Name: Window on Humanity A Concise Introduction to General Anthropology 9th Edition by Conrad Kottak - Test Bank - Eazyquizes
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Window on Humanity A Concise Introduction to General Anthropology 9th Edition by Conrad Kottak – Test Bank

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Chapter 02

Culture

Multiple Choice Questions

Individuals learn culture through all the following ways EXCEPT
A.genetic transmission.
B. unconscious acquisition.
C. observation.
D. direct instruction.
E. conscious acquisition.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Describe the defining dimensions of culture.
Topic: Defining culture

The process by which children learn culture is
A.acculturation.
B. cultural transmission.
C. enculturation.
D. ethnoabsorption.
E. diffusion.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Describe the defining dimensions of culture.
Topic: Defining culture

________ focuses on how people with different motives, intentions, and degrees of power and influence manage to create and transform the society in which they live.
A.Cultural relativism
B. Experimental anthropology
C. Interpretive anthropology
D. Neoevolutionism
E. Practice theory

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Explain how people may avoid, subvert, and manipulate cultural “rules” and expectations, and how today’s anthropologists view and analyze those practices.
Topic: Cultural rules and their anthropological analysis

Which of the following is an example of popularculture?
A.child-rearing practices
B. the government
C. Thanksgiving
D. an unspoken dress code for funerals
E. work ethic and individualism

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Explain how people may avoid, subvert, and manipulate cultural “rules” and expectations, and how today’s anthropologists view and analyze those practices.
Topic: Cultural rules and their anthropological analysis

Shared culture means that culture is
A.an attribute of particular individuals.
B. an attribute of individuals as members of their groups.
C. what ensures that all people raised in the same society have the same opinions.
D. universally regarded as more important than the concept of the individual.
E. imposed by more than one person.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Describe the defining dimensions of culture.
Topic: Defining culture

________ refers to a sign that has no necessary or natural connection to the thing it stands for or signifies.
A.Morpheme
B. Lexicon
C. Phoneme
D. Symbol
E. Collateral

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Describe the defining dimensions of culture.
Topic: Defining culture

Cultural relativism is
A.a cultural universal, based upon the human capacity to use symbols.
B. the argument that behavior in a particular culture should not be judged by the standards of another culture.
C. a cultural particular, based upon the interrelatedness of humans.
D. the opposite of participant observation.
E. the same thing as ethnocentrism.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Distinguish between ethnocentrism and cultural relativism, including how both relate to human rights.
Topic: Defining ethnocentrism and cultural relativism

Which of the following is a cultural universal?
A.hypodescent
B. hyperdescent
C. bifurcate merging kinship terminologies
D. transhumance
E. some kind of family

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Define and identify examples of cultural universalities, generalities, and particularities.
Topic: Defining cultural universalities, generalities, and particularities

Ethnocentrism is defined as viewing another culture
A.by that culture’s standards.
B. in terms of your own culture and values.
C. by government standards.
D. by the universal moral code that we all follow.
E. through rose-colored glasses.

Which of the following are cultural particularities?
A.features of a culture that are isolated from other features in the same culture
B. features unique to a given culture, not shared with any others
C. different levels of culture
D. the most general aspects of cultural patterns
E. cultural features exhibited by individuals rather than groups

Which statement is NOT true?
A.All human groups have culture.
B. Culture provides the particular way that groups of humans deal with biological needs.
C. Human groups differ in their capacities for culture.
D. The capacity for culture is shared by all humans.
E. Cultural learning is uniquely elaborated among humans.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Describe the defining dimensions of culture.
Topic: Defining culture

Which statement about culture is FALSE?
A.Culture is a distinctive possession of humanity.
B. Culture is acquired by all humans as members of society through enculturation.
C. Culture encompasses shared, symbol-based, learned behavior and beliefs transmitted across generations.
D. Everyone is cultured.
E. Culture is transmitted genetically.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Describe the defining dimensions of culture.
Topic: Defining culture

Which statement about the viewpoint of cultural relativism is FALSE?
A.Cultural relativism argues that cultural values vary between cultures.
B. Cultural relativism argues that some cultures are relatively better than others.
C. Cultural relativism argues that we shouldn’t use our own standards to judge conduct in other cultures.
D. Cultural relativism argues that no one culture is better than any other.
E. Cultural relativism argues that each culture is a unique, integrated whole.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Distinguish between ethnocentrism and cultural relativism, including how both relate to human rights.
Topic: Defining ethnocentrism and cultural relativism

Cultural rights are different from human rights in that
A.human rights are real, while cultural rights are just perceived.
B. cultural rights are morally based, while human rights are methodologically based.
C. cultural rights are vested in groups, not in individuals.
D. cultural rights are more clear-cut than human rights.
E. the term cultural rights is a politically correct synonym for human rights.

________ is a cultural generality.
A.Life in groups
B. The use of fire
C. The incest taboo
D. Use of symbols
E. The nuclear family

________ diffusion takes place when two cultures trade, intermarry, or wage war on one another.
A.Forced
B. Direct
C. Indirect
D. Enculturated
E. Bilateral

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Describe the mechanisms of cultural change.
Topic: The mechanisms of cultural change

________ refers to the cultural change that results when two or more cultures have continuous firsthand contact.
A.Acculturation
B. Enculturation
C. Independent invention
D. Colonization
E. Imperialism

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Describe the mechanisms of cultural change.
Topic: The mechanisms of cultural change

________ refers to processes that are causing nations and people to be increasingly interlinked and mutually dependent.
A.Acculturation
B. Diffusion
C. Globalization
D. Enculturation
E. Independent invention

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Summarize how globalization affects culture, including how people may affect and be affected by the interrelated forces of globalization.
Topic: Defining globalization

The media help propel a transnational culture of ________, as they spread information about products, services, rights, institutions, and lifestyles.
A.conflict
B. tolerance
C. invention
D. electronic communication
E. consumption

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Define and identify examples of cultural universalities, generalities, and particularities.
Topic: Defining cultural universalities, generalities, and particularities

The emergence of agriculture in the Middle East and in Mexico is an example of
A.acculturation.
B. enculturation.
C. independent invention.
D. colonization.
E. diffusion.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Describe the mechanisms of cultural change.
Topic: The mechanisms of cultural change

What people say they do or should do is
A.imagined culture.
B. ethnocentrism.
C. agency.
D. ideal culture.
E. verbal culture.

________ refers to the different symbol-based patterns and traditions associated with particular groups within the same complex society.
A.Subcultures
B. Globalization
C. Diffusion
D. Hypodescent
E. Pidgins

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Recall the three levels of culture and why it is important to differentiate among them.
Topic: The three levels of culture

Anthropologists consider ________ to be “cultured.”
A.educated people
B. key cultural consultants
C. ethnocentric people
D. culturally sensitive people
E. all people

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Describe the defining dimensions of culture.
Topic: Defining culture

Which of the following attempts to conserve each society’s core beliefs, knowledge, and practices in relation to commercial value?
A.independent invention
B. social rights
C. individual property
D. intellectual property
E. religious freedom

________ refers to the process by which humans innovate to creatively find solutions to problems.
A.Enculturation
B. Acculturation
C. Independent invention
D. Globalization
E. Diffusion

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Describe the mechanisms of cultural change.
Topic: The mechanisms of cultural change

Which of the following is NOT a feature that humans share with other primates?
A.opposable thumbs
B. a visually-oriented brain
C. depth perception
D. parental investment in offspring
E. habitual bipedalism

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the biological background of culture; how we share cultural features with other primates; and how human culture is different from similar features in primates.
Topic: Biological background of culture

Which of the following is NOT a feature that humans share with chimpanzees?
A.tool use
B. meat eating
C. colorvision
D. manual dexterity
E. visible estrus

Recent research on chimpanzee eating habits indicates that
A.chimps are habitual hunters.
B. male chimps are exclusive herbivores.
C. chimpanzees occasionally cook meat at volcanically heated springs.
D. while chimps do hunt a little, they get most of their meat by stealing it from predators.
E. chimpanzee hunting is the main reason New World monkeys are almost extinct.

________ is/are unique to humans.
A.Social life
B. Tool use
C. Meat eating
D. Food sharing
E. Preserved kinship systems

Essay Questions

Describe the extent to which the use of tools is unique to humans. Illustrate your answer with examples from studies of nonhuman animals, including other primates.

Answer: Answers will vary.

Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Know the biological background of culture; how we share cultural features with other primates; and how human culture is different from similar features in primates.
Topic: Biological background of culture

Explore what studies of wild chimpanzees indicate about the nature of chimpanzee hunting behavior, and describe some possible implications of this behavior for our understanding of early hominin social organization.

Answer: Answers will vary.

Describe the biological features that humans share with primates and how they provide a biological basis for cultural attributes. Define how human culture is similar to and different from aspects of primate life.

Answer: Answers will vary.

Identify the defining attributes of culture, and provide examples of each attribute.

Answer: Answers will vary.

Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Describe the defining dimensions of culture.
Topic: Defining culture

Discuss the different kinds of learning, and identify the kind of learning upon which culture depends.

Answer: Answers will vary.

Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Describe the defining dimensions of culture.
Topic: Defining culture

Show how culture can be adaptive and maladaptive. Identify why it is important to understand that culture can be both adaptive and maladaptive.

Answer: Answers will vary.

Bloom’s: Apply
Learning Objective: Describe the defining dimensions of culture.
Topic: Defining culture

Describe how human adaptability relates to culture.

Answer: Answers will vary.

Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Describe the defining dimensions of culture.
Topic: Defining culture

Define ethnocentrism and cultural relativism and highlight where they are similar or different. Identify the problems that can arise from cultural relativism in an anthropologist’s work.

Answer: Answers will vary.

Bloom’s: Apply
Learning Objective: Distinguish between ethnocentrism and cultural relativism, including how both relate to human rights.
Topic: Defining ethnocentrism and cultural relativism

Explain the differences among cultural universals, generalities, and particularities. Illustrate your answer with examples.

Answer: Answers will vary.

Bloom’s: Apply
Learning Objective: Define and identify examples of cultural universalities, generalities, and particularities.
Topic: Defining cultural universalities, generalities, and particularities

Compare and contrast the various mechanisms of cultural change.

Answer: Answers will vary.

Bloom’s: Analyze
Learning Objective: Describe the mechanisms of cultural change.
Topic: The mechanisms of cultural change

Define globalization and identify the forces that are driving it. Discuss how globalization is affecting local peoples, as well as how they are responding.

Answer: Answers will vary.

Bloom’s: Apply
Learning Objective: Summarize how globalization affects culture, including how people may affect and be affected by the interrelated forces of globalization.
Topic: Defining globalization

True / False Questions

Primates are unable to modify learned behavior or social patterns.
FALSE

Cultural learning often occurs among nonhuman animals that live in groups.
FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Describe the defining dimensions of culture.
Topic: Defining culture

Culture is transmitted genetically.
FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Describe the defining dimensions of culture.
Topic: Defining culture

Culture is transmitted in society.
TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Describe the defining dimensions of culture.
Topic: Defining culture

Culture is both public and individual, both in the world and in people’s heads.
TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Describe the defining dimensions of culture.
Topic: Defining culture

By definition, a symbol has an intrinsic and natural link to the thing it signifies.
FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Describe the defining dimensions of culture.
Topic: Defining culture

The word cat is a symbol.
TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Describe the defining dimensions of culture.
Topic: Defining culture

Because cultures are integrated, patterned systems, a change in one part of a culture often leads to changes in other parts.
TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Describe the defining dimensions of culture.
Topic: Defining culture

Cultural relativism is a core value of American society.
FALSE

Although culture is one of the principal means by which humans adapt to their environment, some cultural traits may threaten a group’s survival.
TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Describe the defining dimensions of culture.
Topic: Defining culture

Although there are many different levels of culture, an individual can participate in only one level at a time.
FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Recall the three levels of culture and why it is important to differentiate among them.
Topic: The three levels of culture

Only people living in the industrialized, capitalist countries of Western Europe and the United States are ethnocentric.
FALSE

Cultural relativists believe that people should judge culture only according to the standards and traditions of that culture and not according to standards of other cultural traditions.
TRUE

The idea of universal, inalienable human rights that are superior to the laws and customs of particular cultures challenges the notion of cultural relativism.
TRUE

People in a given culture differ very little in terms of their ideas, values, goals, and beliefs.
FALSE

The nuclear family is a feature of all known cultures.
FALSE

Diffusion plays an important role in spreading cultural traits around the world.
TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Recall the three levels of culture and why it is important to differentiate among them.
Topic: The three levels of culture

Cultural generalities may arise through independent invention, when people in different societies devise similar solutions to comparable problems or challenges.
TRUE

Acculturation is the process by which people lose the cultures they learned as children.
FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Describe the mechanisms of cultural change.
Topic: The mechanisms of cultural change

Indigenous peoples can do nothing to counter the threats to their cultural identity, autonomy, and livelihood posed by globalization.
FALSE

The Internet has hindered the process of globalization.
FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Summarize how globalization affects culture, including how people may affect and be affected by the interrelated forces of globalization.
Topic: Defining globalization

According to anthropologists, cultures eventually become fixed traditions and stop changing.
FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Describe the defining dimensions of culture.
Topic: Defining culture

Chapter 04

Evolution, Genetics, and Human Variation

Multiple Choice Questions

Independent assortment and recombination play a role in evolution by
A.limiting the amount of variation in a population.
B. increasing the frequencies of deleterious genes.
C. limiting the number of potential phenotypes.
D. creating genetic variability in a breeding population.
E. reducing the overall fitness of a breeding population.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Explain Gregor Mendel’s experiments, their implications for evolution, and key contributions to the study of hereditary traits.
Topic: Understanding Gregor Mendel’s experiments and their relationship to evolution

The term gene flow refers to
A.the random loss of genes through sampling error.
B. the genetic mutations that occur during meiosis.
C. the movement of alleles from one chromosome to another.
D. the transmission of genetic material between populations of the same species.
E. a random pattern of chromosome mutations.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Describe the key mechanisms of genetic evolution.
Topic: Understanding the key mechanisms of genetic evolution

In evolutionary terms, natural selection is the process that favors the organism’s ability to
A.displace natural predators from many different niches.
B. become as specialized as possible.
C. control the largest amount of resources in a particular niche.
D. survive and reproduce.
E. mature more rapidly than other organisms.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Describe the key dimensions of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.
Topic: Darwin’s theory of evolution

The simple definition of evolution is
A.natural selection.
B. mutations in a breeding population.
C. descent with modification.
D. the process of achieving a perfect fit to the environment.
E. competition over strategic resources.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Explain Gregor Mendel’s experiments, their implications for evolution, and key contributions to the study of hereditary traits.
Topic: Understanding Gregor Mendel’s experiments and their relationship to evolution

________ is NOT part of Darwin’s theory of evolution.
A.Catastrophism
B. Competition for resources
C. Variety in a population
D. Change in form over generations
E. Natural selection

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Describe the key dimensions of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.
Topic: Darwin’s theory of evolution

Natural selection
A.is unique to flowering plants.
B. operates when there is competition for strategic resources.
C. is the driving principle behind creationism.
D. was discovered by Gregor Mendel.
E. operates only on single-celled animals, because their genotypes are adaptable to environments.

Natural selection acts on
A.heterozygous individuals.
B. the phenotypes of organisms.
C. the genotypes of organisms.
D. DNA.
E. mitochondrial DNA.

The relationship between the alleles that determine our blood types is
A.dominant and recessive.
B. dominant, recessive, and codominant.
C. F₂ directional selection.
D. cogenotypic.
E. core combination.

________ created the first biological classification (taxonomy) of plants and animals.
A.Sir Charles Lyell
B. Charles Darwin
C. Gregor Mendel
D. Alfred Russel Wallace
E. Carolus Linnaeus

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast the other perspectives on the origin of life that existed in Darwin’s time and exist today.
Topic: Differing perspectives on the origin of life

________ is the process that produces sex cells.
A.Directional selection
B. Recombination
C. Mitosis
D. Independent assortment
E. Meiosis

Mendelian genetics studies
A.changes in gene frequencies in breeding populations.
B. the ways in which chromosomes transmit genes across generations.
C. how nuclear DNA transmits information to other parts of the cell.
D. evolution in pea plants.
E. phenotypic mutations.

Natural selection cannot work without
A.a stable environment.
B. basic similarity in the target organisms.
C. constant gene frequencies.
D. variation.
E. homeostasis.

The allele Hb^S that codes for the type of hemoglobin associated with sickle-cell anemia
A.is distributed evenly throughout all human populations.
B. is less susceptible to malaria.
C. is always lethal when found in a human population.
D. has no effect on the viability of a population.
E. is never expressed in the phenotype when present in a homozygous state.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Describe the key mechanisms of genetic evolution.
Topic: Understanding the key mechanisms of genetic evolution

Gene flow and interbreeding act against
A.migration.
B. speciation.
C. natural selection.
D. mutations.
E. balanced polymorphisms.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Describe the key mechanisms of genetic evolution.
Topic: Understanding the key mechanisms of genetic evolution

A human child’s genotype is
A.a random combination of the DNA of his or her four grandparents.
B. an equal measure of DNA from his or her father and mother.
C. a systematic combination of genetic material from each grandparent.
D. influenced heavily by the DNA of the parent of the same sex.
E. uninfluenced by the genes of his or her relatives.

________ states that explanations for past events should be sought in the long-term action of natural forces that are still observable.
A.Uniformitarianism
B. Creationism
C. Catastrophism
D. Recombination
E. Independent assortment

________ is NOT one of the primary mechanisms of genetic evolution.
A.Gene flow
B. Natural selection
C. Independent assortment
D. Mutation
E. Genetic drift

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Describe the key mechanisms of genetic evolution.
Topic: Understanding the key mechanisms of genetic evolution

________ refers to an organism’s evident biological characteristics.
A.Phoneme
B. Genotype
C. Biological circumscription
D. Phenotype
E. Hereditary inequality

In their study of human diversity, rather than attempting to classify humans into racial categories, biologists and anthropologists are
A.denying the existence of any biological variation among humankind.
B. attempting to create new categories based only on blood type.
C. confident that earlier racial classifications are still valid.
D. trying to verify anthropometric data from the turn of the century.
E. seeking to explain why specific biological variations occur.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Explain why race is a discredited concept in human biology.
Topic: The discredited concept of race in human biology

________ refers to all of the genetic material in a breeding population.
A.Genotype
B. Allele
C. Gene pool
D. Gene flow
E. Chromosome

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Recall the definition of population genetics.
Topic: Understanding population genetics

________ describes the process that allows the selection of certain traits of one sex because of advantages they confer in winning mates.
A.Mitosis
B. Genotype
C. Directional selection
D. Sexual selection
E. Independent assortment

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Describe the key mechanisms of genetic evolution.
Topic: Understanding the key mechanisms of genetic evolution

________ is demonstrated by the example that the heterozygote Hb^S Hb^A, one sickle-cell allele and one normal one, was maintained in some populations as the fittest phenotype for a malarial environment.
A.Mutation
B. Genetic drift
C. Phenotypical adaptation
D. Recombination
E. Balanced polymorphism

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Describe the key mechanisms of genetic evolution.
Topic: Understanding the key mechanisms of genetic evolution

Which of these statements about genetic drift is FALSE?
A.Genetic drift can operate in any population, large or small.
B. Fixation due to genetic drift is more rapid in large populations.
C. Genetic drift is a mechanism of genetic evolution.
D. Random genetic drift is a change in allele frequency that results from chance.
E. Alleles can be lost by chance rather than because of any disadvantages they confer.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Describe the key mechanisms of genetic evolution.
Topic: Understanding the key mechanisms of genetic evolution

________ are changes in the DNA molecules of which genes and chromosomes are made and are the most important source of variety on which natural selection operates.
A.Mutations
B. Alleles
C. Clines
D. Genotypes
E. Balanced polymorphisms

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Explain why race is a discredited concept in human biology.
Topic: The discredited concept of race in human biology

The example of extended lactose tolerance in humans tell us that
A.it is entirely under genetic control; researchers agree that the environment plays no role in its development.
B. it is one of many aspects of human biology governed by both genes and by phenotypical adaptation to environmental conditions.
C. the production of the enzyme lactase and the ability to tolerate milk remain the same among all human populations.
D. people cannot increase their lactose tolerance, thereby discounting the theory of phenotypical adaptation.
E. a simple genetic trait accounts for the ability to digest milk.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Recall the role of phenotypic adaptation in lactose tolerance and its relationship to genetic adaptation organized through natural selection.
Topic: Defining the role of phenotypic adaptation in lactose tolerance and its connection to genetic adaptation

Differential resistance to infectious disease has played a role in the
A.classification of humans into racial categories.
B. development of biological taxonomy.
C. understanding of balanced polymorphism.
D. distribution of human blood groups.
E. understanding of mitosis.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Describe how human biological variation has been shaped by natural selection, including changing and competing selective forces.Describe how human biological variation has been shaped by natural selection, including changing and competing selective forces.
Topic: The relationship of human biological variation to natural selection

Some populations like the Polynesians, the San, or the people of southern India have phenotypes that do not fit neatly into “standard” racial categories, which suggests that
A.it is best to classify humans into a large number of racial categories.
B. phenotypical variation between human populations involves gradual shifts across different geographic zones.
C. these populations must have originated sometime before the major racial groups originated.
D. traditional concepts of race need to be reworked so that they are more exclusive.
E. there has been a lot of gene flow in the time since the origin of the three major human races.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Explain why race is a discredited concept in human biology.
Topic: The discredited concept of race in human biology

________ plays a role in determining skin color.
A.The Hb^S allele
B. Ultraviolet radiation
C. Sickle-cell anemia
D. Lactose intolerance
E. Lactose tolerance

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Describe how human biological variation has been shaped by natural selection, including changing and competing selective forces.
Topic: The relationship of human biological variation to natural selection

Human populations living in temperate, northern climates generally have light skin color because it
A.helps to prevent rickets.
B. exists in a balanced polymorphism.
C. helps to prevent sickle-cell anemia.
D. helps to protect against skin cancer.
E. protects against hypervitaminosis.

________ causes neural tube defects.
A.An overproduction of vitamin D
B. An underproduction of vitamin D
C. A diet rich in fatty fishes
D. The Hb^S allele
E. The destruction of folate

Essay Questions

Discuss Charles Darwin’s major contributions to the study of life forms. Discuss what was new about Darwin’s views, and what others had previously proposed.

Answer: Answers will vary.

Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Describe the key dimensions of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.

Learning Objective: Compare and contrast the other perspectives on the origin of life that existed in Darwin’s time and exist today.
Topic: Darwin’s theory of evolution

Topic: Differing perspectives on the origin of life

Identify how population geneticists define evolution. Include a discussion of the major mechanisms of genetic evolution.

Answer: Answers will vary.

Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Describe the key mechanisms of genetic evolution.
Topic: Understanding the key mechanisms of genetic evolution

Identify and discuss the sources of genetic variety on which natural selection may operate.

Answer: Answers will vary.

Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Describe the key mechanisms of genetic evolution.
Topic: Understanding the key mechanisms of genetic evolution

Discuss what it means when a trait is adaptive or maladaptive depending on environmental conditions. Give at least one example.

Answer: Answers will vary.

Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Describe the key mechanisms of genetic evolution.
Topic: Understanding the key mechanisms of genetic evolution

Discuss the differences among creationism, catastrophism, uniformitarianism, and evolution. Explain how and why each view would define human variation and the fossil record.

Answer: Answers will vary.

Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Describe the key dimensions of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.

Learning Objective: Compare and contrast the other perspectives on the origin of life that existed in Darwin’s time and exist today.
Topic: Darwin’s theory of evolution

Topic: Differing perspectives on the origin of life

Discuss at least three characteristics of evolution that qualify it as a scientific theory.

Answer: Answers will vary.

Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Describe the key dimensions of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.
Topic: Darwin’s theory of evolution

Explain how the modern anthropological approach to the study of human biological diversity differs from racial classification.

Answer: Answers will vary.

Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Explain why race is a discredited concept in human biology.
Topic: The discredited concept of race in human biology

Discuss some of the problems underlying phenotype-based racial classifications.

Answer: Answers will vary.

Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Explain why race is a discredited concept in human biology.
Topic: The discredited concept of race in human biology

Explain why differences exist in skin pigmentation among human populations around the world.

Answer: Answers will vary.

Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Describe how human biological variation has been shaped by natural selection, including changing and competing selective forces.
Topic: The relationship of human biological variation to natural selection

True / False Questions

The theory of creationism argues that natural selection of the fittest individuals created all species that are present today.
FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Describe the key dimensions of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.

Learning Objective: Compare and contrast the other perspectives on the origin of life that existed in Darwin’s time and exist today.
Topic: Darwin’s theory of evolution

Topic: Differing perspectives on the origin of life

The inheritance of acquired characteristics is central to Darwin’s theory of evolution.
FALSE

Uniformitarianism states that the natural forces at work today are more or less the same as those that operated in the past.
TRUE

Mendelian genetics studies the ways in which gene frequencies vary in communities from generation to generation.
FALSE

One of Mendel’s contributions to genetics was his discovery that traits are inherited as discrete units.
TRUE

Recessive traits are expressed only in homozygous individuals.
TRUE

Genotype refers to expressed traits that are determined by genetic makeup.
FALSE

Genetic evolution involves changes in gene frequencies between generations within a given breeding population.
TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Recall the definition of population genetics.
Topic: Understanding population genetics

Natural selection operates directly on the genotype of an organism.
FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Describe the key mechanisms of genetic evolution.
Topic: Understanding the key mechanisms of genetic evolution

Directional selection reduces genetic variation by removing maladaptive traits from a gene pool.
TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Describe the key mechanisms of genetic evolution.
Topic: Understanding the key mechanisms of genetic evolution

Mutations introduce genetic variation into a gene pool.
TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Describe the key mechanisms of genetic evolution.
Topic: Understanding the key mechanisms of genetic evolution

Gene flow between populations tends to prevent speciation.
TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Describe the key mechanisms of genetic evolution.
Topic: Understanding the key mechanisms of genetic evolution

Variety within a population is the only necessary condition for natural selection to operate.
FALSE

Humans have a total of 46 alleles.
FALSE

Random genetic drift is most common in large breeding populations.
FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Understand
Learning Objective: Describe the key mechanisms of genetic evolution.
Topic: Understanding the key mechanisms of genetic evolution

Racial classifications do not accurately represent the wide diversity of biological traits present among human populations.
TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Explain why race is a discredited concept in human biology.
Topic: The discredited concept of race in human biology

Phenotypical adaptation is made possible by biological plasticity—the ability to change in response to the environments humans encounter as they grow.
TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s: Remember
Learning Objective: Recall the role of phenotypic adaptation in lactose tolerance and its relationship to genetic adaptation organized through natural selection.
Topic: Defining the role of phenotypic adaptation in lactose tolerance and its connection to genetic adaptation

Differential resistance to infectious diseases such as smallpox has influenced the distribution of the enzyme lactase.
FALSE

Microbes have been major selective agents for humans, particularly before the arrival of modern medicine.
TRUE

Higher amounts of melanin in the skin inhibit the body’s ability to manufacture vitamin D.
TRUE

An overabundance of vitamin D in the body causes rickets.
FALSE

UV radiation causes the destruction of folate.
TRUE

Folate aids in the production of sperm.
TRUE

Eazyquizes

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