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Traditions & Encounters A Global Perspective on the Past 6Th Edition By Jerry Bentley – Test Bank
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Chapter 02
Early Societies in Southwest Asia and the Indo-European Migrations
Multiple Choice Questions
- (p. 27)Gilgamesh was associated with what city?
A. Jerusalem
B. Kish
C. Uruk
D. Lagash
E. Ur
Topic: The Early Quest for Order
- (p. 27)The earliest urban societies known so far emerged in the
A. first millennium B.C.E.
B. third millennium B.C.E.
C. sixth millennium B.C.E.
D. second millennium B.C.E.
E. fourth millennium B.C.E.
Topic: The Early Quest for Order
- (p. 28)With few precedents to guide them, the population of Mesopotamia adapted and created
A. social organization.
B. writing.
C. agricultural cultivation.
D. the development of religion.
E. competition amongst different groups.
Topic: The Early Quest for Order
- (p. 28)The word Mesopotamia means
A. the “pure land.”
B. the “land of the strong.”
C. “the blood of Gilgamesh.”
D. “wedge-shaped.”
E. “the land between the rivers.”
Topic: The Early Quest for Order
- (p. 28-29)Which of the following is NOT a Semitic language?
A. Hebrew
B. Phoenician
C. Aramaic
D. Sumerian
E. Akkadian
Topic: The Early Quest for Order
- (p. 28)The first complex society was developed in the southern Mesopotamian land of
A. Akkad.
B. Assyria.
C. Sumer.
D. Babylonia.
E. Palestine.
Topic: The Early Quest for Order
- (p. 29)Eridu, Ur, Uruk, Lagash, Nippur, and Kish were all associated with
A. Egypt.
B. Nubia.
C. Phoenicia.
D. Mesopotamia.
E. Jerusalem.
Topic: The Early Quest for Order
- (p. 29)A Mesopotamian stepped pyramid is known as a
A. coptic.
B. eridu.
C. lugal.
D. lex talionis.
E. ziggurat.
Topic: The Early Quest for Order
- (p. 30)After 3000 B.C.E. all Sumerian cities were ruled by what form of government?
A. monarchy
B. councils of elders
C. dictators
D. assemblies of citizens
E. military governors
Topic: The Early Quest for Order
- (p. 31)The creator of the first empire in Mesopotamia was
A. Hammurabi.
B. Moses.
C. Sargon of Akkad.
D. Gilgamesh.
E. Nebuchadnezzar.
Topic: The Early Quest for Order
- (p. 31)What individual believed that the gods had chosen him to “promote the welfare of the people . . . [and] to cause justice to prevail in the land”?
A. Moses
B. Nebuchadnezzar
C. Hammurabi
D. Sargon of Akkad
E. Gilgamesh
Topic: The Early Quest for Order
- (p. 32)While Hammurabi’s code was based on the concept of lex talionis, it was also shaped by
A. social standing.
B. the will of the Mesopotamian gods as expressed by the priestly class.
C. the language spoken by the accused perpetrator.
D. the age of the accused perpetrator.
E. the religion of the victim.
Topic: The Early Quest for Order
- (p. 32)The Babylonians eventually fell in 1595 B.C.E. to the
A. Egyptians.
B. Hittites.
C. Sumerians.
D. Hebrews.
E. Akkadians.
Topic: The Early Quest for Order
- (p. 33-34)The later Mesopotamian people who built a large empire based on a powerful army with iron weapons and the use of professional officers were the
A. Hittites.
B. Hyksos.
C. Assyrians.
D. Babylonians.
E. Hebrews.
Topic: The Early Quest for Order
- (p. 34-35)A Babylonian resurgence of power was led in the sixth century B.C.E. by
A. Nebuchadnezzar.
B. Ashurbanipal.
C. Solomon.
D. Sargon.
E. Hammurabi.
Topic: The Early Quest for Order
- (p. 33)Mesopotamian metalworkers discovered that if they alloyed copper and tin they could produce
A. obsidian.
B. steel.
C. iron.
D. silver.
E. bronze.
Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Southwest Asia
- (p. 35)Iron metallurgy came to Mesopotamia from the
A. Hebrews.
B. Hittites.
C. Phoenicians.
D. Egyptians.
E. Assyrians.
Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Southwest Asia
- (p. 35)The first people in the world to use wheeled vehicles were the
A. Sumerians.
B. Assyrians.
C. Egyptians.
D. Phoenicians.
E. Hebrews.
Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Southwest Asia
- (p. 35)Evidence shows that the Mesopotamians
A. traded extensively with peoples as far away as Anatolia, Egypt, and India.
B. lived an isolated existence and did not trade.
C. traded exclusively with the Egyptians.
D. traded extensively until the time of the Assyrians, when trade dropped to nothing.
E. traded exclusively with the Phoenicians.
Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Southwest Asia
- (p. 37)In Mesopotamia, prisoners of war, convicted criminals, and heavily indebted individuals were the three main sources for
A. slaves.
B. indentured servants.
C. dependent clients.
D. mercenary soldiers.
E. indentured priests.
Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Southwest Asia
- (p. 37)Mesopotamia developed into a
A. strict patriarchal society.
B. society where the sexes enjoyed relative equality.
C. predominantly matriarchal society.
D. society with few social distinctions.
E. society dominated by a growing mercantile middle class.
Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Southwest Asia
- (p. 38)Conditions for women in Mesopotamia
A. increased dramatically over the centuries.
B. reached their high point during the time of the Assyrians.
C. grew increasingly worse over time.
D. improved dramatically when women were allowed to do away with the veil.
E. were always very good; women had tremendous personal freedoms.
Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Southwest Asia
- (p. 38)The Mesopotamian style of writing was known as
A. demotic.
B. cuneiform.
C. hieroglyphs.
D. Coptic.
E. alphabetic.
Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Southwest Asia
- (p. 27, 39)Enkidu
A. was the Sumerian god of wisdom.
B. was a leading Sumerian city-state.
C. was the most powerful Babylonian king.
D. was Gilgamesh’s friend.
E. is the Hebrew word for “holy.”
Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Southwest Asia
- (p. 40-41)After 1300 B.C.E, ethical monotheism was in the tradition of the
A. Mesopotamians.
B. Egyptians.
C. Assyrians.
D. Hebrews.
E. Phoenicians.
Topic: Mesopotamian Influence
- (p. 40)Hebrew monotheism has its origins with
A. Abraham.
B. Moses.
C. Joseph.
D. David.
E. Solomon.
Topic: Mesopotamian Influence
- (p. 44)The first simplified alphabet, containing only twenty-two letters, was created by the
A. Mesopotamians.
B. Assyrians.
C. Hebrews.
D. Phoenicians.
E. Babylonians.
Topic: Mesopotamian Influence
- (p. 44)Which of the following languages is NOT of Indo-European origin?
A. Egyptian
B. Farsi
C. Hindi
D. Greek
E. Italic
Topic: Indo-European Migrations
- (p. 45)The original homeland of the Indo-European speakers was
A. Mesopotamia.
B. northern Germany.
C. southern Russia.
D. India.
E. Egypt.
Topic: Indo-European Migrations
- (p. 45)Some of the most influential ancient Indo-European migrants into southwest Asia, migrating to central Anatolia around 1900 B.C.E., were the
A. Assyrians.
B. Aryans.
C. Hebrews.
D. Babylonians.
E. Hittites.
Topic: Indo-European Migrations
- (p. 46)Horse-drawn chariots were first invented by the
A. Egyptians.
B. Assyrians.
C. Hittites.
D. Babylonians.
E. Hyksos.
Topic: Indo-European Migrations
True / False Questions
- (p. 40)The Hebrew god was known as Yahweh.
TRUE
Topic: Mesopotamian Influence
- (p. 46)The Phoenicians invented the horse-drawn chariot.
FALSE
Topic: Indo-European Migrations
- (p. 31)Nebuchadnezzar was the first conqueror to unite all of Mesopotamia.
FALSE
Topic: The Early Quest for Order
- (p. 31-32)Lex talionis was a legal principle, the “law of retaliation.”
TRUE
Topic: The Early Quest for Order
- (p. 44)The first alphabet was created by the Phoenicians.
TRUE
Topic: Mesopotamian Influence
- (p. 34)At its high point, which empire controlled not only Mesopotamia but also Syria, Palestine, much of Anatolia, and most of Egypt?
TRUE
Topic: The Early Quest for Order
- (p. 33)Gilgamesh is the hero of the oldest known epic.
TRUE
Topic: The Early Quest for Order
- (p. 31-32)The powerful Babylonian king who formulated a sophisticated law code was Hammurabi.
TRUE
Topic: The Early Quest for Order
Essay Questions
- Are there drawbacks to the rise of complex societies? In other words, is every aspect of civilization good? Are there still problems today that stretch back to the rise of civilization?
Answers will vary
Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Southwest Asia
Topic: Mesopotamian Influence
Topic: The Early Quest for Order
- What aspects of Mesopotamia as a region encouraged the formation of the first complex societies?
Answers will vary
Topic: The Early Quest for Order
- Examine the history of the Hebrews. Why did they have so much trouble uniting into a powerful political force? How did their wanderings and misfortune affect the development of their form of monotheism?
Answers will vary
Topic: Mesopotamian Influence
- Examine the rise of the Mesopotamians. What were the political and cultural foundations of their society? Who were the most important leaders?
Answers will vary
Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Southwest Asia
Topic: The Early Quest for Order
- Examine the reign of Hammurabi. In what ways was his reign the high point of Mesopotamian history? Explain the significance of his code.
Answers will vary
Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Southwest Asia
Topic: The Early Quest for Order
- What role did the Indo-Europeans play in history? What were their main contributions?
Answers will vary
Topic: Indo-European Migrations
- Examine the social structure of the Mesopotamians. Were there great divisions between the different social classes? How had the social distinctions changed since the period of prehistory?
Answers will vary
Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Southwest Asia
- What role did technological innovations and trade play in the rise of the Mesopotamians? What innovations led to turning points in the histories of these societies? How widely did they trade?
Answers will vary
Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Southwest Asia
- What were the major achievements of the Mesopotamians? How did these achievements influence later societies?
Answers will vary
Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Southwest Asia
Topic: Mesopotamian Influence
Topic: The Early Quest for Order
- Examine the creation of early methods of writing. How did this innovation influence the lives of the peoples of the ancient world?
Answers will vary
Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Southwest Asia
Topic: Indo-European Migrations
Topic: Mesopotamian Influence
- What does the Epic of Gilgamesh tell us about the worldview of the Mesopotamians?
Answers will vary
Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Southwest Asia
Topic: The Early Quest for Order
- Compare and contrast the religious beliefs of the early Mesopotamians and the Hebrews. What do the differences tell us about these societies?
Answers will vary
Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Southwest Asia
Topic: Mesopotamian Influence
Topic: The Early Quest for Order
- Examine the question of monotheism. Why was it such an unusual religious view in the ancient world?
Answers will vary
Topic: Mesopotamian Influence
- How did the role of women evolve during the growth and maturation of complex societies in Mesopotamia?
Answers will vary
Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Southwest Asia
- What was the significance of the need for irrigation to the political development of Mesopotamia?
Answers will vary
Topic: The Early Quest for Order
- What were the underlying principles of Hammurabi’s code of laws and what does the law code tell us about the kind of society that existed in Mesopotamia at the time?
Answers will vary
Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Southwest Asia
Topic: The Early Quest for Order
- Why were the Assyrians such formidable conquerors?
Answers will vary
Topic: The Early Quest for Order
- What were the social strata in ancient Mesopotamia? How were slaves acquired and used?
Answers will vary
Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Southwest Asia
Chapter 04
Early Societies in South Asia
Multiple Choice Questions
- (p. 75)The chief god of the early Aryans was
A. Enlil.
B. a mother goddess.
C. Varuna.
D. Indra.
E. Manu.
Topic: Harappan Society
- (p. 75)After the Aryans and Dravidians mixed and intermingled,
A. Indra still remained the leading god.
B. Indra disappeared completely.
C. Amon-Re replaced Indra as the ruler of the gods.
D. the worship of Indra evolved into a monotheistic religion.
E. Indra receded into the background.
Topic: Harappan Society
- (p. 75)Archaeologists in India have discovered that between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.,
A. the Aryan migration took place.
B. the Aryans worshipped Indra.
C. a war was fought between the Dravidians and the Mesopotamians.
D. cultivators built a neolithic society west of the Indus River.
E. an active trading network existed with the Chinese.
Topic: Harappan Society
- (p. 76)The earliest known urban society in India was the
A. Bantu.
B. Indo-European.
C. Harappan.
D. Sumerian.
E. Hindu.
Topic: Harappan Society
- (p. 76)Much of early Harappan history remains a mystery because
A. the archaeological remains are under water.
B. they lacked a written language.
C. their records were destroyed by a Mesopotamian invasion.
D. the Aryans undertook a systematic destruction of Harappan written records.
E. None of these answers is correct.
Topic: Harappan Society
- (p. 76)If the Greek historian Herodotus had known of the Harappan society, he might have used the phrase “the gift of the ________” to describe it.
A. Nile
B. Tigris
C. Indus
D. Yangtze
E. Euphrates
Topic: Harappan Society
- (p. 76-77)Chickens were first domesticated in
A. China.
B. Mesopotamia.
C. Greece.
D. Egypt.
E. India.
Topic: Harappan Society
- (p. 77)Mohenjo-daro was
A. the mother goddess of the earliest Indian society.
B. an important early thinker in the rise of Hinduism.
C. one of the two larger cities of Harappan society.
D. a collection of early Indian religious texts.
E. the combination of two Indian sun gods.
Topic: Harappan Society
- (p. 77)Based on archaeological evidence from early Indian history, historians believe that
A. Harappa and Mohenjo-daro served as economic and political centers.
B. the Harappan world was one of constant civil war.
C. the Chinese were a constant influence.
D. there was little true culture in India before the arrival of the Indo-Europeans.
E. early Indian cities remained small and unsophisticated by comparison to other ancient cities.
Topic: Harappan Society
- (p. 77)At its height, the population of Mohenjo-daro may have reached as high as ________.
A. 10,000
B. 20,000
C. 40,000
D. 75,000
E. 100,000
Topic: Harappan Society
- (p. 77)Evidence relating to trade indicates that Harappan India
A. was isolated and did not trade.
B. traded exclusively with China.
C. traded exclusively with Egypt.
D. imported substantially more than they exported.
E. traded with the Mesopotamians.
Topic: Harappan Society
- (p. 78)Which statement about Harappan society is FALSE?
A. Most of their houses featured private showers and toilets.
B. They traded with the Mesopotamians.
C. They had social distinctions.
D. Their writings have provided a wealth of information for historians.
E. They produced representational art.
Topic: Harappan Society
- (p. 78)Harappan religion
A. focused on the worship of the sun.
B. was strongly monotheistic.
C. reflected a strong concern for fertility.
D. focused on the worship of the moon.
E. is the same as Hinduism.
Topic: Harappan Society
- (p. 79)Some scholars believe that, after the collapse of the Harappan society, Harappan deities
A. disappeared completely.
B. quickly became the only gods of the Indo-Europeans.
C. survived and found a place in the Hindu pantheon.
D. survived in southeast Asia after the Harappan migration.
E. were transformed into destructive dragons by the Aryans.
Topic: Harappan Society
- (p. 79)One of the biggest reasons for the decline of the Harappan society was likely
A. a devastating plague.
B. ecological degradation.
C. a Chinese invasion.
D. a Mesopotamian invasion.
E. a bloody civil war.
Topic: Harappan Society
- (p. 80)The most prominent of the Indo-Europeans who entered India called themselves Aryans, which means
A. “agents of the lord king.”
B. “horse masters.”
C. “noble people.”
D. “people of Indra.”
E. “the pure.”
Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India
- (p. 80)The Aryans were
A. the priestly class of the Harappan society.
B. Chinese merchants.
C. the political remnants of the Harappan kings.
D. Indo-Europeans.
E. Germanic invaders.
Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India
- (p. 80)The Aryans came into India
A. in a centuries-long migration.
B. as part of a violent, organized military campaign.
C. as religious pilgrims.
D. after fleeing persecution in China.
E. as a slave class that eventually rebelled against Harappan repression.
Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India
- (p. 80)Which of the following statements about the Aryans is NOT true?
A. They made extensive use of domesticate horses, hitching them to carts and wagons.
B. They composed numerous poems and songs.
C. They practiced limited agriculture as they entered India, instead relying on a pastoral culture.
D. They brought the first written language to India.
E. They consumed both dairy products and beef.
Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India
- (p. 80)The principle measure of wealth in early Aryan society was
A. horses.
B. gold.
C. stores of rice.
D. camels.
E. land.
Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India
- (p. 80)The earliest of the orally transmitted religious and literary works of the Aryans was the
A. Upanishads.
B. Vedas.
C. Dasas.
D. Rajas.
E. Book of Songs.
Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India
- (p. 81)The Aryans referred to social classes by the term
A. karmas.
B. varnas.
C. moksha.
D. samsara.
E. rajas.
Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India
- (p. 81)Which of the following social classes in the late Vedic Age caste system is associated with warriors and aristocrats?
A. shudras
B. kshatriyas
C. vaishyas
D. brahmins
E. dasas
Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India
- (p. 81)The task of butchering animals or handling dead bodies usually fell to the
A. untouchables.
B. shudras.
C. vaishyas.
D. jati.
E. kshatriyas.
Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India
- (p. 81)In early Vedic times the Aryans based social distinctions—and thus the early forms of the caste system—on
A. Aryan or Dravidian ancestry.
B. religious belief.
C. language.
D. wealth measured by cattle and horses.
E. European ancestry.
Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India
- (p. 82)A jati is
A. a subcaste.
B. a serf in the caste system.
C. a transmigration of the soul.
D. a priest in the caste system.
E. an untouchable.
Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India
- (p. 83)The first century B.C.E. literary work that dealt with moral behavior and social relationships was the
A. Upanishads.
B. Rig Veda.
C. Varna.
D. Lawbook of Manu.
E. Book of Songs.
Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India
- (p. 84)When a Hindu widow voluntarily threw herself on her dead husband’s funeral pyre it was known as
A. jati.
B. manu.
C. samsara.
D. sati.
E. dasa.
Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India
- (p. 82-83)Vedic society was
A. strongly matriarchal.
B. marked by equality of the sexes.
C. strongly patriarchal.
D. alternately patriarchal and matriarchal, depending upon which god was in power.
E. strongly patriarchal until the creation of the Lawbook of Manu changed gender rules.
Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India
- (p. 84)What Aryan god was associated with war and rain?
A. Varuna
B. Indra
C. Agni
D. Krishna
E. Inanna
Topic: Vedic Age Religion
- (p. 84)The Aryans believed that Varuna
A. was the founder of India.
B. represented war and rain.
C. oversaw the behavior of mortals and preserved the cosmic order.
D. determined the caste that souls entered into as part of transmigration.
E. wrote the Lawbook of Manu.
Topic: Vedic Age Religion
- (p. 84)The most important aspect of the Aryan religion during the early Vedic times was
A. the proper performance of ritual sacrifices.
B. an ethical code of conduct.
C. a tightly-structured monotheism.
D. the acceptance of Indra as the redeemer.
E. the enlightenment of the Buddha.
Topic: Vedic Age Religion
- (p. 84)The hallucinogenic concoction drunk by Aryans during ritual sacrifices was known as
A. Varuna.
B. soma.
C. agni.
D. sati.
E. dasa.
Topic: Vedic Age Religion
- (p. 84)The “World of the Fathers”
A. is a term associated with the brahmin caste.
B. is the concept that best expresses the patriarchal nature of Indian society.
C. represents the hierarchical nature of the caste system.
D. was the Aryan heaven.
E. was the goal of adolescent boys as they underwent ritualistic circumcision.
Topic: Vedic Age Religion
- (p. 85)The Upanishads were
A. the priestly class from the caste system.
B. a branch of the Indo-Europeans who settled in northern India.
C. commentaries and reflections on the Vedas.
D. warriors.
E. the untouchables.
Topic: Vedic Age Religion
- (p. 85)The authors of the Upanishads believed that the highest goal of the individual soul was to
A. follow the Four Noble Truths.
B. escape the cycle of birth and rebirth and enter into permanent union with Brahman.
C. enter into permanent union with Indra and thus escape the cycle of permanent rebirth.
D. fulfill the individual’s special destiny as spelled out in the process of predestination.
E. perform sati.
Topic: Vedic Age Religion
- (p. 85)“Now as a man is like this or like that, according as he acts and according as he behaves, so will he be: a man of good acts will become good, a man of bad acts, bad.” This passage from the Upanishads explains what religious concept?
A. dharma
B. samsara
C. varna
D. karma
E. moksha
Topic: Vedic Age Religion
- (p. 86)The two principal means to achieve the goal of moksha are
A. righteous battle and conquest.
B. asceticism and meditation.
C. intellectual stimulation and hedonistic pleasure.
D. artistic expression and logical intellectual progression.
E. blood-letting and human sacrifice.
Topic: Vedic Age Religion
True / False Questions
- (p. 80)Dasas is the Aryan term for the Dravidians.
TRUE
Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India
- (p. 86)Severing all ties with the physical world and identifying oneself with the ultimate reality of the world spirit is moksha.
TRUE
Topic: Vedic Age Religion
- (p. 84)Indra was the Aryan god who preserved the cosmic order.
FALSE
Topic: Vedic Age Religion
- (p. 81)Aryans used the term varnas to refer to the major social classes.
TRUE
Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India
- (p. 84)Varuna was the chief god of the Aryans, associated with rain and war.
FALSE
Topic: Vedic Age Religion
- (p. 81)The priests were called brahmins.
TRUE
Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India
- (p. 84)The Rig Veda is a collection of hymns, songs, and prayers that provides a great deal of information on the values of the Aryans.
TRUE
Topic: Vedic Age Religion
- (p. 86)Moksha is the transmigration of the soul.
FALSE
Topic: Vedic Age Religion
- (p. 85)The Upanishads are reflections and commentaries on the Vedas.
TRUE
Topic: Vedic Age Religion
- (p. 85)The sum of good and evil in a life is known as karma.
TRUE
Topic: Vedic Age Religion
Essay Questions
- In the Rig Veda, the following lines relate to the sacrifice of the primeval being Purusha: “The brahmin was his mouth, of both his arms was the kshatriya made. His thighs became the vaishya, from his feet the shudra was produced.” What do these words mean? What is the significance of the association with the various body parts? What does the preeminence of a god such as Indra say about the Aryans at the time of their arrival in India? What happened to the view of Indra as India evolved?
Answers will vary
Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India
Topic: Vedic Age Religion
- What were the advantages and disadvantages of the caste system? How did the caste system reflect Indian society?
Answers will vary
Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India
- Compare and contrast the political, religious, and social characteristics of Harappan society to those of Mesopotamia and Egypt.
Answers will vary
Topic: Harappan Society
- How are the Upanishads different from the Vedas? What might these differences tell us about the evolution of Indian religious thought?
Answers will vary
Topic: Vedic Age Religion
- Discuss the nature of Harappan society. What makes this society so unique? Compare it to other contemporary ancient societies.
Answers will vary
Topic: Harappan Society
- Examine the changing role of women in ancient India. How does the Lawbook of Manu reflect this transformation?
Answers will vary
Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India
- Examine the journeys and nature of the Indo-Europeans. How did they influence India? How did they influence the rest of the ancient world?
Answers will vary
Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India
- Examine the political world of ancient India. Why was India politically fragmented? How did this lack of political unity influence the course of Indian history?
Answers will vary
Topic: Harappan Society
Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India
- Examine the changing social structure of ancient India. How did Aryan and Vedic Age religion mirror the social complexity of India? What role did the caste system play?
Answers will vary
Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India
Topic: Vedic Age Religion
- Look at the aerial view of the city of Mohenjo-daro on page 78. What features of the city are most noticeable? What can the remains of a city such as this one tell the modern viewer about the political or social world of its builders?
Answers will vary
Topic: Harappan Society
- Look at the carving of a mother and child on page 84. What can the carving tell us about the status of women in ancient India? How does the Lawbook of Manu relate to the carving?
Answers will vary
Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India
- Look at the statue and carving from Mohenjo-daro on page 79. What can this artwork tell you about the political and social structures of the Harappans? What unique traits of Harappan society can be related to these works of art?
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Topic: Harappan Society
- Examine the section from the Rig Veda on the division of Purusha (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: The Rig Veda on the Origin of the Castes). What does this tell us about the creation and nature of the different castes? How does the excerpt from the Rig Veda reflect the importance of the caste system in ancient India? How did this original concept change over the centuries?
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Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India
Topic: Vedic Age Religion
- Based on the Mundaka Upanishad (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: The Mundaka Upanishad on the Nature of Brahman), describe Brahman.
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Topic: Vedic Age Religion
- Trace the origins of the caste system, making sure to include a discussion of varna and jati.
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Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India
- Describe the Aryans and their society as they migrated into India. Were they warlike? What was the basis of their food production and economy? How did they use language and writing?
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Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India
- What are the Vedas and what do they teach us about early Aryan society?
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Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India
- What are the fundamental religious teachings of the Upanishads?
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Topic: Vedic Age Religion
- How did the religious beliefs as expressed in the Upanishads dovetail with the social order during the Vedic age?
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Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India
Topic: Vedic Age Religion
- In what ways did the religion of the Upanishads include an ethical system?
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Topic: Vedic Age Religion
- How did the Dravidian and Aryan cultures blend during this period?
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Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India
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