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Understanding Psychology 14Th Edition By Robert Feldmen -Test Bank
Sample Questions
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Chapter 2 Psychological Research
1) The approach used by psychologists to systematically acquire knowledge and understanding about behavior and other phenomena of interest is called
- A) the trial and error method.
- B) the informed speculation method.
- C) the scientific method.
- D) the educated guessing method.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 4: The Scientific Method
Topic: Scientific Method
Learning Objective: Summarize the scientific method.
Bloom’s: Remember
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2) Which of the following is the first step in the scientific method?
- A) formulating an explanation
- B) identifying questions of interest
- C) communicating the findings
- D) carrying out research designed to support or refute the explanation
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 4: The Scientific Method
Topic: Scientific Method
Learning Objective: Summarize the scientific method.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
3) After identifying the question of interest, which is the next step in the scientific method?
- A) formulating an explanation
- B) evaluating the findings
- C) communicating the findings
- D) carrying out research designed to support or refute the explanation
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 4: The Scientific Method
Topic: Scientific Method
Learning Objective: Summarize the scientific method.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
4) Which of the following sequences correctly arranges the steps in the scientific method from first to last?
- A) identify problem → formulate explanation → carry out research → communicate findings
- B) carry out research → formulate explanation → identify problem → communicate findings
- C) identify problem → carry out research → formulate explanation → communicate findings
- D) carry out research → identify problem → formulate explanation → communicate findings
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 4: The Scientific Method
Topic: Scientific Method
Learning Objective: Summarize the scientific method.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
5) Frederico is presenting the outcomes of an experiment he conducted in a talk at a regional psychology conference. Frederico is engaged in the ________ step of the scientific method, namely ________.
- A) first; communicating results
- B) first; formulating an explanation
- C) last; communicating findings
- D) last; formulating an explanation
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Section: 4: The Scientific Method
Topic: Scientific Method
Learning Objective: Summarize the scientific method.
Bloom’s: Apply
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6) The development of a hypothesis occurs in which of the following steps of the scientific method?
- A) formulating an explanation
- B) identifying questions of interest
- C) communicating the findings
- D) carrying out research designed to support or refute the explanation
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 4: The Scientific Method
Topic: Scientific Method
Learning Objective: Summarize the scientific method.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
7) Cheng is conducting a research study on the effects of speech defects. As part of his research, he is devising an operational definition of nervousness. Which of the following steps of the scientific method is he at?
- A) formulating an explanation
- B) carrying out research designed to support or refute the explanation
- C) communicating the findings
- D) identifying questions of interest
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Section: 4: The Scientific Method
Topic: Scientific Method
Learning Objective: Summarize the scientific method.
Bloom’s: Apply
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8) Collection and analysis of data is done in which of the following steps of the scientific method?
- A) formulating an explanation
- B) identifying questions of interest
- C) communicating the findings
- D) carrying out research designed to support or refute the explanation
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 4: The Scientific Method
Topic: Scientific Method
Learning Objective: Summarize the scientific method.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
9) Olivia is a psychologist. She wants to use the scientific method to systematically acquire knowledge and understanding about behavior. With which of the following steps should she start?
- A) formulating an explanation
- B) identifying questions of interest for research based on prior research findings
- C) communicating her findings
- D) carrying out research designed to support or refute the explanation
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Section: 4: The Scientific Method
Topic: Scientific Method
Learning Objective: Summarize the scientific method.
Bloom’s: Understand
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10) ________ are broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest.
- A) Theories
- B) Hypotheses
- C) Operational definitions
- D) Suppositions
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 4: The Scientific Method
Topic: Theories
Learning Objective: Distinguish between theory and hypothesis.
Bloom’s: Remember
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11) Andrea is reading a broad explanation for why some people are more vulnerable to addiction than are others. This reading material also includes several predictions concerning people’s vulnerability to addiction. Andrea is reading a(n)
- A) theory.
- B) hypothesis.
- C) operational definition.
- D) supposition.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Section: 4: The Scientific Method
Topic: Theories
Learning Objective: Distinguish between theory and hypothesis.
Bloom’s: Apply
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12) Identify a true statement about theories.
- A) They vary in their breadth and level of detail.
- B) They are translations of hypotheses into specific procedures.
- C) They always agree with the intuitive explanations that people develop in their daily lives.
- D) They are predictions stated in a way that allows them to be tested.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Section: 4: The Scientific Method
Topic: Theories
Learning Objective: Distinguish between theory and hypothesis.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
13) When compared with the theories about human behavior that people generally develop in their daily lives, those formulated by psychologists are
- A) more frequently applied in daily life.
- B) harder to test.
- C) less comprehensive.
- D) more formal.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Section: 4: The Scientific Method
Topic: Theories
Learning Objective: Distinguish between theory and hypothesis.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
14) According to Bibb Latané and John Darley’s theory of ________, the greater the number of bystanders in an emergency situation, the less likely that any single person will come forward to help.
- A) diffusion of responsibility
- B) collective morality
- C) social disengagement
- D) collective responsibility
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 4: The Scientific Method
Topic: Bystander Effect
Learning Objective: Distinguish between theory and hypothesis.
Bloom’s: Remember
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15) “People with opposite personality traits are more likely to be attracted to each other.” This is a(n)
- A) hypothesis.
- B) correlation.
- C) theory.
- D) operational definition.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Section: 4: The Scientific Method
Topic: Hypotheses
Learning Objective: Distinguish between theory and hypothesis.
Bloom’s: Apply
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16) A hypothesis is best defined as a
- A) prediction stated in a way that allows it to be tested.
- B) specification of a variable in terms of the procedures that will be used to measure it.
- C) broad, general explanation of the phenomenon of interest.
- D) behavior, event, or other characteristic that can assume different values.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 4: The Scientific Method
Topic: Hypotheses
Learning Objective: Distinguish between theory and hypothesis.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
17) When asked to define “popularity,” Brianna offers, “It’s when everyone likes you.” Chrissy suggests, “It’s basically the number of friends you have.”
How do the two girls’ definitions differ?
- A) Chrissy’s is a procedural definition; Brianna’s is not.
- B) Brianna’s is an operational definition; Chrissy’s is not.
- C) Brianna’s is a procedural definition; Chrissy’s is not.
- D) Chrissy’s is an operational definition; Brianna’s is not.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Section: 4: The Scientific Method
Topic: Operational Definition
Learning Objective: Distinguish between theory and hypothesis.
Bloom’s: Apply
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18) Identify an operational definition of happiness.
- A) an individual’s feeling of joy
- B) an individual’s sense of achievement and contentment
- C) an individual’s self-rating on a 10-point happiness scale
- D) an individual’s feeling of acceptance in a society
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Section: 4: The Scientific Method
Topic: Operational Definition
Learning Objective: Distinguish between theory and hypothesis.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
19) Which of the following statements is accurate about operational definitions?
- A) They are usually untestable.
- B) They are independent of the creativity of the researcher.
- C) Many operational definitions are usually possible for a given hypothesis.
- D) They translate actual procedures into abstract concepts.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Section: 4: The Scientific Method
Topic: Operational Definition
Learning Objective: Distinguish between theory and hypothesis.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
20) Which of the following statements best expresses the relationship between a theory and a hypothesis?
- A) A theory is more focused than a hypothesis.
- B) A theory is broader than a hypothesis.
- C) A theory is the same as a hypothesis.
- D) A theory is unrelated to a hypothesis.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Section: 4: The Scientific Method
Topic: Hypotheses
Learning Objective: Distinguish between theory and hypothesis.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
21) Prediction is to explanation what ________ is to ________.
- A) hypothesis; theory
- B) theory; hypothesis
- C) variable; supposition
- D) hypothesis; variable
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Section: 4: The Scientific Method
Topic: Scientific Method
Learning Objective: Distinguish between theory and hypothesis.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
22) Which of the following sequences is correct?
- A) operational definition → hypothesis → theory
- B) operational definition → theory → hypothesis
- C) hypothesis → theory → operational definition
- D) theory → hypothesis → operational definition
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Section: 4: The Scientific Method
Topic: Scientific Method
Learning Objective: Distinguish between theory and hypothesis.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
23) Which of the following defines the term “research”?
- A) broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest
- B) the manipulation implemented by an experimenter
- C) the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
- D) a systematic inquiry aimed at the discovery of new knowledge
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 5: Conducting Psychological Research
Topic: Scientific Method
Learning Objective: Describe the types of research that are used in psychology.
Bloom’s: Remember
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24) Which of the following types of research offers insights into relationships between variables but cannot determine causality?
- A) descriptive and correlational research
- B) correlational and experimental research
- C) experimental and descriptive research
- D) folk and experiential research
Answer:A
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Section: 5: Conducting Psychological Research
Topic: Descriptive Research; Experimental Research
Learning Objective: Describe the types of research that are used in psychology.
Bloom’s: Understand
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25) Research in which existing data, such as census documents, college records, and newspaper clippings, are examined to test a hypothesis is known as
- A) experimental research.
- B) archival research.
- C) naturalistic research.
- D) a case study.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 5: Conducting Psychological Research
Topic: Archival Research
Learning Objective: Describe the types of research that are used in psychology.
Bloom’s: Remember
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26) Mark is a criminal psychologist. For a study, he is using newspaper clippings that are available in a federal database. Mark is conducting a(n)
- A) case study.
- B) naturalistic observation.
- C) archival research study.
- D) double-blind experiment.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Section: 5: Conducting Psychological Research
Topic: Archival Research
Learning Objective: Describe the types of research that are used in psychology.
Bloom’s: Apply
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27) Wallace is engaged in archival research. In which of the following projects is he most likely engaged?
- A) comparing the effects of cell phone distractions to those of text message distractions on participants’ performance in a driving simulator
- B) asking a large sample of community dwellers a set of questions about their perceptions of healthcare reform
- C) recording language comprehension deficits in a woman with left hemisphere brain damage
- D) examining the registrar’s records at a state university to explore the relationship between SAT scores and freshman GPA
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Section: 5: Conducting Psychological Research
Topic: Archival Research
Learning Objective: Describe the types of research that are used in psychology.
Bloom’s: Apply
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28) Which of the following statements is true about archival research?
- A) Existing records used in archival research are always complete.
- B) Archival research is relatively inexpensive to conduct.
- C) Archival research involves the observation of naturally occurring behavior.
- D) Archival research involves surveys and questionnaires.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Section: 5: Conducting Psychological Research
Topic: Archival Research
Learning Objective: Describe the types of research that are used in psychology.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
29) Evelyn, a psychology graduate, watches parent–child interactions in a park. She simply records what she sees and does not make a change in the situation. The method she uses is known as
- A) naturalistic observation.
- B) archival research.
- C) experimentation.
- D) a case study.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Section: 5: Conducting Psychological Research
Topic: Naturalistic Observation
Learning Objective: Describe the types of research that are used in psychology.
Bloom’s: Apply
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30) Naturalistic observation entails
- A) the introduction of small changes to a habitat.
- B) the examination of existing records, such as official documents.
- C) questioning individuals directly to find out what they think, feel, and do.
- D) the researcher simply documenting what occurs.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Section: 5: Conducting Psychological Research
Topic: Naturalistic Observation
Learning Objective: Describe the types of research that are used in psychology.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
31) Maryam is a student of behavioral psychology. She is currently conducting a research study that involves recording instances of physical aggression among children in a schoolyard at recess. Maryam is most likely conducting
- A) naturalistic observation.
- B) experimental research.
- C) a survey.
- D) correlational research.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Section: 5: Conducting Psychological Research
Topic: Naturalistic Observation
Learning Objective: Describe the types of research that are used in psychology.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
32) Angel is a psychologist who conducts research studies frequently. If she is currently working on a naturalistic observation study, in which of the following tasks is Angel most likely engaged?
- A) asking participants a set of questions about the effects of outdoor activities on issues related to anxiety and depression
- B) recording interactions between middle-level managers in an accountancy firm
- C) conducting an in-depth investigation of a boy with exceptional musical abilities
- D) examining crime statistics compiled by the Department of Justice to see if the rate of property crimes is related to the rate of violent crimes
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Section: 5: Conducting Psychological Research
Topic: Naturalistic Observation
Learning Objective: Describe the types of research that are used in psychology.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
33) Which of the following descriptive research methods is correctly matched with a description?
- A) archival research—in-depth investigation of an individual
- B) naturalistic observation—behavior is investigated in the environment in which it typically occurs, without intervention by the researcher
- C) case study—a sample is asked a series of questions about their thoughts, attitudes, or behaviors
- D) survey research—existing data is examined to test a hypothesis
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 5: Conducting Psychological Research
Topic: Naturalistic Observation
Learning Objective: Describe the types of research that are used in psychology.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
34) Which of the following statements is true about descriptive research?
- A) It is the only way psychologists can establish cause-and-effect relationships.
- B) It is the only type of research in which the conditions are created by the researcher.
- C) It tells us about the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables.
- D) It is designed to systematically investigate a person, group, or patterns of behavior.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Section: 5: Conducting Psychological Research
Topic: Descriptive Research
Learning Objective: Describe the types of research that are used in psychology.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
35) Felix’s research focuses on an adolescent who committed a mass murder at his school. Felix uses data from the adolescent’s school and medical records and interviews the adolescent’s friends, family, and teachers. Which type of research is Felix engaged in?
- A) archival research
- B) naturalistic observation
- C) case study
- D) survey
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Section: 5: Conducting Psychological Research
Topic: Descriptive Research
Learning Objective: Describe the types of research that are used in psychology.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
36) Which of the following statements best expresses the relationship between a sample and a population?
- A) A sample includes a population.
- B) A population includes a sample.
- C) A population is similar to a sample.
- D) A sample is completely separate from a population.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Section: 5: Conducting Psychological Research
Topic: Survey Research
Learning Objective: Describe the types of research that are used in psychology.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
37) Amy is conducting a survey of dating attitudes and behaviors among young adults as part of her master’s thesis work. Amy distributes questionnaires to 200 randomly selected students enrolled in an introductory psychology course at her university. The 200 students constitute Amy’s ________. The people whom she assumes her results will generalize are termed the ________.
- A) control group; population
- B) experimental group; population
- C) population; sample
- D) sample; population
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Section: 5: Conducting Psychological Research
Topic: Survey Research
Learning Objective: Describe the types of research that are used in psychology.
Bloom’s: Apply
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38) Wilma is undertaking survey research. Which of the following is she probably doing?
- A) recording the behaviors of sea lions in their natural habitat
- B) observing the problem-solving strategies of an extremely gifted middle school girl
- C) comparing students’ performances on abstract and concrete versions of problems
- D) asking a sample of students a series of questions about their sexual attitudes and behaviors
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Section: 5: Conducting Psychological Research
Topic: Survey Research
Learning Objective: Describe the types of research that are used in psychology.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
39) Dr. Estevez prepares a set of questions to ask college students about their drinking behavior and their attitudes toward alcohol. Dr. Estevez is undertaking a(n)
- A) survey research.
- B) case study.
- C) naturalistic observation.
- D) archival research.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Section: 5: Conducting Psychological Research
Topic: Survey Research
Learning Objective: Describe the types of research that are used in psychology.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
40) Dr. Gigliotti is conducting an in-depth, intensive investigation of a patient with dissociative identity disorder. He uses psychological tests and interviews to better understand the patient. Dr. Gigliotti is undertaking a(n)
- A) survey research.
- B) archival research.
- C) case study.
- D) naturalistic observation.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Section: 5: Conducting Psychological Research
Topic: Descriptive Research
Learning Objective: Describe the types of research that are used in psychology.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
41) ________ is an in-depth, intensive investigation of an individual or small group of people.
- A) Archival research
- B) Survey research
- C) Naturalistic observation
- D) Case study
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 5: Conducting Psychological Research
Topic: Descriptive Research
Learning Objective: Describe the types of research that are used in psychology.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
42) Which of the following researchers is conducting a case study?
- A) Dr. Henriette, who is investigating the effect of word imageability on list memory by handing out questionnaires
- B) Dr. Innis, who is investigating in detail the tactile perception of a blind woman
- C) Dr. Jefferson, who is observing children on a playground
- D) Dr. Kulik, who is studying newspaper stories on serial killers
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Section: 5: Conducting Psychological Research
Topic: Descriptive Research
Learning Objective: Describe the types of research that are used in psychology.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
43) Which of the following terms is defined as behaviors, events, or other characteristics that can change, or vary, in some way?
- A) variables
- B) constants
- C) coefficients
- D) control groups
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 5: Conducting Psychological Research
Topic: Correlational Research
Learning Objective: Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets of variables.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
44) Correlation research is
- A) research in which an investigator simply observes some naturally occurring behavior and does not make a change in the situation.
- B) research in which people chosen to represent a larger population are asked a series of questions about their behavior, thoughts, or attitudes.
- C) research in which the relationship between two sets of variables is examined to determine whether they are associated.
- D) research in which existing data, such as census documents, college records, and newspaper clippings, are examined to test a hypothesis.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Section: 5: Conducting Psychological Research
Topic: Correlational Research
Learning Objective: Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets of variables.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
45) Irving has noticed a pattern: The more alcohol people drink, the more aggressive they seem to be. Which research method is aimed at verifying a relationship between two variables?
- A) naturalistic observation
- B) case study
- C) correlational research
- D) archival research
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Section: 5: Conducting Psychological Research
Topic: Correlational Research
Learning Objective: Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets of variables.
Bloom’s: Apply
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
46) Which term is most nearly synonymous with the term correlation?
- A) association
- B) explanation
- C) observation
- D) manipulation
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 5: Conducting Psychological Research
Topic: Correlational Research
Learning Objective: Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets of variables.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
47) The correlation coefficient ranges from ________ to ________.
- A) 1; 10
- B) +1.0; −1.0
- C) 0; 1
- D) −10; +10
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 5: Conducting Psychological Research
Topic: Correlational Research
Learning Objective: Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets of variables.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
48) The strength and direction of the relationship between the two variables are represented by a mathematical statistic known as a(n)
- A) standard deviation.
- B) affiliation.
- C) operational definition.
- D) correlation.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 5: Conducting Psychological Research
Topic: Correlational Research
Learning Objective: Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets of variables.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
49) A positive correlation indicates that
- A) as the value of one variable increases, the value of the other increases.
- B) as the value of one variable increases, the value of the other decreases.
- C) little or no relationship exists between two variables.
- D) one variable causes the other.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Section: 5: Conducting Psychological Research
Topic: Correlational Research
Learning Objective: Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets of variables.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
50) Using a sample of young adolescents, Dr. Nguyen finds a correlation of +.55 between scores on a measure of neglectful or uninvolved parenting and scores on a measure of delinquent behavior. Which of the following might Dr. Nguyen legitimately conclude?
- A) Uninvolved parenting causes juvenile delinquency.
- B) Parenting that is more neglectful is related to a lower degree of delinquent behavior.
- C) Uninvolved parenting is unrelated to delinquency.
- D) Parenting that is more neglectful is related to a higher degree of delinquent behavior.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Section: 5: Conducting Psychological Research
Topic: Correlational Research
Learning Objective: Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets of variables.
Bloom’s: Apply
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51) Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest relationship between two variables?
- A) −.75
- B) +.60
- C) .00
- D) +.30
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Section: 5: Conducting Psychological Research
Topic: Correlational Research
Learning Objective: Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets of variables.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
52) Which of the following sequences of correlation coefficients correctly arranges the relationships between three pairs of two variables in order of increasing strength?
- A) −.60, +.10, +.50
- B) +.10, +.50, −.60
- C) −.60, +.50, +.10
- D) .00, −.60, +.50
Answer:B
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Section: 5: Conducting Psychological Research
Topic: Correlational Research
Learning Objective: Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets of variables.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
53) In a negative correlation
- A) the values of both variables increase simultaneously.
- B) as the value of one variable increases, the value of the other decreases.
- C) the values of both variables decrease simultaneously.
- D) one variable is the cause of the other variable.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Section: 5: Conducting Psychological Research
Topic: Correlational Research
Learning Objective: Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets of variables.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
54) Little or no relationship between two variables is represented by
- A) a negative sign.
- B) sigma.
- C) zero or a number close to zero.
- D) a positive sign.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 5: Conducting Psychological Research
Topic: Correlational Research
Learning Objective: Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets of variables.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Understanding Psychology, 14e (Feldman)
Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception
1) Anthony returns home from work. When he opens the front door of his house, he detects a strong smell of gas. He suspects that his gas pipe is leaking. Anthony is able to smell the gas in his house because of the activation of his olfactory receptors through the process of
- A) homogenization.
- B) sensation.
- C) accommodation.
- D) adaptation.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Section: 10: Sensing the World around Us
Topic: Sensation
Learning Objective: Describe basic principles of sensation and perception.
Bloom’s: Apply
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2) The activation of the sense organs by a source of physical energy is known as
- A) perception.
- B) sensation.
- C) integration.
- D) interpretation.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 10: Sensing the World around Us
Topic: Sensation
Learning Objective: Describe basic principles of sensation and perception.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
3) Divya and Melissa go to a restaurant. They decide to try something they have not eaten before and order chicken sandwiches with sriracha sauce. Both Divya and Melissa find it difficult to eat the sandwiches as they feel the sandwiches are too spicy. Which of the following processes help them identify the spicy taste?
- A) adaptation
- B) acculturation
- C) sensation
- D) homogenization
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Section: 10: Sensing the World around Us
Topic: Sensation
Learning Objective: Describe basic principles of sensation and perception.
Bloom’s: Apply
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4) The sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli by the sense organs and brain is known as
- A) perception.
- B) sensation.
- C) activation.
- D) stimulation.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 10: Sensing the World around Us
Topic: Perception
Learning Objective: Describe basic principles of sensation and perception.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
5) Which of the following statements is true of perception?
- A) It generally precedes sensation.
- B) It is a synonym of sensation.
- C) It refers to the activation of the sense organs.
- D) It involves the interpretation and analysis of stimuli.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Section: 10: Sensing the World around Us
Topic: Sensation; Perception
Learning Objective: Describe basic principles of sensation and perception.
Bloom’s: Understand
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6) The study of the relationship between the physical aspects of stimuli and our psychological experience of them is known as
- A) developmental psychology.
- B) thermodynamics.
- C) psychophysics.
- D) experimental psychology.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 10: Sensing the World around Us
Topic: Sensation; Perception
Learning Objective: Describe basic principles of sensation and perception.
Bloom’s: Remember
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7) Dr. Breiland examines the relationship between the physical properties of light, such as its amplitude and wavelength, and human perception of color. Which of the following terms most accurately describes Dr. Breiland’s field of study?
- A) developmental psychology
- B) psychophysics
- C) thermodynamics
- D) experimental psychology
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Section: 10: Sensing the World around Us
Topic: Sensation; Perception
Learning Objective: Describe basic principles of sensation and perception.
Bloom’s: Apply
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8) Which of the following defines an absolute threshold?
- A) an adjustment in sensory capacity after prolonged exposure to unchanging stimuli
- B) the smallest intensity of a stimulus that must be present for it to be detected
- C) the range of wavelengths that the human eye can detect
- D) the smallest level of added stimulation required to sense that a change in stimulation has occurred
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 10: Sensing the World around Us
Topic: Absolute Threshold
Learning Objective: Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds.
Bloom’s: Remember
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9) Which of the following is technically the stimulus intensity that is detected 50 percent of the time?
- A) a difference threshold
- B) an absolute threshold
- C) a heuristic
- D) an algorithm
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 10: Sensing the World around Us
Topic: Absolute Threshold
Learning Objective: Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds.
Bloom’s: Remember
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10) Under ideal circumstances, it is possible for someone to detect a single drop of perfume diffused in an area the size of a one-bedroom apartment. This is due to
- A) absolute threshold.
- B) difference threshold.
- C) adaptation threshold.
- D) psychophysical minimum.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Section: 10: Sensing the World around Us
Topic: Absolute Threshold
Learning Objective: Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds.
Bloom’s: Understand
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11) According to psychophysicists, which of the following statements is true of noise?
- A) It helps focus on multiple stimuli simultaneously.
- B) It refers only to auditory stimuli.
- C) It interferes with the perception of other stimuli.
- D) It enables sensation at different discriminating levels.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Section: 10: Sensing the World around Us
Topic: Absolute Threshold
Learning Objective: Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds.
Bloom’s: Understand
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12) The smallest level of added or reduced stimulation required to sense that a change in stimulation has occurred is known as the
- A) difference threshold.
- B) absolute threshold.
- C) adaptation threshold.
- D) intensity threshold.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 10: Sensing the World around Us
Topic: Difference Threshold
Learning Objective: Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds.
Bloom’s: Remember
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13) Jenny bakes a cake for her sister’s birthday party and asks the guests how the cake tastes. They tell her that the cake is too sweet. Jenny realizes that she must reduce the amount of sugar she adds to the cake by at least half a cup the next time so that the guests will notice it is less sweet than the previous one. Which of the following concepts does this example most closely illustrate?
- A) absolute threshold
- B) difference threshold
- C) adaptation
- D) mutation
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Section: 10: Sensing the World around Us
Topic: Difference Threshold
Learning Objective: Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds.
Bloom’s: Apply
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14) Weber’s law states that a just noticeable difference is a
- A) fixed value.
- B) constant proportion of the intensity of an initial stimulus.
- C) variable proportion of the intensity of an initial stimulus.
- D) random value.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 10: Sensing the World around Us
Topic: Weber’s Law
Learning Objective: Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds.
Bloom’s: Remember
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15) Acme Foods wants to make its chips saltier, but it doesn’t want to spend more than it has to on salt. A sample of consumers are asked to compare its current chip (saltiness = 100) with saltier versions and to say whether the new version is saltier. On average, sample consumers reliably say the new chip is saltier when its saltiness value is 108, but not when its saltiness value is below 108. Assuming Acme Foods’ sample consumers are representative of people in general, which of the following best represents the just noticeable difference for saltiness?
- A) 8 percent
- B) 108
- C) 80 percent
- D) 100
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Section: 10: Sensing the World around Us
Topic: Difference Threshold
Learning Objective: Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds.
Bloom’s: Apply
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16) ________ is a basic law of psychophysics stating that a just noticeable difference is a constant proportion to the intensity of an initial stimulus.
- A) Fitt’s law
- B) Weber’s law
- C) Bloch’s law
- D) Hick’s law
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 10: Sensing the World around Us
Topic: Weber’s Law
Learning Objective: Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds.
Bloom’s: Remember
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17) Which of the following laws would help explain why a person in a quiet room is more startled by the ringing of a telephone than a person who is already in a noisy room?
- A) Fitt’s law
- B) Weber’s law
- C) Bloch’s law
- D) Hick’s law
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 10: Sensing the World around Us
Topic: Weber’s Law
Learning Objective: Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds.
Bloom’s: Understand
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18) ________ is an adjustment in sensory capacity after prolonged exposure to unchanging stimuli.
- A) Adaptation
- B) Accommodation
- C) Acclimation
- D) Attenuation
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 10: Sensing the World around Us
Topic: Sensory Adaptation
Learning Objective: Explain sensory adaptation.
Bloom’s: Remember
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19) “It’s so noisy! How can you stand it?” remarks Caitlyn as the thruway traffic screams past her friend Dave’s ground floor apartment. “I don’t even notice it anymore,” Dave replies. This exchange best exemplifies the concept of
- A) adaptation.
- B) accommodation.
- C) acclimation.
- D) attenuation.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Section: 10: Sensing the World around Us
Topic: Sensory Adaptation
Learning Objective: Explain sensory adaptation.
Bloom’s: Apply
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20) Daniel buys a new perfume at the local supermarket. The next morning, he decides to wear the perfume to work. When applying the perfume, he notices that it has a very strong scent. Within an hour of wearing it, he stops noticing the scent. This example best illustrates the concept of
- A) reasoning.
- B) adaptation.
- C) functional fixedness.
- D) confirmation bias.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Section: 10: Sensing the World around Us
Topic: Sensory Adaptation
Learning Objective: Explain sensory adaptation.
Bloom’s: Apply
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21) Receptor cells are most responsive to changes in stimulation, constant stimulation is not effective in producing a sustained reaction. This explains why we can misplace our sunglasses that are sitting on top of our head. What is the reason for this?
- A) It is difficult for us to remember everything that we have to.
- B) Sensory nerve receptors are unable to fire off messages to the brain indefinitely.
- C) The sensation of the glasses on our head has not reached the absolute threshold for touch.
- D) The difference threshold for touch is not great enough.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Section: 10: Sensing the World around Us
Topic: Sensory Adaptation
Learning Objective: Explain sensory adaptation.
Bloom’s: Apply
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22) Sensory adaptation takes place when
- A) a person pays constant attention to a specific stimulus.
- B) nerve receptors fire off messages to the brain indefinitely.
- C) a person’s frame of reference remains unchanged.
- D) a person becomes accustomed to a stimulus.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Section: 10: Sensing the World around Us
Topic: Sensory Adaptation
Learning Objective: Explain sensory adaptation.
Bloom’s: Understand
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23) In the context of what we see in our world, the range of wavelengths that humans can detect is called the
- A) power spectrum.
- B) mass spectrum.
- C) frequency spectrum.
- D) visual spectrum.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 11: Vision: Shedding Light on the Eye
Topic: Visual Spectrum
Learning Objective: Explain how the brain processes visual information.
Bloom’s: Remember
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24) Which of the following statements is true of neurons?
- A) They occupy a large percentage of the total eye.
- B) They use light in the same form as it is received by the eye.
- C) They serve as messengers to the brain.
- D) They are found only in humans and other mammals.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Section: 11: Vision: Shedding Light on the Eye
Topic: The Eye
Learning Objective: Explain how the brain processes visual information.
Bloom’s: Understand
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25) Which of the following words is most nearly synonymous with the term refract?
- A) bend
- B) transmit
- C) split
- D) reflect
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 11: Vision: Shedding Light on the Eye
Topic: Vision
Learning Objective: Identify the structural components of the eye.
Bloom’s: Remember
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26) The transparent, protective window of the eye is known as the
- A) retina.
- B) pupil.
- C) iris.
- D) cornea.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 11: Vision: Shedding Light on the Eye
Topic: The Eye
Learning Objective: Identify the structural components of the eye.
Bloom’s: Remember
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27) The ________ bends light as it passes, playing a primary role in focusing the light more sharply.
- A) cornea
- B) pupil
- C) iris
- D) lens
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 11: Vision: Shedding Light on the Eye
Topic: The Eye
Learning Objective: Identify the structural components of the eye.
Bloom’s: Remember
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28) The ________ is a dark hole in the center of the ________, the colored part of the eye.
- A) pupil; iris
- B) iris; pupil
- C) cornea; lens
- D) lens; cornea
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 11: Vision: Shedding Light on the Eye
Topic: The Eye
Learning Objective: Identify the structural components of the eye.
Bloom’s: Remember
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29) Which of the following structural components of the eye changes its thickness during the process of accommodation?
- A) the retina
- B) the pupil
- C) the lens
- D) the cornea
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 11: Vision: Shedding Light on the Eye
Topic: The Eye
Learning Objective: Identify the structural components of the eye.
Bloom’s: Remember
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30) Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the order in which light passes through the structures of the eye during vision?
- A) pupil → cornea → lens → retina
- B) pupil → lens → cornea → retina
- C) cornea → lens → pupil → retina
- D) cornea → pupil → lens → retina
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Section: 11: Vision: Shedding Light on the Eye
Topic: The Eye
Learning Objective: Identify the structural components of the eye.
Bloom’s: Understand
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31) The part of the eye that converts the electromagnetic energy of light to electrical impulses for transmission to the brain is known as the
- A) retina.
- B) fovea.
- C) iris.
- D) pupil
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 11: Vision: Shedding Light on the Eye
Topic: The Eye
Learning Objective: Identify the structural components of the eye.
Bloom’s: Remember
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32) The ________ is a particularly sensitive region of the retina on which focused images are automatically centered.
- A) cornea
- B) fovea
- C) iris
- D) pupil
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 11: Vision: Shedding Light on the Eye
Topic: The Eye
Learning Objective: Identify the structural components of the eye.
Bloom’s: Remember
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33) Which of the following statements is true of rods?
- A) They are capable of reaching the maximum level of adaptation within seconds.
- B) They are primarily responsible for the sharply focused perception of color.
- C) They are highly sensitive to light.
- D) They are part of the cornea.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Section: 11: Vision: Shedding Light on the Eye
Topic: The Eye
Learning Objective: Identify the structural components of the eye.
Bloom’s: Understand
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34) Thin, cylindrical receptor cells in the retina that are highly sensitive to light are called
- A) lenses.
- B) pons.
- C) rods.
- D) cones.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 11: Vision: Shedding Light on the Eye
Topic: The Eye
Learning Objective: Identify the structural components of the eye.
Bloom’s: Remember
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35) ________ are light-sensitive receptor cells in the retina that are responsible for sharp focus and color perception, particularly in bright light, and are concentrated on the part of the retina called the fovea.
- A) Lenses
- B) Pons
- C) Rods
- D) Cones
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 11: Vision: Shedding Light on the Eye
Topic: The Eye
Learning Objective: Identify the structural components of the eye.
Bloom’s: Remember
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36) Adelaide notices a flicker of motion out of the corner of her eye as she hurries down a dimly lit alley late at night. Sydney deciphers a complex wiring diagram under the bright glare of her desk lamp. Adelaide’s vision is driven mainly by her ________. Sydney is mainly using her ________.
- A) cones; cones as well
- B) rods; rods as well
- C) cones; rods
- D) rods; cones
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Section: 11: Vision: Shedding Light on the Eye
Topic: Vision
Learning Objective: Identify the structural components of the eye.
Bloom’s: Apply
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37) Which of the following is TRUE of cones?
- A) They play a key role in night vision.
- B) They are thin, cylindrical receptor cells that are highly sensitive to light.
- C) They are primarily responsible for the sharply focused perception of color.
- D) They play a key role in seeing objects that are outside the main center of focus.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Section: 11: Vision: Shedding Light on the Eye
Topic: The Eye
Learning Objective: Identify the structural components of the eye.
Bloom’s: Understand
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38) The ________ play a key role in peripheral vision, seeing objects that are outside the main center of focus.
- A) lenses
- B) pons
- C) rods
- D) cones
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 11: Vision: Shedding Light on the Eye
Topic: Vision
Learning Objective: Identify the structural components of the eye.
Bloom’s: Remember
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39) Which of the following describes dark adaptation?
- A) the process of adjusting to dim light after exposure to bright light
- B) a medical condition in which people gradually lose their eyesight
- C) the process of adjusting to bright light after exposure to dim light
- D) a medical procedure through which the eyesight can be enhanced
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 11: Vision: Shedding Light on the Eye
Topic: Dark Adaptation
Learning Objective: Identify the structural components of the eye.
Bloom’s: Remember
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40) Dexter is arrested and imprisoned for committing a murder. He is locked for a week in a dimly lit prison cell before being shifted to a cell with better lighting. When Dexter steps out of his dark prison cell, his eyes take a minute or two to adjust to the bright light outside his cell. Which of the following does this example best illustrate?
- A) light adaptation
- B) light accommodation
- C) peripheral vision
- D) visual agnosia
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Section: 11: Vision: Shedding Light on the Eye
Topic: Light Adaptation
Learning Objective: Identify the structural components of the eye.
Bloom’s: Apply
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41) Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the order in which light stimulates cells early in the visual processing of an image?
- A) bipolar cells → ganglion cells → rods and cones
- B) bipolar cells → rods and cones → ganglion cells
- C) ganglion cells → rods and cones → bipolar cells
- D) rods and cones → bipolar cells → ganglion cells
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Section: 11: Vision: Shedding Light on the Eye
Topic: Visual Processing
Learning Objective: Identify the structural components of the eye.
Bloom’s: Remember
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42) ________ cells receive information directly from the rods and cones and communicate that information to the ________ cells.
- A) Bipolar; ganglion
- B) Dendritic; microglial
- C) Adrenergic; peptidergic
- D) Squamous; columnar
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 11: Vision: Shedding Light on the Eye
Topic: Visual Processing
Learning Objective: Identify the structural components of the eye.
Bloom’s: Remember
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43) Which of the following do rods contain?
- A) dopamine
- B) serotonin
- C) rhodopsin
- D) glutamate
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 11: Vision: Shedding Light on the Eye
Topic: Visual Processing
Learning Objective: Identify the structural components of the eye.
Bloom’s: Remember
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44) The ________ nerve is a bundle of ganglion axons that carry visual information to the brain.
- A) cochlear
- B) optic
- C) lacrimal
- D) phrenic
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 11: Vision: Shedding Light on the Eye
Topic: Visual Processing
Learning Objective: Explain how the brain processes visual information.
Bloom’s: Remember
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45) The point at which the optic nerves meet and then split is termed the optic
- A) callosum.
- B) fissure.
- C) chiasm.
- D) sulcus.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 11: Vision: Shedding Light on the Eye
Topic: The Eye; Vision
Learning Objective: Identify the structural components of the eye.
Bloom’s: Remember
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46) A major function of the ganglion cells is to
- A) detect variations in light and darkness.
- B) detect a variety of basic visual features, such as motion.
- C) detect specific types of objects in the visual field.
- D) integrate the activity of different neural systems for vision.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Section: 11: Vision: Shedding Light on the Eye
Topic: Visual Processing
Learning Objective: Explain how the brain processes visual information.
Bloom’s: Understand
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47) The ultimate processing of visual images takes place in the visual ________ of the brain.
- A) callosum
- B) thalamus
- C) cortex
- D) medulla
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 11: Vision: Shedding Light on the Eye
Topic: Visual Processing
Learning Objective: Explain how the brain processes visual information.
Bloom’s: Remember
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48) Which of the following psychologists won the Nobel Prize in 1981 for their discovery of feature detectors?
- A) Raymond Cattell
- B) Sigmund Freud and Josef Breuer
- C) Carl Jung
- D) David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 11: Vision: Shedding Light on the Eye
Topic: Visual Processing
Learning Objective: Explain how the brain processes visual information.
Bloom’s: Remember
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49) ________ are specialized neurons that are activated only by visual stimuli having certain features, such as a particular shape or pattern.
- A) Neurotransmitters
- B) Endorphins
- C) Olfactory receptors
- D) Feature detectors
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 11: Vision: Shedding Light on the Eye
Topic: Visual Processing
Learning Objective: Explain how the brain processes visual information.
Bloom’s: Remember
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
50) Which of the following statements is true of color blindness?
- A) It enhances contrast sensitivity.
- B) It has two forms: red-green and blue-yellow.
- C) It results in the misalignment of the eyes.
- D) It is more common among men than women.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Section: 11: Vision: Shedding Light on the Eye
Topic: Color Vision
Learning Objective: Explain how the brain processes visual information.
Bloom’s: Understand
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51) In the most common form of color blindness
- A) everything is seen in black and white.
- B) blue and yellow cannot be distinguished.
- C) all red and green objects appear yellow.
- D) green objects appear red.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Section: 11: Vision: Shedding Light on the Eye
Topic: Color Vision
Learning Objective: Explain how the brain processes visual information.
Bloom’s: Remember
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52) Sakura suffers from the most common form of color blindness. She has to prepare dinner for guests who will visit her later in the day. She goes to the supermarket to purchase groceries. Which of the following is Sakura most likely to do at the supermarket?
- A) use a mobility aid to navigate through different sections
- B) easily differentiate between green and yellow apples
- C) perceive the vegetables to be black, gray, or white
- D) pick yellow bell peppers instead of the red ones she wants
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Section: 11: Vision: Shedding Light on the Eye
Topic: Color Vision
Learning Objective: Explain how the brain processes visual information.
Bloom’s: Apply
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53) The ________ states that there are three kinds of cones in the retina, each of which responds primarily to a specific range of wavelengths.
- A) opponent-process theory
- B) emission theory
- C) trichromatic theory of color vision
- D) visual perception theory
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Section: 11: Vision: Shedding Light on the Eye
Topic: Color Vision
Learning Objective: Compare the theories of color vision.
Bloom’s: Remember
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54) Identify an accurate statement about the trichromatic theory of color vision.
- A) It states that perception of color is influenced by the relative strength with which each of the kinds of cones is activated.
- B) It is also known as the opponent-process theory of color vision.
- C) Its mechanisms operate both in the retina and at later stages of neuronal processing.
- D) It was first proposed by Ewald Hering.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Section: 11: Vision: Shedding Light on the Eye
Topic: Color Vision
Learning Objective: Compare the theories of color vision.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
55) When does the phenomenon of an afterimage take place?
- A) when sensory nerve receptors fail to pick up visual stimuli
- B) when the lens focuses light by changing its own thickness
- C) when retinal activity continues even after one stops looking at an image
- D) when feature detectors fail to get activated by specialized neurons
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Section: 11: Vision: Shedding Light on the Eye
Topic: Color Vision
Learning Objective: Compare the theories of color vision.
Bloom’s: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
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