brainwashed through the tactic of:

1. torture and punishment.
2. B. gradually escalating demands.
3. attitude adjustment.
4. confidence building.

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: Summarize evidence that we can act ourselves into a way of thinking.

Page: 98–99

Topic: Roleplay

Feedback: When Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

30.Which of the following theories assumes that people, especially those who self-monitor their behavior hoping to create good impressions, will adapt their attitude reports to appear consistent with their actions?

1. A. self-presentation theory
2. activity theory
3. cognitive dissonance theory
4. attachment theory

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 99

Topic: Self-Presentation

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

31.During a group discussion on smoking, Ethan says that one should avoid smoking as it is injurious to health and it symbolizes weakness. Later, Ethan avoids smoking in front of his classmates lest his views on smoking contradict his words. He also wishes to appear consistent. Which of the following theories of psychology best explains Ethan’s behavior?

1. social penetration theory
2. cognitive dissonance theory
3. C. self-presentation theory
4. motivation crowding theory

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 99–100

Topic: Self-Presentation

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

32.The tendency to seek information and media that agree with one’s views and to avoid dissonant information is called _____.

1. A. selective exposure
2. defensive pessimism
3. impact bias
4. hindsight bias

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 100

Topic: Self-Justification

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

33.Impression management is to _____ as cognitive dissonance is to _____.

1. overjustification; insufficient justification
2. the false consensus effect; the false uniqueness effect
3. self-monitoring; self-presentation
4. D. self-presentation; self-justification

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 99–100

Topic: Self-Justification

Topic: Self-Presentation

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

34.No one wants to look foolishly inconsistent according to _____ theory.

1. self-perception
2. self-justification
3. C. self-presentation
4. social orientation

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 100

Topic: Self-Presentation

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

35.Which of the following theories assumes that for strategic reasons we express attitudes that make us appear consistent?

1. A. self-presentation theory
2. self-consistency theory
3. cognitive dissonance theory
4. self-perception theory

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 100

Topic: Self-Presentation

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

36.Which of the following theories assumes that to reduce discomfort we justify our actions to ourselves?

1. self-presentation theory
2. self-consistency theory
3. C. cognitive dissonance theory
4. terror management theory

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 99–100

Topic: Cognitive Dissonance

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

37.The tension that arises when a person’s two thoughts or beliefs are inconsistent is called:

1. cognitive tension.
2. cognitive inconsistency.
3. C. cognitive dissonance.
4. cognitive interference.

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 100

Topic: Cognitive Dissonance

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

38.Identify a true statement about cognitive dissonance theory.

1. It assumes that for strategic reasons we express attitudes that make us appear consistent.
2. B. It highlights the arousal of tension when two different thoughts coexist.
3. It focuses on doing acts as per one’s discretion without providing any justification for such acts.
4. It is most commonly referred to as the planning fallacy.

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 100

Topic: Cognitive Dissonance

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

39.The attitudes-follow-behavior effect is strongest when:

1. people are rewarded for their behavior.
2. people feel that they have no choice in their behavior.
3. C. people feel that they have some choice in their behavior.
4. people’s actions have no foreseeable consequences.

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 102

Topic: Cognitive Dissonance

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

40.At the beginning of the 2003 Iraq war, only 38% of Americans said the war was justified even if Iraq did not have weapons of mass destruction. When no such weapons were found after the war, 58% of Americans supported the war. Myers explains this revision of people’s memories of their government’s main rationale for going to war as an example of:

1. self-presentation.
2. B. cognitive dissonance.
3. terror management theory.
4. self-perception.

APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 101

Topic: Cognitive Dissonance

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

41.Cognitive dissonance theory was formulated by:

1. James Laird.
2. William James.
3. C. Leon Festinger.
4. Daryl Bem.

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 100

Topic: Cognitive Dissonance

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

42.Although you were opposed to the American war with Iraq, your attitude changed when you were required to present a report on the justification of the war as a newspaper journalist. Which theory best explains the change in your attitude?

1. self-presentation theory
2. self-consistency theory
3. C. cognitive dissonance theory
4. self-perception theory

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 101

Topic: Cognitive Dissonance

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

43.Sarah strongly believes that it is wrong to steal. However, after she steals a bottle of nail polish from a store, her attitude toward shoplifters becomes significantly less harsh. Which theory best accounts for her shift in attitude?

1. A. cognitive dissonance theory
2. self-perception theory
3. reinforcement theory
4. role-playing theory

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 100–101

Topic: Cognitive Dissonance

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

44.In the context of cognitive dissonance theory, one can reduce dissonance after making important decisions by _____.

1. criticizing all the available choices or options
2. B. downgrading the unchosen option
3. overlooking the chosen alternative
4. studying the attributes of the unchosen options

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 103

Topic: Cognitive Dissonance

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

45.Dissonance theory insists that _____.

1. people voluntarily internalize forced behavior contrary to popular belief
2. B. encouragement and inducement should be enough to elicit a desired action
3. attitudes should precede behaviors for which we feel some responsibility
4. parents should refrain from using incentives to elicit a desired behavior

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 103

Topic: Cognitive Dissonance

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

46.Though Lisa is opposed to capital punishment, she is asked to give a speech in favor of it to conclude a class debate. In the context of insufficient justification, dissonance theory predicts that her true attitude will undergo the most change if she:

1. makes a speech implying capital punishment is wrong.
2. agrees to give the speech but only if she favors both sides.
3. C. agrees to give the speech without special incentives.
4. agrees to give the speech for a large reward.

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 103–104

Topic: Cognitive Dissonance

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

47.Once we make a decision or choice, and feel some cognitive dissonance, we _____.

1. A. give additional reasons for that decision or choice
2. begin to doubt our reasons for making that decision or choice
3. become less confident about the decision or choice
4. find the option we did not choose highly attractive

APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 104

Topic: Cognitive Dissonance

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

48.If you are studying because you want to do well in your chosen course and truly want to understand the material, you are more likely to want to study in the future than students who view studying as compulsory. Your situation is an example of how:

1. attitudes follow behaviors.
2. behaviors follow attitudes.
3. C. attitudes follow behaviors for which we feel some responsibility.
4. behaviors follow attitudes for which we feel some responsibility.

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 103

Topic: Cognitive Dissonance

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

49.Cognitive dissonance theory focuses on _____.

1. attitudes preceding behaviors
2. the relative effectiveness of punishments given during an act
3. the relative effectiveness of rewards administered after an act
4. D. what induces a desired action

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 103

Topic: Cognitive Dissonance

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

50.You have recently been promoted to manager of the firm where you work. You decide to use your knowledge of social psychology to improve the working conditions of your subordinates. You know that dissonance theory predicts that attitudes will follow behaviors for which we feel some responsibility. Therefore, you decide to use _____ to elicit the desired behaviors in your subordinates.

1. reminders of your legitimate authority
2. only social punishments and rewards
3. promises rather than threats
4. D. only enough incentive

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 103

Topic: Cognitive Dissonance

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

51.As a teenager, your parents always compelled you to clean your room. Now that you are living on your own, you feel no motivation to clean your home as your parents are not around to nag you. This shows that:

1. only enough incentive is not effective in eliciting desired behaviors.
2. authoritarian management will be effective even when the authority is absent.
3. C. people are unlikely to internalize forced behavior.
4. behaviors follow attitudes for which we feel some responsibility.

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 103

Topic: Cognitive Dissonance

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

52.Identify a true statement about dissonance theory.

1. It states that one feels tension when one has multiple consistent thoughts.
2. It assumes that for strategic reasons one expresses attitudes that make one appear consistent.
3. It supports the fact that discomfort remains unaffected by judging one’s actions to oneself.
4. D. It pertains mostly to discrepancies between behavior and attitudes.

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 101

Topic: Cognitive Dissonance

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

53.After much deliberation, you select a college to enroll yourself. After you have made your decision, you can reduce dissonance by _____ the chosen university and _____ the unchosen universities.

1. emphasizing; revamping
2. revamping; emphasizing
3. downgrading; upgrading
4. D. upgrading; downgrading

APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 103

Topic: Cognitive Dissonance

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

54.You receive multiple job offers after graduating from college. You find it difficult to arrive at a decision. However, once you decide to accept an offer, you find yourself _____ the job offers you did not accept in order to reduce dissonance.

1. focusing on
2. revamping
3. C. downgrading
4. upgrading

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 103

Topic: Cognitive Dissonance

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

55.Omar and Nadia are a newly married couple. They work in multinational companies. Omar receives a job offer from an overseas company. As a result, they are required to relocate abroad. Nadia has to decide if she wants to stay back and continue with her current job or move abroad with her husband where she will have limited job opportunities. In this scenario, after arriving at a decision, Nadia can reduce her dissonance by:

1. A. upgrading her choice.
2. pondering the negative aspects of what she chooses.
3. evaluating the positive aspects of what she does not choose.
4. downgrading her husband’s choice.

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 103

Topic: Cognitive Dissonance

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

56.You receive more than one marriage proposal. According to dissonance theory, after you decide who you wish to spend your life with, you will _____ the individual whose proposal you accepted.

1. disregard
2. ignore
3. downgrade
4. D. upgrade

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 103

Topic: Cognitive Dissonance

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

57.After spending a lot of time researching vehicles, Linda makes a purchase. After owning the vehicle for several months, she experiences dissonance and wonders if her choice was right. According to dissonance theory, we would expect Linda to reduce her dissonance by _____ the chosen vehicle and _____ the unchosen vehicles.

1. revamping; customizing
2. customizing; revamping
3. downgrading; upgrading
4. D. upgrading; downgrading

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 103

Topic: Cognitive Dissonance

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

58.Logan chooses zoology over botany as his major in college. However, he experiences dissonance when his semester starts. In this scenario, which of the following is a likely reason for his dissonance?

1. He focuses on the negative aspects of botany.
2. He highlights the positive aspects of zoology.
3. He is unable to downgrade zoology.
4. D. He fails to downgrade botany.

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 103

Topic: Cognitive Dissonance

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

59.Owen gets a lucrative job offer from a multinational company soon after he receives his undergraduate degree. At the same time, he gets a research scholarship from a renowned foreign university. He is in a dilemma and is unable to choose the right course of action. Which of the following theories best explains this scenario?

1. self-presentation theory
2. B. cognitive dissonance theory
3. self-perception theory
4. regulatory focus theory

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 100

Topic: Cognitive Dissonance

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

60.Self-perception theory assumes that _____.

1. one tends to give more importance to the opinion of an authority figure than others
2. justifying one’s behavior to reduce one’s internal discomfort is common
3. for strategic reasons we express attitudes that make us appear consistent
4. D. hearing oneself talk informs one of one’s attitudes

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 104

Topic: Self-Perception

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

61.Which of the following theories states that when we are unsure of our attitudes, we infer them by looking at our behavior and the circumstances under which it occurs?

1. self-presentation theory
2. self-consistency theory
3. cognitive dissonance theory
4. D. self-perception theory

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 104

Topic: Self-Perception

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

62.In a psychological experiment, the participants were shown a collection of pictures depicting both pleasant and unpleasant aspects of their lives. They were instructed to smile whenever they saw an unpleasant picture. At the end of the experiment, the participants reported that they felt happy despite seeing the unpleasant pictures. Which of the following is exemplified in this experiment?

1. the continued influence effect
2. the insufficient justification effect
3. the overjustification effect
4. D. the facial feedback effect

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 105

Topic: Self-Perception

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

63.Ji-woo wakes up one morning and feels happy and cheerful. She concludes that she must be happy because her best friend paid her a visit the previous evening after a long time. In the context of psychology, which of the following theories supports Ji-woo’s conclusion?

1. Erikson’s stages of development
2. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
3. cognitive dissonance theory
4. D. self-perception theory

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 104

Topic: Self-Perception

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

64.Felix sweats profusely just before an interview and feels uncomfortable. He concludes he is nervous. However, his nervousness disappears when he notices the lights are not working in the waiting room. In the context of psychology, which of the following is exemplified in this scenario?

1. cognitive dissonance theory
2. B. self-perception theory
3. hierarchy of needs
4. operant conditioning

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 104

Topic: Self-Perception

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

65.Which of the following illustrates the facial feedback effect?

1. Mia goes out of her way to help others without expecting anything in return.
2. B. Elton feels cheerful when he looks straight ahead and takes long, confident strides.
3. Layla agrees to work in return for meager pay when she is forced and threatened.
4. Noah starts disliking brain teasers when his parents give him incentives for solving them.

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 104–105

Topic: Self-Perception

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

66.In a psychology experiment, the participants were required to frown during the first half of the day and smile during the remaining half. At the end of the day, the participants reported feeling more positive when they smiled rather than when they frowned. This scenario likely illustrates:

1. A. belief perseverance.
2. the facial feedback effect.
3. cognitive dissonance.
4. the overjustification effect.

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 105

Topic: Self-Perception

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

67.Which of the following theories assumes that our actions are self-revealing?

1. self-presentation theory
2. self-consistency theory
3. cognitive dissonance theory
4. D. self-perception theory

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 104

Topic: Self-Perception

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

68.Schnall and Laird’s (2003) research revealed that individuals induced to repeatedly practice happy expressions tended to recall many happy memories and found their happy mood lingering. This is best explained by:

1. self-presentation theory.
2. self-consistency theory.
3. cognitive dissonance theory.
4. D. self-perception theory.

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 105

Topic: Self-Perception

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

69.Vaughan and Lanzetta’s (1981) study required participants to observe someone receiving supposed electric shocks. Some, but not all, of the participants were required to make a pained expression whenever the shock was implemented. The results indicated that compared with those students who were not required to make a pained expression, those who did perspired more and had faster heart rates whenever they saw the shock being delivered. With which theory are the results of this study consistent?

1. self-presentation theory
2. self-consistency theory
3. cognitive dissonance theory
4. D. self-perception theory

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 105

Topic: Self-Perception

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

70.Which statement is NOT true according to the research findings on expressions and attitudes?

1. Our expressions influence our feelings.
2. Our gait can affect how we feel.
3. We find cartoons funnier when we use our smiling muscles.
4. D. We cannot sense how someone else is feeling by mirroring his or her facial expressions.

APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 105

Topic: Self-Perception

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

71.When people are bribed to do what they already like doing, they may see their actions as being externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing. This behavior is best explained by:

1. self-presentation theory.
2. emotional contagion theory.
3. C. the overjustification effect.
4. the insufficient justification effect.

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 106–107

Topic: Overjustification Effect

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

72.Lucy volunteers to teach the children of a local orphanage baseball on weekends. The manager of the orphanage offers to pay Lucy if she coaches the children for four days a week. Initially, Lucy is excited about the offer and accepts it. However, after a few weeks, she feels less enthusiastic about the classes and stops visiting the orphanage. In the context of psychology, which of the following is illustrated in this scenario?

1. the subadditivity effect
2. B. the overjustification effect
3. cognitive dissonance
4. clustering illusion

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 106–107

Topic: Overjustification Effect

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

73.When external inducements are insufficient to justify our behavior, we reduce dissonance internally by justifying the behavior. Which of the following theories explains this insufficient justification effect?

1. self-inducement theory
2. self-presentation theory
3. cognitive justification theory
4. D. cognitive dissonance theory

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 102

Topic: Cognitive Dissonance

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

74.Which of the following theories explains the insufficient justification effect by claiming that we explain our behavior by noting the conditions under which it occurs?

1. A. self-perception theory
2. self-presentation theory
3. role-playing theory
4. cognitive dissonance theory

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 104

Topic: Self-Perception

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

75.Rewarding people for doing what they already enjoy may lead them to attribute their action to the reward. If so, this would undermine their self-perception that they do it because they like it. This is called:

1. cognitive dissonance.
2. deindividuation.
3. C. the overjustification effect.
4. the insufficient justification effect.

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 106–107

Topic: Overjustification Effect

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

76.The _____ occurs when someone offers an unnecessary reward beforehand in an obvious effort to control behavior.

1. foot-in-the-door effect
2. self-justification effect
3. C. overjustification effect
4. insufficient justification effect

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Remember

Difficulty: Low

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 107

Topic: Overjustification Effect

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

77.Jeremy loses interest in doing arithmetic after his teacher promises him $1 for each problem he solves correctly. Which theory best explains Jeremy’s loss of interest in arithmetic?

1. A. self-perception theory
2. cognitive dissonance theory
3. self-presentation theory
4. self-monitoring theory

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 107

Topic: Self-Perception

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

78.According to the overjustification effect, promising children a reward for an activity that they already enjoy doing intrinsically will:

1. cause them to enjoy the activity more than earlier.
2. B. lead them to enjoy the activity less than earlier.
3. increase the time and effort they put into the activity.
4. encourage them to do the activity on their own without any promise of future rewards.

APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Understand

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 107

Topic: Self-Perception

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?

 

79.Myra’s neighbor, an 8-year-old, plays his saxophone loudly. This annoys her. In the context of the overjustification effect, if Myra wants him to quit playing, she should:

1. show her annoyance.
2. pay him to quit playing.
3. pay him a small amount to quit playing and then offer him more and more.
4. D. pay him to play and gradually offer him less.

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s Level: Apply

Difficulty: High

Learning Objective: State the theories that seek to explain the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon and discuss how the contest between these competing theories illustrates the process of scientific explanation.

Page: 107

Topic: Overjustification Effect

Feedback: Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Attitudes?